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The article analyzes the problem of the formation of the imperative of human activity's explication in outer space. It is asserted that the existing international agreements and legal framework for the regulation of human activities in outer space requires thorough study and close attention from researchers. The main challenges, generated by outer space exploration, bring not only potential benefits but global threats and risks to the existence of human civilization. The enlisted problems in the outer space exploration have two levels of solutions in the legal aspect: improvement of the existing legal framework of international instruments and the design of regulation of human activity in the subsequent challenges of the interstellar world exploration. The need for legal regulation of all major manifestations of activity in outer space indicates the embryonic state of the relevant imperatives, which are closely linked to the challenges to the safety of mankind and its civilization progress. The content of the outer space exploration strategy is demonstrated from the point of non-classical paradigm of philosophy and epistemology, which significantly delegitimize modern ethical and axiological principles. The search of strategies of legal support of the civilization development in the context of space exploration is carried out according to following formulated trends: the demarcation of nationalized airspace and universal space, the problem of the militarization of the space expansion of mankind, the development of telecommunication technologies and the use of geostationary orbit, technological, medical and biological research — all these activities significantly change the direction of our daily routines and the overall security status of the earth civilization development. ; В статье анализируется проблема формирования императива экспликации человеческой активности в космическом пространстве. Обосновывается мнение, что нормативно-правовая база регламентации человеческой деятельности в космическом пространстве требует основательной проработки. Основные проблемы, продуцируемые освоением космоса, несут не только потенциальные выгоды, но и глобальные угрозы и риски существованию человеческой цивилизации. Продемонстрировано содержание стратегии по освоению космического пространства с учетом неклассической парадигмы философии и эпистемологии, что существенно делегитимизирует содержание современных этико-аксиологических принципов. Поиск стратегий правового обеспечения безопасного развития цивилизации в контексте освоения космоса осуществляется в пределах восьми сформулированных трендов (делимитация космоса, предотвращение милитаризации, экологические проблемы освоения космоса, ресурсные возможности космоса и т.д.). ; У статті аналізується проблема формування імперативу експлікації людської активності в космічному просторі. Доводиться думка, що нормативно-правова база регламентації людської діяльності у космічному просторі потребує ґрунтовного опрацювання. Основні проблеми, продуковані освоєнням космосу, несуть не тільки потенційні вигоди, але й глобальні загрози та ризики існуванню людської цивілізації. Продемонстровано зміст стратегії з освоєння космічного простору з огляду на некласичну парадигму філософії та епістемології, які суттєво делегітимізують зміст сучасних етико-аксіологічних принципів. Пошук стратегій правового забезпечення безпекового розвитку цивілізації у контексті освоєння космосу здійснено у межах восьми сформульованих трендів (делімітація космосу, запобігання мілітаризації, екологічні проблеми освоєння космосу, ресурсоспроможність космосу тощо).

The article analyzes the problem of the formation of the imperative of human activity's explication in outer space. It is asserted that the existing international agreements and legal framework for the regulation of human activities in outer space requires thorough study and close attention from researchers. The main challenges, generated by outer space exploration, bring not only potential benefits but global threats and risks to the existence of human civilization. The enlisted problems in the outer space exploration have two levels of solutions in the legal aspect: improvement of the existing legal framework of international instruments and the design of regulation of human activity in the subsequent challenges of the interstellar world exploration. The need for legal regulation of all major manifestations of activity in outer space indicates the embryonic state of the relevant imperatives, which are closely linked to the challenges to the safety of mankind and its civilization progress. The content of the outer space exploration strategy is demonstrated from the point of non-classical paradigm of philosophy and epistemology, which significantly delegitimize modern ethical and axiological principles. The search of strategies of legal support of the civilization development in the context of space exploration is carried out according to following formulated trends: the demarcation of nationalized airspace and universal space, the problem of the militarization of the space expansion of mankind, the development of telecommunication technologies and the use of geostationary orbit, technological, medical and biological research — all these activities significantly change the direction of our daily routines and the overall security status of the earth civilization development. ; В статье анализируется проблема формирования императива экспликации человеческой активности в космическом пространстве. Обосновывается мнение, что нормативно-правовая база регламентации человеческой деятельности в космическом пространстве требует основательной проработки. Основные проблемы, продуцируемые освоением космоса, несут не только потенциальные выгоды, но и глобальные угрозы и риски существованию человеческой цивилизации. Продемонстрировано содержание стратегии по освоению космического пространства с учетом неклассической парадигмы философии и эпистемологии, что существенно делегитимизирует содержание современных этико-аксиологических принципов. Поиск стратегий правового обеспечения безопасного развития цивилизации в контексте освоения космоса осуществляется в пределах восьми сформулированных трендов (делимитация космоса, предотвращение милитаризации, экологические проблемы освоения космоса, ресурсные возможности космоса и т.д.). ; У статті аналізується проблема формування імперативу експлікації людської активності в космічному просторі. Доводиться думка, що нормативно-правова база регламентації людської діяльності у космічному просторі потребує ґрунтовного опрацювання. Основні проблеми, продуковані освоєнням космосу, несуть не тільки потенційні вигоди, але й глобальні загрози та ризики існуванню людської цивілізації. Продемонстровано зміст стратегії з освоєння космічного простору з огляду на некласичну парадигму філософії та епістемології, які суттєво делегітимізують зміст сучасних етико-аксіологічних принципів. Пошук стратегій правового забезпечення безпекового розвитку цивілізації у контексті освоєння космосу здійснено у межах восьми сформульованих трендів (делімітація космосу, запобігання мілітаризації, екологічні проблеми освоєння космосу, ресурсоспроможність космосу тощо).

В центре статьи — интернет-скандал, вызванный образовательным мультфильмом о жизни в римской Британии, подготовленным по заказу BBC. Бурное обсуждение цвета кожи главных героев, начатое консервативным публицистом Полом Уотсоном, довольно быстро переросло в своеобразное столкновение в общественном дискурсе двух образов Рима и его наследия: мультикультурного, противоречивого, глобалистского мира и цивилизованной империи белых людей, несущих свет культуры диким варварам. В этом столкновении, как представляется автору статьи, ярко проявляет себя «новое варварство», невежественное с точки зрения современной науки и оперирующее историческими стереотипами. Его характерная черта — попытка присвоить себе наследие римской цивилизации (и шире — всю Античность), чтобы оправдать несправедливость и неравенство современного общества. Это, в свою очередь, вызывает резкую реакцию со стороны западного (не только британского) академического сообщества, которое активно борется за гегемонию в общественном дискурсе. Таким образом, Рим (а точнее — образ римской цивилизации) оказывается одновременно триггером появления варварства и способом его преодоления.
A paper is focused on the twitter storm started because of the BBC educational cartoon about life in Roman Britain. The heated debate was provoked by the issue of the skin color of main character of the cartoon, but soon the discussion transformed into a collision between two images of Rome and her legacy. One image depicts Rome as a multicultural, complex, globalized world, another — as a civilized empire of white people who bring the torch of culture to savage barbarians. This collision makes 'a new barbarity', ignorant and armed with stereotypes, visible. One of the specific features of this barbarity is that it tries to seize the legacy of Roman civilization (and of all Classical world) and use it to justify injustice and inequality of modern society. It provokes a reaction from western (not British exclusively) academic community, actively fighting for the hegemony over the public discourse. Therefore, an image of Roman civilization becomes a trigger for the appearance of the barbarism as well as the way to overcome this barbarism.

The article presents the authors' vision of the formation of the "philosophy of history" as a form of philosophical knowledge. Analyzing the retrospective of its formation in the first part of the article, the interpretation of the "philosophy of history" is given not as one of the sections of philosophy in general, but as one of its modes in the semantic horizon of which a specific answer to the main question of philosophy is achieved: what is the source of all that exists? In the context of this consideration of the problem, philosophy is viewed as the highest form of human activity, integrating all types of human activity as expressions of its spiritual and, in this sense, supernatural content. In fact, this concerns the formation of historical self-consciousness as one of the modes of the manifestation of modern civilization. The authors trace how "historicity" has asserted itself in the structure of human thinking from the time of antiquity to the present. Through the views of Herodotus, Polybius and Titus Livy, Blessed Augustine, Machiavelli, Vico, Hegel, and Marx, the step-by-step logic of this process is revealed. In the second part of the article, the authors consider the content of the actual "historical" form of being that is characteristic of modern, bourgeois civilization. Independent human activity appears here for the first time as an unconditional principle of the world order (or reality as such), and interest in the past as a source is replaced by interest in the future as a target setting. Thus, the classical philosophy of history is transformed into historiosophy. In conclusion, the authors touch upon the specifics of historical self-consciousness in the Russian intellectual and spiritual tradition. They assume that the experience of recent Russian history cannot be adequately understood in terms of bourgeois thinking since its content does not correspond to the value orientations of the latter.

Introduction. Modern civilization both in a scientific-theoretical discourse and in an assessment by the persons not involved in science but with an active public position is endowed with such characteristics as crises, risks, dangers. At the same time, the cause of all the many crisis processes and phenomena in the modern consumer society as a product of the industrial era is bankrupting, first of all, in the field of value and motivational and volitional aspects of human activity. Now targets of all types of human activities, including health preservation, are permanently dependent on the imperatives of consumer profitability.Purpose: to investigate the specifics of the individual's health-preservation activity in a light of the dialectical categories of "freedom" and "necessity".Methods. Health is a complicated and multifaceted phenomenon the study of which requires a complex methodology that integrates the techniques of classical and non-classical philosophy. The methodological basis of this article is a comparative approach which made it possible to analyze the interaction of the dialectical categories "freedom" and "necessity" in health preservation in today's consumption society.Results. In everyday life, freedom is likened to being able to make a choice. At the same time, it should be remembered that having a choice is only an outward sign of freedom. The qualitative characteristics of choice and therefore of the freedom of action in health preservation will always be determined by a number of existing opportunities and conventionalities that are grouped around knowledge about health, values, and money of a certain social entity. It is also important to take into account the important fact that in the space of consumption the freedom of choice in health-preserving activity often goes with stimulative practices on the part of manufacturers and suppliers and, as a consequence, formal health-preserving action on the part of a consumer.Conclusions. It would be too naive to think about humankind's immediate awareness of the need to create a global health-preserving paradigm based on healthy consumption. For such an optimistic development of events, modern civilization is too divergent in its socio-economic, geographical, political components. Now in Ukraine, the health-preserving activity of average consumers is carried out in the illusory freedom format provided by a wide variety of goods and services. Incompetence, dishonesty, uncontrollability in the production and quality of goods and services demonstrate the imaginableness of freedom on all matters pertaining to human health. At the same time, an objective need arises to be healthy in order to live a dignified life with creative inspiration and to raise our children with dignity. Unfortunately, today the quality of health-preserving activity of Ukrainians is exclusively in the space of their own actions and their personal responsibility.

The cataclysms of recent time force us to examine the nearest and more remote prospects in terms of possible or lost choice of orientations and the means of their achievement. In this situation the very discussion of choice issue becomes more and more vividly a desperate search of a possible way out of just another impasse. The collapse of out-of-date structures is followed by developing deadlocks, chimeras, dangerous new formations of "the old" type and the like phenomena. All versions of the events in Russia take place against a background and in the frameworks of contemporary world processes that have lost their "classical" certainty. One may find out principal kinship of present attacks at the centers of Western civilization under the slogans of violent Islam to "anti-West" revolts that had been shaking the world in the 20th century under other ideological slogans. They were based historically on collateral trends and byproducts of the processes of massivization and modernization turned against their mainstream. The chief principle characteristic of the present political period may be considered aggressive un-scrupulousness aimed at short-term practical success. The consequences are deep cynicism and all-embracing corruption of power structures that are demoralizing the entire society. Most probably about 2008 our country will face one more difficult political turning-point with uncertain consequences. ; The cataclysms of recent time force us to examine the nearest and more remote prospects in terms of possible or lost choice of orientations and the means of their achievement. In this situation the very discussion of choice issue becomes more and more vividly a desperate search of a possible way out of just another impasse. The collapse of out-of-date structures is followed by developing deadlocks, chimeras, dangerous new formations of "the old" type and the like phenomena. All versions of the events in Russia take place against a background and in the frameworks of contemporary world processes that have lost their "classical" certainty. One may find out principal kinship of present attacks at the centers of Western civilization under the slogans of violent Islam to "anti-West" revolts that had been shaking the world in the 20th century under other ideological slogans. They were based historically on collateral trends and byproducts of the processes of massivization and modernization turned against their mainstream. The chief principle characteristic of the present political period may be considered aggressive un-scrupulousness aimed at short-term practical success. The consequences are deep cynicism and all-embracing corruption of power structures that are demoralizing the entire society. Most probably about 2008 our country will face one more difficult political turning-point with uncertain consequences.

An epic new history of Ancient China told through the prism of a dozen extraordinary tombs The three millennia up to the establishment of the first imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC cemented many of the distinctive elements of Chinese civilisation still in place today: an extraordinarily challenging geography and environment, formidable infrastructure, a society based on the strict hierarchy of the family, a shared written script of characters, a cuisine founded on rice and millet, a material culture of ceramics, bronze, silk and jade, and a unique concept of the universe, in which ancestors continue to exist alongside the living. Records of these early achievements, and their diverse and unexpected expressions, often lie not in written history, but in how people marked the end of their lives: their dwellings for the afterlife. Tombs, and the treasures within them, are almost the only artefacts to survive from Ancient China; their scale and sophistication rivals their equivalents in Ancient Egypt. Jessica Rawson, one of the most eminent Western scholars of China, explores twelve grand tombs - each from a specific historical moment and place - showing how they reveal wider political, dynastic and cultural developments, culminating in the lavish ambition of the First Emperor's monument, guarded by his army of terracotta warriors. Beautifully illustrated and drawing on the latest archaeological discoveries, Life and Afterlife in Ancient China illuminates a constellation of beliefs about life and death very different from our own and provides a remarkable new perspective on one of the oldest civilisations in the world

Рассматривается проблема происхождения христианской благотворительности, ее истоки и принципы, а также влияние на ее развитие античной цивилизации. ; Philosophers, historians and representatives of other areas of the humanities have long been interested in the genesis of charity as a soci-ocultural phenomenon. As early as ancient times, authors such as Ennius, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Lucius Annaeus Seneca studied the motivation, forms of activities, restrictions in this area, and the typology of philanthropists. However, charity was transformed by the change of eras, moral systems, and the level of civilization and socio-economic development. Even in ancient times two distinct stages in the development of philanthropy can be seen: Greco-Roman, i.e. pagan, and Christian. The emergence of Christian charity, the analysis of its sources, and the relationship with the Roman imperial society is the goal of this article. Nevertheless, the analysis of the phenomenon is complicated by the Christian tradition, the authors of which were silent about the Greco-Roman (pagan) charity, or felt, as a Russian church historian I. D. Petropavlovsky did, that it did not know love toward neighbors. Christian charity originating in the Roman Empire traveled a difficult path to institutionalization: from modest mutual aid within a few Christian communities to more extensive assistance to all in need regardless of their ethnic and religious origins, which helped increase the number of Christians. Pressure on the Christian church by the Roman authorities led to an increase in internal group solidarity, but not to hardening of the reference group boundaries. Christians were willing to help all fellow believers or those who called themselves such, Lucian of Samosata wrote. The sacred texts of the Old and New Testaments, the Epistles, the Apostolic Creed and practical experience in the deeds of the ancient civilization including the activities of the Greek and Roman polities and boards are undoubtedly sources of Christian charity. The first form of charity was alms, which has a fairly ancient origin and was used in ancient Greece, in the classical period. However, the attitude toward it is very controversial. The principle of "blind'' almsgiving charity was founded in the Gospels, but the opposite was stated in the Apostolic Creed: the principle of categorical almsgiving. The first principle prevailed in the future, giving rise to a class of professional beggars. And there were other forms of charitable deeds: feeding the poor, and caring for orphans, widows, the elderly, and prisoners. Therefore we can say that Christian charity, like Christianity itself, is a product of ancient civilization that is still used with some modifications in the modern world.

The book ventures to look into eras bygone in order to chronicle the passage of three mega species-the rhinoceros, tiger, and elephant across millennia in early north India. It carefully sifts through an archive comprising faunal remains and visual depictions retrieved from the archaeological record as well as a gamut of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and classical Western accounts to document the presence of these big mammals in various cultural niches from hunter-gatherer societies to the first urban civilization of India and beyond. The narrative goes beyond treating these species as mere cultural icons to one that is also sensitive to their importance as markers of ecology. The focus is two-fold: to comprehend perceptions, attitudes, and sensibilities oscillating between veneration and persecution in order to reconstruct the cultural dimensions of human-megafaunal relations in the past, as also to use these species to understand the larger ecology of ancient India.0At a time when the conservation of our megafaunal heritage is a major concern for biologists, ecologists as well as conservationists, this book underlines the need to historicize human interactions with these mega mammals keeping in mind that an animal's past is critical in thinking about its future

In the civilizations of the classical West, as exemplified foremost by that of Greece, as well as in that of early imperial China, the idea that humans who excelled exceptionally in war could merit deification was an abiding operative assumption. Given this premise, unsurprising then is the fact that such individuals should be found to have exhibited certain defining traits in common, including exceptional bravery and skill in leadership as well as—at least up until the point of their own deaths—an outstanding record of battlefield success. In addition, whether in Greece or in China, we find that the elevation of the exemplary warrior to the status of a god occurred under religious auspices, or was abetted by a belief structure that at least exhibited many of the core customary functions of a conventional religion. However, if we must regard the normative Chinese paradigm of martial divinization as having consistently departed in conception from its counterpart in the West, then surely the determinative difference is the premium placed on the Chinese demonstration of loyalty. In China, inasmuch as there were credentials for deification, the individual warrior's unfailing subscription to the virtue of loyalty seems to have superseded all else, and the pathway to immortality as a god was forever obstructed without it.

The aim of the article is to compare two concepts of the social contract – formulated by Immanuel Kant and Jean Jacques Rousseau respectively – in the context of their philosophical diagnoses regarding human nature, culture, politics and the historical dynamics of civilization. The author focusses on the essence of the impact Du contrat social has on Kant and the extent to which he manages to overcome the tension between the modern Republican idea – which he develops on this basis – and the tradition of classical liberalism, which he continues to follow. He considers Rousseau's model with regard to the conflict between the democratic principle of people's sovereignty and the Republican rule of law in discussions with Hegel, Arendt, Habermas and in reference to the French Revolution. Next, he conducts a critical analysis of the Kantian project of Rechtsstaat in light of its conceptual dependence on Rousseau – the founding of this project on the liberal tradition turns out to be problematic and burdened with ideological symptoms. Since Kant's thought lies at the root of the modern concept of liberal rule of law, these symptoms show the limitations of Rechtsstaat resulting from its own normative assumptions.

Abstract This article explores a critical link between two concepts which are central to the social sciences: the idea of liminarity, engendered by the anthropological tradition of self-centred and self-referred monographic studies; and the idea of individuality, a key concept within the classical tradition of the socio-historical studies of great civilizations (as well as being the crucial and familiar category of our civil and political universe). The author seeks to show how a bridge can be established between these two concepts, which may at first appear distant, by focusing on certain under-discussed aspects of rites of passage. He argues that the 'liminal' phase of rites of passage is tied to the ambiguity brought about through the isolation and individualization of the initiate. It is thus the experience of being 'outside-the-world' that brings forth and characterises liminal states, not the other way around - in short, it is individuality that engenders liminarity. Rites of passage transform this experience into complementarity, into an immersion within a network of social relationships, which the ordeals, in contrast, establish as a model for the plenitude of social life.

Focusing on the study of the ancient Orient in fin-de-siècle Germany, this essay argues that "orientalism" had a wider range of cultural consequences than the term usually evokes in studies of Western imperialism and its ideologies. The essay describes the development of a generational movement in German scholarship that was characterized by its vigorous championing of the Orient over and against the dominant tendency to isolate and exalt classical civilizations, and especially ancient Greece, and by its role in destabilizing Western presumptions. It demonstrates that the furor orientalis did contribute to the decentering of the Greeks and the ancient Hebrews, bequeathing to the twentieth century both a much deeper and more diverse picture of the ancient Near East and an obsession with origins that could be mobilized by racist propagandists. The essay offers three case studies of groups which exemplified this furor—the Panbabylonists; the Religious-Historical School; and the iconoclastic mythographer Heinrich Zimmer, who represents a strong strain of Schopenhauerian Indology. It concludes by suggesting the more constructive directions taken by orientalists outside Germany in the 1920s–1940s, and poses the question: how long will the peaceful solutions they promoted last?

Book Reviews in this Article New Developments in the Labor Market: Toward a New Institutional Paradigm. Capital in Economic Theory: Neo‐Classical, Cambridge and Chaos. Financial Markets and Macroeconomic Policy in the Flow‐of‐Funds Framework. External Constraints on Macroeconomic Policy: The European Experience. Free Market Environmentalism. Macroeconomic Policy in Britain 1974‐1987. Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy. Global Research Strategy and International Competitiveness. Comparative Economic Systems: Objectives, Decision Modes, and the Process of Choice. The Capitalist Economies: Prospects for the 1990s. Quantitative Economic History. Underemployment Equilibria: Essays in Theory, Econometrics and Policy. Developing Countries and the International Economy: Issues in Trade, Adjustment and Debt. The Rational Consumer: Theory and Evidence. Oil and the International Economy. Merger and Competition Policy in the European Community. Equilibrium and Evolution: An Exploration of Connecting Principles in Economics. Antiquity and Capitalism: Max Weber and the Sociological Foundations of Roman Civilization. A Modern Guide to Economic Thought: An Introduction to Comparative Schools of Thought in Economics. The Economics of the Single European Act. Financial Innovations and Market Volatility. The Supply Side Revolution in Britain. Natural Resource Economics: Conservation and Exploitation. Common Property Economics: A General Theory and Land Use Applications. Methodological Foundations of Macroeconomics: Keynes and Lucas.