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A literature review identified various kinds of altruism, including altruism devoted to social change and a charitable form of altruism, along with the concept that it is possible for these types to occur independently or simultaneously. A study was conducted with university students in a Deaf studies program to determine the effect of a service-learning experience on the development of altruistic behaviors. Students in a course titled "Social Services in the Deaf Community" responded to a questionnaire measuring their attitudes toward serving the community before and after they participated in an off-campus experience volunteering with organizations that served or could serve the Deaf community. The results indicated significant changes in students' attitudes regarding their ability to make a difference in society, and strongly suggest a positive correlation between service-learning experiences and development of "civic responsibility" altruistic behaviors among Deaf studies students volunteering in the community.

Disciplines in the humanities have been slow to adopt service-learning and public-engaged scholarship overall, and scholars opposed to it often refer to the private goals of higher education, including private contemplation shielded from market and political forces, and furthering knowledge for its own sake in their respective academic disciplines. However, some scholars have embraced the public-engaged scholarship worldview, although they maintain it in conflict with the goals of humanities disciplines. Alternatively, other humanities scholars center the civic, ethical, and public purposes of their work. The author outlines the historical origins of the two main academic paradigms in higher education, the "orators" and the "philosophers" that led to these distinctions. The more "public," humanities-based orientation, the orators, evolved first, and it offers its own justification for the humanities in support of public-engaged scholarship. The author proposes additional exploration of this tradition, particularly its understanding of knowledge for ethical and civic action through the "new humanities," which can serve as a theoretical foundation for the humanities in the ways that humanistic sociology became that site of practice for engaged sociologists. Concepts, such as participation, beauty, and practical wisdom, can help develop an authentically humanities-based approach to engagement.

Historically, the mission of Black Studies has been two-fold: scholarship and service. Both the pioneering students and the faculty of Black Studies called for the discipline to produce socially responsible scholar-activists, and studies have proven that the most proficient method of ingraining social responsibility is through service-learning. Therefore, Black Studies must require service-learning in its curriculums. It is argued that Black Studies should also require these service-learning elements because of their long legacy in Black education in general and Black Studies in particular. However, required service-learning courses are rare in departments and programs, a study conducted by the author shows. In order to increase the number of Black Studies units with service-learning elements, this article concludes with a service-learning proposal that programs and departments could use to institute a required service-learning component into their curriculums.

1.Colleges and Universities: Structure and Role in Civil Society /Lori Gardinier --2.University as Provider: Education and Youth Development /Emily A. Mann --3.Checks and Balances: Experiential Philanthropy as a Form of Community Engagement /Lori Gardinier --4.Global Community Engagement: Transformation, Paradoxes, and Fumbling Forward /Lori Gardinier --5.Hosting International Service-Learning Students: Assessing Expectations and Experiences of Supervisors /Lori Gardinier --6.Compulsory Engagement: Good Intentions or Misguided Policy? /Emily A. Mann --7.Creating Professional Pipelines Through Community Engagement /Emily A. Mann --8.Community Development as Engagement /Lori Gardinier --9.Mind-Set, Critical Theory, and the Ethics of Engagement /Lori Gardinier.