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Colonial documents and works of literature from early modern Spain are rife with references to public women, whores, and prostitutes. In Profit and Passion, Nicole von Germeten offers a new history of the women who carried and resisted these labels of ill repute. The elusive, ever-changing terminology for prosecuted women voiced by kings, jurists, magistrates, inquisitors, and bishops, as well as disgruntled husbands and neighbors, foreshadows the increasing regulation, criminalization, and polarizing politics of modern global transactional sex. The author's analysis concentrates on the words women spoke in depositions and court appearances and on how their language changed over time, pointing to a broader transformation in the history of sexuality, gender, and the ways in which courts and law enforcement processes affected women

This is a quantitative analysis of the European Commission's cartel decisions in the 2010–2019 decade. It assesses the way the Commission's 2006 guidelines on fines were applied in practice and the operation of the leniency and settlement procedures. It also provides an overview of the types of cartels prosecuted, how they were detected, and how long the Commission took to investigate a cartel. It looks at rends in the Commission's enforcement activity and assesses some frequently made claims such as whether recidivism is rife; whether the Commission's leniency program is excessively generous and disproportionately benefits larger, more culpable firms; how much the settlements procedure reduces the length of the Commission's investigations; and why the Commission takes so long to conclude its investigations.

At this time it has been rife among millennials who like to invest through stocks that can be accessed easily on many platforms. And currently one of the main objectives of investing is to choose the company LQ 45 as the choice of stock growers. But it should be noted that the option does not promise a quick return, because stocks will usually often occur a quick turnover of funds. We highly recommend state-owned enterprises as the first step for investors to divest but due to the government's latest decision to remove premium fuel we analyzed whether it had an effect on the stock trend of PT. Pertamina through the bullish divergence method.

Abstract
This study examines the impact of the Sierra Leone civil war on household expenditure inequality. The paper exploits three rounds of household survey data for Sierra Leone in an attempt to estimate the impact of the conflict on the distribution of household welfare over both short-run and long-run periods. The empirical approach uses RIF measures based on the Gini index and also provides estimates of treatment effects at selected quantiles of the unconditional household expenditure distribution. The key findings reveal that localities subject to a protracted period of occupation by rebel forces experienced a sharp reduction in household expenditure inequality in the immediate aftermath of the conflict with most of the contraction evident at the top end of the distribution.

This article aims to present material related to the study of radical diversity currently developing in Indonesia. As we know, Bhineka Tunggal Ika is an ideology adopted by the Indonesian State, because the State of Indonesia has various cultural and religious differences. Even so, this understanding is considered to have not been able to show its seriousness in reducing radical ideas that are rife for some religious circles. For the west, radicalism is claimed as a terrorist force that wants to destroy political power but pretends to be jihad. Therefore, this article also aims to examine the objects that cause various conflicts, which in fact not only affect the peace of the country, but also trigger unfavorable perceptions from various parts of the world.

This paper explores the drivers of political instability and how political instability affects the economy in the context of Yemen. It is a low country income, although the critical location is at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula with 200 islands. The country is rife with terrorists and lives under much socio-political strife. We implemented an empirical model to test the correlations and multiple regression between political instability and economic growth. The study found that there is a high negative correlation between volatility and economic growth with negative correlations value. Furthermore, we investigate the significance of the regression -enter method- stepwise method which show the existence of the impact of the political instability index conflict, and civil war in economic growth.

Abstract
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is believed to be Beijing's most ambitious project so far. Two types of apprehensions are often voiced to support this claim. First, it is widely argued that despite enjoying enduring strategic partnership for over five decades, Pakistan and China don't match economically. The Chinese will get weary of the many challenges coming with the corrupt, inefficient and globally isolated Pakistan, seriously undermining the conclusion of the Chinese mammoth investment in CPEC Secondly, Pakistan's prevailing environment of insecurity which is rife with Islamic militancy and domestic insurgency is thought to be posing serious threats to the construction of the corridor. This paper aims to explain why, despite possible concerns, the China Pakistan economic corridor will succeed.

Journalists often portray the Arctic and Space as rife with economic competition, contested territorial claims, and impending conflicts. In actuality, there is extensive and ongoing cooperation between Russia and Western states in both regions. A number of factors common to the Arctic and to Space contribute to this ongoing cooperation, including 'complex interdependence' and widely agreed rules of international law. This article focuses on three further common factors: the 'cold, dark, and dangerous' character of the regions; the absence of substantial 'weaponisation'; and the relative ease with which information about military activities may be gathered in the Arctic and Space, for instance through Space-based technologies. The latter factor enables Arctic and Space-faring states to avoid classic 'security dilemmas'.

This study argues that sustained threats to homeland territory create an environment conducive to the presence of military regimes. Territorial threats lead to increased levels of militarization and make the military internally unified and cohesive. These developments enhance the military's capacity for intervening in politics where a strong and autonomous military serves as an institutionalized veto player. Accordingly, collegial military regimes, characterized by a group of high-ranking officers and distinct from military strongman rule in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single military leader, are likely to exist in environments rife with territorial threats. Supporting my argument, I find that a country is more likely to experience collegial military rule when it engages in rivalries or claims over territorial issues.

Since the inception of the Republic of Turkey, its history has been rife with political conflicts: authoritarian control, military coups, ideological clashes, and unstable coalition governments. Erdoğan's rise to power in the past 15 years has changed the Turkish political landscape, with Erdoğan being revered by his supporters almost like a neo-Sultan. This article provides a brief historical discussion and discusses the political context of Erdoğan's rise to power. Given Erdoğan's majoritarian politics and the resulting socio-economic problems, political division, and radicalization of the insurgency, this paper argues that peace in Turkey may be maintained only in the foreseeable future but the country is susceptible to conflict and political instability in the long run.

The Practice of Mut'ah Marriages in Indonesia in the Review of Islamic Law and the Law of Marriage. Mut'ah marriage is marriage performed by a certain time limit which in Indonesia known as the marriage contract. Sunni Muslim tend to forbid the practice of mut'ah marriage while Syi'ah allow it. The practice of mut'ah marriage has been rife in some areas in Indonesia where the Sunni is majority so many people who protest and regard it as deviant behavior or forbidden. Laws marriage prohibits the practice of mut'ah marriage as Law Number 4 of 1974 and Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 although there is a part of society who gives a different interpretation of the legislation.DOI:10.15408/ajis.v14i1.1246

The compilation film La venganza de Pancho Villa (ca. 1930), created by itinerant exhibitor Félix Padilla, combines footage from two national cinematic traditions— those of the United States and Mexico—to construct a biographical film about the regional hero and revolutionary general Francisco "Pancho" Villa. The film's use of found footage offers a retort to American films rife with stereotypical images of Mexican masculinity. However, a close reading of the film in the context of local practices of film distribution and exhibition finds that the film expresses an oppositional consciousness shaped by the structures and ideologies of the dominant film industries it draws from, including a masculinist nationalism that reinscribes racial and gender hierarchies.

AbstractThis paper examines the different bodies of knowledge produced about and by sisal plantation workers in Tanzania under colonialism and after independence. I take as my focus the labor category manamba, whose semantic field is rife with absences and contradictions. By examining the different modalities, agents and types of knowledge produced about and by sisal workers, I argue that the contradictions and absences of manamba reflect what David Scott calls "the dense field of operations" on the plantations. The multiple knowledges produced constituted on the one hand the modus operandi of organizing and regulating labor, while on the other they comprised the tactic workers deployed to subvert not only capitalist authority but also patriarchal structures of domination.

Recent years have witnessed a rapid proliferation of radical Islamist
activity in western Europe, from MI5's claim in 2006 of 30 incipient
"terror plots" and 1,600 individuals under surveillance, to actual
terrorist atrocities in European cities, the most infamous and
deadly of which included the transport network bombings in Madrid in
2003 and in London in 2005. Concomitantly, both the media and the
wider social discourse have been rife with self-appointed punditry
and a plethora of commentators pontificating on European radical
Islam's putative causal factors and remedies. This paper will
attempt to address the complex issues by providing a fuller, more
nuanced understanding of some of the causes and antecedents of
Islamic political radicalism among western European Muslims.

Despite the practical, normative, and theoretical import of large-scale organizational change in public organizations, scant research exists on this topic by political science, public administration, or public management scholars. Moreover, scholars have classified the broader literature on this topic as rife with complexities, competing theoretical pressures, and inconclusiveness. This article returns to basics by using a grounded theory approach to develop and illustrate an empirically informed and theoretically integrated "politycentered" framework for studying large-scale organizational change in public organizations. Informing the framework are the patterns of politics driving, and driven by, efforts in the post—Cold War era to "green" the U.S. military by incorporating environmental and natural resource protection values into the services' core missions.