Suchergebnisse

The rise of the social sciences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America has been an especially fruitful topic for intellectual historians over the past four decades. An early, prominent explanation of the new levels of institutional power and intellectual authority achieved by the social sciences stressed the sense of interdependence created by the expansion of the market and the rise of new communications technologies. Others have emphasized intellectual struggles for authority among religious, popular, and scientific approaches to knowledge. Still others have laid the credit, or blame, for the ascension of the social sciences on liberal elites' consolidation of their power after the collapse of monarchical authority and the successful repression of Marxist challenges. Two celebrated accounts have argued that ideological conditions, whether pervasive beliefs in American exceptionalism or visions of "scientific democracy," shaped the development of the social sciences and their claims to intellectual authority. In the case of specific disciplines, like sociology and political science, the most supple histories have shown how broad changes in the structure of American capitalism created the conditions of possibility for new forms of knowledge about the social world, while more subtle intellectual shifts created openings for particular practices.

Afghanistan's Khalq leaders who seized power in April 1978 inherited a mixed legal system and a bifurcated legal elite. In theirn ideological commitment to revolutionary chanfe, the Marxist government sought to employ legal institutions to further far-reaching social and political aims. The ruling group intended to curb the power of local jurists and the authority of Islamic legal reasonin through secularizing administration of the law. These policies testified for many to the regime's underlying hostility toward religion, and its determination to displace autonomous provincial leadership, both motives for rebellion by tribal insurgents and Islamic nationalists in 1979. This essay, which was researched and written before the fall of the Daoud government, examines Afghanistan's legal cadres, their education, recruitment, and performance. The persistance of Islamic influences in these processes, along with the adoption of modern practices, should convey the depth of traditionalism in the nation and also the capacity of the Afghans to accommodate new concepts not hastily or callously imposed.

Grid Technologies for Social Science: the SAMD Project

Comment et en quoi les sciences sociales s'internationalisent-elles ? Cet article répond à cette question en comparant la genèse et le développement de huit organisations européennes, relevant de cinq disciplines (sociologie, économie, anthropologie, science politique, psychologie). Il montre que l'internationalisation des sciences sociales renvoie à plusieurs types de concurrence : rivalités entre paradigmes scientifiques, mais aussi compétitions entre établissements universitaires, ou encore rapports de forces géopolitiques. L'internationalisation fonctionne alors comme une ressource mobilisable sur ces différentes scènes, dans le cadre de conflits qui lui préexistent et sont inséparablement intellectuels et institutionnels. L'usage de cette ressource a cependant des conséquences relativement incertaines. L'extension et les pratiques effectives des associations étudiées est parfois en décalage avec leurs objectifs originels ; et l'internationalisation scientifique semble souvent échapper au contrôle des acteurs qui l'ont impulsée.

Abstract
Acute and protracted intra‐professional conflict was a dominant feature of the period of medical reform. The traditional tripartite professional structure of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries was breaking down, evolving into a bipartite division between elite hospital consultants and general practitioners. The paper explores the hypothesis that rival professional interests were expressed in the different configurations of knowledge on which competing claims to status and authority were based. Where the elite either held aloof or invoked the civilised 'gentlemanly' science of John Hunter, the general practitioner was more disposed to embrace the more radical 'democratic' sciences such as phrenology and the new morphology.

Restoration ecology, as a scientific discipline, developed from practitioners' efforts to restore degraded land, with interest also coming from applied ecologists attracted by the potential for restoration projects to apply and/or test developing theories on ecosystem development. Since then, forest landscape restoration (FLR) has emerged as a practical approach to forest restoration particularly in developing countries, where an approach which is both large-scale and focuses on meeting human needs is required.Yet despite increased investigation into both the biological and social aspects of FLR, there has so far been little success in systematically integrating these two complementary strands. Bringing experts in landscape studies, natural resource management and forest restoration, together with those experienced in conflict management, environmental economics and urban studies, this book bridges that gap to define the nature and potential of FLR as a truly multidisciplinary approach to a global environmental problem. The book will provide a valuable reference to graduate students and researchers interested in ecological restoration, forest ecology and management, as well as to professionals in environmental restoration, natural resource management, conservation, and environmental policy.