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An examination of the economic & political situation in Russia at the time of the presidential elections of 2 March 2008 contends that the country has regained its ability to undertake ambitious goals after eight years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Structural shifts resulting from Russia's rapid post-1998 economic development & increase in exports are explored, along with the country's increasingly important role in the international community & its technological competition with the West. It is argued that Russia needs at least four more years of stability before undertaking any large-scale geopolitical projects. Conflicts between the US & Russia are said to result from geopolitical dimensions of Russia's strategy. Other issues discussed include the nature of Russia's relation with both the European Union (EU) & Poland; the impact of developments in Kosovo; energy & security questions; Russia's industrial ties with Ukraine & Kazakhstan; the inadequacy of Russia's economic & demographic presence in China & the Far East; & global warming as a political rather than a scientific construct. J. Lindroth

Economic difficulties caused by Russia's geographic reality are examined to determine whether the nation can achieve market reform. Although scholars and political officials have marveled at Russia's geographic enormity, it is contended that Russia's size has become a considerable liability in the contemporary world and that the comparatively colder national climate has obstructed the nation's economic development; indeed, analysis of the "temperature per capita" measure for Russia reveals that cold weather is a serious impediment to the country's economic growth. However, it is asserted that Russia's population distribution strategy during the Cold War era has also contributed to the nation's slow economic development. Therefore, it is argued that Russia must reconsider its Siberian expansion policy in order to achieve national economic sustainability; several difficulties that the Russian economy and government are expected to encounter in attempting to relocate industry and people from Siberia are highlighted, eg, the potential security threats to Russia caused by the depopulation of the Siberian region.

The potential is gigantic, but it is far from exhausted: Renewable energies play almost no role in the production of electricity & heating in Russia. This is because, for one, there is an abundance wealth in fossil fuels, & because the available infrastructure does not make it seem necessary to reconsider energy policy. Furthermore, the principle of decentralized supply, on which renewable forms of energy are based, is alien to Russia's centralized political thinking. Russia's energy supply has nothing to do with economic & ecological sustainability. Adapted from the source document.

Process of land reform, individual farming, agricultural prices, and other measures affecting the rural sector; Russia.

В статье рассматриваются взгляды либералов-центристов на проблемы партийного строительства в России в начале ХХ в. Многие их идеи сохраняют актуальность в наши дни в связи с реформой политической системы в России.The article is devoted to the analysis of liberal-centrists` views on the problems of party-building in Russia at the beginning of the 20 th century. Many of their ideas remain relevant nowadays in connection with the contemporary reform of Russia`s political system.

This research analyzes the implications US and Russian involvement has had as two great powers in the Syrian civil war for international relations in the Middle East as well as for the relations between Washington and Moscow. Using a structural realist approach, this study suggests that the actions of both the US and Russia have mostly been defined by geopolitical status-quo concerns. As a result, they have preferred that their great power play be contained in Syria. As key findings, this study puts forward that the US-Russia showdown in Syria has prolonged the destruction and shaken US alliances in the region while allowing Iran as a key US adversary in the region to extend its influence deep into the region under cover of Russia. Furthermore, contrary to their broader escalatory security policies, Russia and the US have adopted containment approaches and avoided direct confrontation using Cold War tools.

Russia has been trying to extend its influence over Africa over the last years; a process which became intensified due to the Russia-Ukraine war. Through the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this article shows that although Russia plays an active role in this quest for influence by offering incentives (such as those shipments of weapons), anti-Western sentiments in the DRC are at least as important. These sentiments have been magnified by the M23 rebellion and perceptions of Western complicity in this crisis. This has resulted in pressure within the Congolese administration, particularly from the security forces, to "shift to Russia," as well as Western efforts to counter this influence. At the same time, this 'neo-Cold War' has offered opportunities for political leverage by the Congolese government, to exercise pressure on Western governments – something which has not always been successful.

The aim of this research was to find out if the war in Ukraine affects the Russian society and Sino- Russian relations and if Beijing is capable of saving the Russian economy from destruction. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information about the socio-economic consequences of the war. A wide range of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed in order to obtain reliable and objective information. The research revealed that the war has devastating effect on Russia's economy and could cause aggravation of socio-economic problems in the future. Russia could become an isolated and impoverished country. The war has also negative effect on Sino-Russian relations. Despite having close ties with Russia, Beijing refuses to support Russia during these difficult times and does not offer financial, economic and military assistance to Kremlin. Indeed, China's ability to save Russia from economic disaster is limited.

In the process of the end of the Syrian civil war, Russia's contact with some groups of Syrian Kurds necessitated the historical background of Russian-Kurdish relations. Kurds have been on the political agenda of the Russians not only in the present but also in the past. Both Tsarist Russia and the Soviets considered the ethnic groups living in the regions, where they expanded in military and political terms, as partners in order to increase their domination in those regions. Some of the Kurds have also become actors with whom Russia has partnered in certain periods in the Middle East. In this context, this study will attempt to make a historical analysis of Russia's Kurdish policy. In this way, firstly, the academic and scientific dimension of Kurdish studies, which started in Russia in the middle of the 19th century, will be discussed. Then, the Kurdish policies of Russia during these eras will be discussed through historical facts.

In this article, we explore the inherent trade-offs and inconsistencies of Russia's policies toward the post-Soviet space. We argue that attempts to rebuild an image of Russia as a "great power" have actually led to a reduction of Russian influence in the post-Soviet region. The more Russia acted as a "Great Power," the less credible was its promise to respect the national sovereignty of the former Soviet republics. In 2011, Vladimir Putin declared that during his next term as president, his goal would be to establish a powerful supra-national Eurasian Union capable of becoming one of the poles in a multipolar world. However, Russia's attempt to force Ukraine to join the Eurasian Union provoked the 2014 crisis. The Ukrainian crisis has de-facto completed the separation of Ukraine and Russia and made successful post-Soviet re-integration around Russia improbable.

The author, analyzing the article by V. Surkov Putins Lasting State, expresses either agreement with a part of his theses, substantiating it, doubting or denying and also briefly justifying them. Agreement with the theses: illusion of choice, realism of predestination, logic of the historical process, state of a new type, uniqueness and viability of Russia, model of the state, ideology of Putinism, people, the military and police functions are the most important and decisive. Doubts, denial: impossible, unnatural, counterhistorical disintegration of Russia, growing Russia, survival of the Russian nation, the absence of mention of the First President of the Russian Federation, which laid the foundation of the new Russia a significant export potential of the Russian political system, supreme ruler, understating the value of political institutions and the promotion of one person against this background, multilevel political institutions outlet clothing,trust in one person.

The paper considers some issues connected with developing the innovation theory in Russia and abroad drawing on Russian scientific literature and textbooks. It is revealed that while understanding the need for an innovative way for the development of national economy, Russia lacks a harmonious and conventional innovation theory. The paper presents a critique of theoretical positions of a number of Russian authors concerning classification and essence of innovation, the corresponding terminological paradigm alongside the main mechanisms of innovations diffusion. We provide a comparison and corresponding generalization of our approach to diffusion mechanisms with those of foreign scientists. We note that the insufficient preparedness of many researchers in contextual understanding of both foreign terms and some notions of political economy poses significant obstacles to the development of innovation theory in Russia. We finally offer some recommendations to improve the innovation theory in Russia.

The civil war in Syria has involved many countries, not least the role of Russia. This study examines the civil war problems that occurred in Syria with the involvement of Russia. Therefore, this study leads to the formulation of the problem of knowing why Russia was involved in the civil war that occurred in Syria and knowing the interventions that led to the support given to the government of Syria? In addition, this study also alludes to the militant groups involved in the civil war of Syria and explains the Russian factor involved in the civil war that took place in Syria. Based on the theoretical framework used in this study led to the involvement of other countries in the civil war that occurred. The next theory is the military industrial complex. This theoretical framework sees the arms trade taking place as having a significant impact on its development. So that the theory brings significance in assessing the involvement of Russia in the civil war.