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In this paper, the author reflects on the relationship between environmental aesthetics and land art. By considering their historical development, the author first addresses the terminology problem which prompted him to understand land art as a hypernym – i.e. a term that semantically encompasses other art practices (e.g. "Earth art", "Earthworks", "Site art", "Arte Povera", "Environment(al) art", and "Ecological art"). Moreover, by considering certain features of land art (e.g. integration, interruption, involvement, implementation, and imagining), the author proposes a thesis according to which land art represents not only a contemporary art movement but also a new form of the aesthetic experience of nature. In the further development of this thesis, the author focuses on two aesthetic principles of land art – participation and entropy – which in the history of aesthetic theory have been almost non-existent, pushed to the margins, or completely neglected. Finally, by finding solid theoretical foundations for this thesis in Ronald W. Hepburn's ground-breaking essay "Contemporary Aesthetics and the Neglect of Natural Beauty" (1984), as well as some land art projects (e.g. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970), the author emphasises the strong theoretical connection between environmental aesthetics and land art.

ABSTRACTAs Chinese land‐based interventions multiply across the African continent, this article focuses on a single Chinese–Senegalese government‐run agriculture demonstration centre to provide insight into the daily realities of Chinese–African interactions on African land. Ethnographic methodologies are employed to examine practices and discourses on agricultural governance among Chinese and Senegalese informants. Building on theories of agriculture as performance, I show how distinct repertoires for land management are negotiated and reshaped by different subjects in a kind of improvised dance, where individuals' improvisations lead to unanticipated project outcomes. What emerges is a picture of a Chinese agricultural management regime for African land that is simultaneously fraught with conflict, while also replete with collaboration benefiting some smallholder farmers. This actor‐oriented approach provides a critical empirical lens as well as a research framework for engaging more constructively with Chinese in large‐scale land acquisitions. I argue that 'land grabbing' must be seen not as a straightforward, linear process of state or corporate takeover of global land, but as a dynamic performance of negotiation among diverse state actors, corporate players and citizens — one that will reshape global development in unanticipated ways.

The continuing relationship between America and the Holy Land has implications for American and Jewish history which extend beyond the historical narrative and interpretation. The devotion of Americans of all faiths to the Holy Land extends into the spiritual realm, and the Holy Land, in turn, penetrates American homes, patterns of faith, and education. In this book Davis illuminates the interconnection of Americans and the Holy Land in historical perspective, and delineates unique elements inherent in this relationship: the role of Zion in American spiritual history, in the Christian faith, i

Die Wahrung der eigenen Identität, so der Verfasser, setzen die Türken stärker als die Ukrainer vor die direkten Wirtschaftsvorteile. Das basiert auf der Kontinuität des selbstständigen türkischen Staates. Selbstbewusst erklären türkische Geschäftskreise, Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit der EU bestünden bereits ohne die formale Vereinbarung mit Brüssel, die Türkei sei gar nicht zu umgehen. Die EU müsse sich überwinden, die ihr fremden türkischen Werte nicht unbedingt zu übernehmen, aber doch zu akzeptieren. Diametral anders manifestiert sich das Gebilde EU für die Türkei und die Ukraine. Das westeuropäische kulturelle und soziale Multi-Kulti, das "EU-Recht bricht nationales Recht" und die Durchlässigkeit der europäischen Staatsgrenzen lassen sich nur schwer mit dem tradierten türkischen Staatsverständnis vereinbaren. Ukrainische Staatsstrukturen bestehen teilweise erst im Gerüst. Viele Probleme, die sich zwischen der Türkei, der Ukraine und der EU zeigen, liegen nicht auf der gesetzlichen Ebene. Ihre Lösung wird vielmehr in der Umsetzung, der alltäglichen Realisierung, liegen. Das politisch heikelste Problem verbirgt sich, so die These, hinter der Verschiebung des Institutionengefüges der EU. Tangiert es doch die Machtfrage innerhalb der Europäischen Union. Bereits der Beitritt Polens, Bulgariens und Rumäniens störte die Machtbalance. Wie sollen Einheitsbeschlüsse herbeigeführt werden, wenn in der zukünftigen EU Ukrainer mit Polen, eventuell mit den Türken bei Abstimmungen zusammengehen? Die alten EU-Länder lassen bereits in der bestehenden EU nicht an ihrer bisherigen Ordnung und Vormachtstellung rütteln. In Ankara und in Kiew verfolgt man die Dreier- und Vierergruppen-Entscheidungen in verschiedenen Einzelfragen genau. Das Erfordernis der Einstimmigkeit von Beschlüssen bringt bereits heute immer mehr Zugeständnisse an Einzelne mit sich. Die noch nicht stattgefundene Ratifizierung des Lissabon-Vertrags wird neue Regelungen fordern. (ICF2)

This book provides a detailed introduction to how the Länder (the sixteen states of Germany) function not only within the country itself but also within the wider context of European political affairs. Some knowledge of the role of the Länder is essential to an understanding of the political system as well as of German federalism. This book traces the origin of the Länder. It looks at their place in the constitutional order of the country and the political and administrative system. Their organization and administration are fully covered, as is their financing. Parties and elections in the Länder and the controversial roles of parliaments and deputies are also examined. Because of their role in the Bundesrat, the second legislative chamber, the Länder are clearly an important part of the national legislative process. They participate in policy-making with regard to the European Union, and have limited influence on Germany's foreign affairs outside of Europe. This is the first English language book that considers the Länder in this depth.

This book provides a detailed introduction to how the Länder (the sixteen states of Germany) function not only within the country itself but also within the wider context of European political affairs. Some knowledge of the role of the Länder is essential to an understanding of the political system as well as of German federalism. This book traces the origin of the Länder. It looks at their place in the constitutional order of the country and the political and administrative system. Their organization and administration are fully covered, as is their financing. Parties and elections in the Länder and the controversial roles of parliaments and deputies are also examined. Because of their role in the Bundesrat, the second legislative chamber, the Länder are clearly an important part of the national legislative process. They participate in policy-making with regard to the European Union, and have limited influence on Germany's foreign affairs outside of Europe. This is the first English language book that considers the Länder in this depth.

The article deals with the bureaucratic procedures by means of which the Roman administration of Egypt used to sell arable land placed at the disposal of the state by way e.g. of confiscation. The land was sold at a fixed price and under the condition that the buyer was granted a period of tax exemption after the acquisition. One of the most important categories of land sold in this way was the "land of reduced revenue" (hypologos) because it had not been cultivated for some time. By establishing the procedure described above the government aimed at attracting potential buyers by reducing their investment costs for the recultivation of the land in order to resume the collecting of the taxes. Besides the analysis of the bureaucratic procedures which were necessary on the various level of the administration for the execution of such sales the contribution also investigates the problems connected to the fixing of the purchase price of the land in question.

Abstract. Considerations about landinterpose into almost every aspect of urban life. They may not be the only factor determining a city's well‐being but appropriate land policies are necessary to bring about prosperity and equity. Contemporary accounts of the 'urban crisis' and of urban problems reveal the pervasiveness of land issues. Use of one urban land parcel has bearing on the usability of neighboring sites, which makes land a community resource. Urban land may be defined as land used or expected to be used for urban activities. Its attributes include location, space, property, clustering, heterogeneity and immobility and indestructibility. Neo‐classical theorists, by stressing accessibility and ignoring externalities and other attributes of land, achieved only an unrealistic understanding of it. Most land economists are institutionalists, their theory encompassing long‐validated concepts about the nature of land. The neo‐Marxian approach has many points of congruence with the institutionalist one. Empirically investigated, urban land is found to be different from economic goods and hence its production, allocation and disposition must proceed at least like other public goods.