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THE GULF WAR AND THE POLITICAL UPHEAVALS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION BLOC HAVE LED TO A COMPLETE POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN STRATEGIC THINKING AND IN THE EUROPEAN SECURITY INSTITUTIONS. THE PROSPECT OF A EUROPEAN UNION ENCOMPASSING BOTH SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICIES HAS BEEN ENHANCED BY THESE EVENTS AND HAS GAINED CREDENCE WITHIN THE NEW STRATEGIC CONTEXT. THE AUTHOR CONFRONTS THE ISSUE OF A COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY FOR THE TWELVE FOLLOWING THE MINSK AGREEMENT AND THE MAASTRICHT TREATY, AND EXAMINES HOW RELATIONSHIPS MAY BE DEVELOPED BETWEEN A EUROPEAN UNION, NATO AND THE CSCE.

This book analyses how national parliaments and parliamentary parties performed their legislative, representative and control functions during the reform of European economic governance. Focusing on domestic approvals of anti-crisis measures (EFSF, ESM and the Fiscal Compact) in all member states of the Eurozone, the book aims at establishing to what extent national parliaments and parliamentary parties secured their competences in EU policy-making during that process. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, In order to address that question the book employs an interdisciplinary approach and analyses (i) in which states parliaments' formal powers in approval of anti-crisis measures were constrained, (ii) how parliamentary parties voted on the analysed measures, (iii) what were the dominant discourses of their proponents and opponents and (iv) which parties advocated neoliberal and which Keynesian measures. This text will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in European Union politics and studies, political parties and parliaments, European Economic governance and more broadly to European politics.

The heterogeneity of economic performances in the EU member states is one of the main reasons for the existence of a "core-periphery" relationship. The goal of this research is to examine various economic indicators to reveal possible divisions between the EU members. This issue emphasized the contribution of rich "core" countries to the imbalances in poorer "peripheral" EU members. By applying cluster methodology and considering the most recent data, two groups of countries were identified, the first comprising 11 countries that form the "centre" or the "core", and the rest of the EU forming the "periphery". Considering differences between these countries is necessary and justified for discussions about the future development of the EU that will involve differences between member states.

The heterogeneity of economic performances in the EU member states is one of the main reasons for the existence of a "core-periphery" relationship. The goal of this research is to examine various economic indicators to reveal possible divisions between the EU members. This issue emphasized the contribution of rich "core" countries to the imbalances in poorer "peripheral" EU members. By applying cluster methodology and considering the most recent data, two groups of countries were identified, the first comprising 11 countries that form the "centre" or the "core", and the rest of the EU forming the "periphery". Considering differences between these countries is necessary and justified for discussions about the future development of the EU that will involve differences between member states.

The prominence of the Advocate General is one of the most distinctive, & controversial, features of the European Court of Justice. This is a study of the Advocate General & his role in the development of EC Law. It examines the history of the role the questions over its future, & the role's importance in the procedures of the Court

This thoroughly researched, well-documented book presents a theoretically guided empirical analysis of developing and implementing gender equality policies in the European Union (EU). It traces the history and development of EU gender policy to the present day and will be inspirational reading for those interested in European governance and the European Union, as well as gender issues and political sociology.

Defence date: 13 June 2012 ; Examining Board: Professor Martin Scheinin, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary University of London; Professor Tuomas Ojanen, University of Helsinki; Professor Giovanni Sartor, European University Institute. ; First made available online: 25 August 2021 ; This thesis examines the added value of the fundamental right to data protection within the EU legal order when law enforcement measures are at stake. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of data protection, its underlying values and aims, and the approaches to this right. It discusses the current theories and the existing case-law on data protection by identifying their shortcomings. It introduces a new theory on data protection that reconstructs the right and reshapes in a clear and comprehensive manner its understanding. The thesis tests the added value of the 'reconstructed' right to data protection in the most difficult context: law enforcement and counter-terrorism. Three specific case-studies of data processing in the field of law enforcement are used: 1) the information collection 2) the information storage and, 3) the information transfer case. The information collection case discusses the EU Data Retention Directive and addresses the conceptual confusions between the rights to privacy and data protection that surround it, before turning to a substantive fundamental rights assessment of the Directive. The information storage case examines the added value of the fundamental right to data protection in the context of the access of law enforcement authorities to information stored on EU-scale databases such as the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), the Visa Information System (VIS) and Eurodac. Finally, the information transfer case discusses the role of the rights to privacy and data protection with regard to the transfer of data from the EU to the US for counterterrorism purposes. In this context, it addresses the EU-US PNR and TFTP cases.

In the last years, the fact of anthropogenic impact on climate change taking place in the world has become indisputable. Both countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce GHG emissions, move to a low-carbon economy and implement solutions that reduce human impact on the environment. The EU, by intensifying its activities, has also prepared a strategy known as the European Green Deal. In implementing the EGD, it is important to analyze the impact of energy development in energy-intensive sectors of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture, services and other cores) on atmospheric pollution. Energy development is understood as the energy consumption percentage from all its consumption. In the article, complex correlation–regression analysis was implemented, which included not only energy development impact on the CO2 emissions level (i.e., production-based CO2 efficiency), but also its impact on economic growth. The research was conducted for the EU euro area countries. It was determined that the strongest positive correlation is to be found in the transport sector, which implies that with an increase in energy consumption in that sector, production-based CO2 efficiency is increasing. On the other hand, this increment in efficiency was relatively small and was achieved with the rapid growth of the energy consumption. The implemented research confirmed that the transportation sector is the one which is polluting the atmosphere the most with CO2 emissions in the Eurozone. The results of the implemented research could be used for the formation of targeted measures for the green growth strategy implementation, and also for ECB and EIB to support "green" projects.

The countries of central Europe, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, suffer from environmental and occupational health problems created during the political system in place until the late 1980s. This situation is reflected by data on workplace exposure to hazardous agents. Such data have been systematically collected in Skovakia and the Czech Republic since 1977. The data presented describe mainly the situation in the early 1990s. The number of workers exposed to risk factors at the workplace represent about 10% of the working population in Slovakia and 30% in Poland. In Slovakia in 1992 the percentage of persons exposed to chemical substances was 16.4%, to ionizing radiation 4.3%, and to carcinogens 3.3% of all workers exposed to risk factors. The total number of persons exposed to substances proven to be carcinogens in Poland was 1.3% of the employees; 2.2% were exposed to the suspected carcinogens. The incidence of all certified occupational diseases in the Slovak Republic was 53 per 100,000 insured employees in 1992. Cancers certified as occupational cancers are skin cancer caused by occupational exposure to carcinogens, lung cancer caused by ionizing radiation, and asbestosis together with lung cancer. Specific information on occupational cancers from Romania and Bulgaria was not available for this paper. It is difficult to predict a trend for future incidences of occupational cancer. Improved control technology, governmental regulatory activity to reduce exposure, surveillance of diseases and risk factors, and vigilant use of preventive measures should, however, ultimately reduce occupational cancer.

We explore the redistributive effects of taxes and benefits in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. As well as describing redistributive effects in aggregate, we assess and compare the effectiveness of eight individual types of policy in reducing income disparities. We derive results for the 27 members of the EU using policies in effect in 2010 and present them for each country separately as well as for the EU as a whole.

This timely publication offers a fresh scholarly assessment of political advertising across the EU, as well as an insight into differing political and regulatory systems related to political advertising in the individual member states. With a detailed focus on the images and communication styles that characterised the 2014 European Parliament election campaign, this edited collection evaluates political advertising across the EU using empirical data to compare and contrast styles and approaches in different members. This work allows the authors to offer an important evaluation of the similarities and differences in the posters and broadcasts used to win public support in the 2014 campaign at the time of the great European recession and financial crisis, specifically looking at the place of posters and video commercials. This book will appeal to researchers and students of political communication, political science, history, European studies as well as candidates and campaign workers who want a more comprehensive understanding of the representation of Europe in political adverts at the 2014 elections.--