Suchergebnisse

À paraître en avril 2015 dans les 2015/2 (n° 141). ; International audience ; Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d'analyser en quoi les possibilités techniques introduites par l'informatique personnelle et le Web influencent certaines questions de philosophie de la connaissance. La première partie étudie l'influence de la technique et de modèles participatifs introduits par le mouvement des logiciels libres sur l'épistémologie. L'informatique contribue à motiver une épistémologie dite "sociale" attentive aux systèmes d'interactions et au caractère collectif de la connaissance. Wikipédia en est un exemple parlant. La deuxième partie montre, à l'aide des STS (Science and Technology Studies), que les outils technologiques à notre disposition ne sont pas neutres mais sont, au contraire, chargés politiquement. Ainsi, la structure et le modèle épistémique de l'outil influencent politiquement son contenu et le type d'interaction et vice versa.

À paraître en avril 2015 dans les 2015/2 (n° 141). ; International audience ; Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d'analyser en quoi les possibilités techniques introduites par l'informatique personnelle et le Web influencent certaines questions de philosophie de la connaissance. La première partie étudie l'influence de la technique et de modèles participatifs introduits par le mouvement des logiciels libres sur l'épistémologie. L'informatique contribue à motiver une épistémologie dite "sociale" attentive aux systèmes d'interactions et au caractère collectif de la connaissance. Wikipédia en est un exemple parlant. La deuxième partie montre, à l'aide des STS (Science and Technology Studies), que les outils technologiques à notre disposition ne sont pas neutres mais sont, au contraire, chargés politiquement. Ainsi, la structure et le modèle épistémique de l'outil influencent politiquement son contenu et le type d'interaction et vice versa.

This article discusses historical and anthropological approaches to the life of social science. After presenting the thematic of social science concepts that figure as found object in cultural anthropology, this review briefly introduces the domain of history of social science (HSS). It then examines HSS studies that could enrich anthropological encounters with social science concepts, both methodologically and through the vivid social histories of relevant concepts, categories, and methods. I complement my review of these approaches in HSS with a discussion of anthropological studies of social science concepts. I review both the historical and the anthropological literature with the same key questions, focused on the analytical tools that each approach brings to the study of social science: what conditions of emergence of these social imaginaries are incorporated in the analyses, what contexts and processes relevant to their appropriation and travel are presented, and how these enquiries examine the effects on the worlds in which they circulate. In my conclusion, I point out how cultural anthropology can uniquely contribute to the domain of HSS.

Social history of modern science, particularly the way it acquired social legitimacy, clearly depicts the science and society relationships emerging from the time of Galileo. The social institution of science has evolved as one of the most powerful, highly influential and sought out institutions. Knowledge as public good; peer review of science; prominence attached to open publications; and premium placed on professional recognition and scientific autonomy remained the hall mark of science for the last three centuries. Based on this ethos of science, the social institution of science evolved a unique social contract between science and society in the last six decades. As we enter the second decade of twenty-first century, the social institution of science is undergoing a major change. Three societal forces are responsible for the change: (i) globalisation; (ii) industrial and post-industrial society; and (iii) climate change. What is at stake? Is there a significant change? Is it transforming the very social institution of science? And what implications this has for our contemporary and future society? These are some of the important issues, which will be addressed in this article.

In contrast to most information retrieval programs, which are usually written in machine language or for some special- purpose compiler, BIRS is written entirely in FORTRAN IV and should be readily adapted to many university computing installations. John Vinsonhaler is Acting Director of the Computer Institute for Social Science Research, Michigan State University.

If Latin America's public universities are considered part of the state, then it seems plausible to characterise them as similar to the state, i.e. as clientelistic. However, this plausible hypothesis has never been examined by the literature on twentieth-century Mexican social sciences. Just like clientelism, science patrons such as US philanthropic foundations have similarly been neglected. In this article I argue that, as an alternative to what the Rockefeller Foundation perceived as clientelism and amateurism at Latin American universities, it claimed to patronise liberal scholarship, practised according to formal rational criteria. While foundations have been frequently considered part of a US imperialistic drive towards cultural hegemony in Latin America, they were not unitary actors and frequently failed to predict the actual impact of their grants. In Mexico in the 1940s, the Rockefeller Foundation boosted the humanities, but missed the opportunity to support a local take on social science teaching and research.

The article deals with the topical issue of personal and professional presentation of young women and men as subjects of their economic socialization. The analysis of the empirical research results of social and psychological determinants of young women and men economic self-presentation, as well as the results of a gender audit is done. A conceptual model of economic behavior of young people in the context of patriarchal / traditional and egalitarian / democratic coordinates is presented. The ambivalence of professional self-realization of young people, in particular, the orientation of girls to economic self-affirmation in the microeconomic environment, and boys - in the macro-society, as well as the commitment of both sexes to traditional gender stereotypes is revealed. The low level of material demands of women, including professional ones, is motivated by the socialized attitude to the financial supremacy of men. In psychological portraits of young men and women who present their professional potential, and hence the economic future, more similarities than differences are observed. Young women show a higher level of subjective general and personal locus of control in professional activities and psychological efforts to defend their beliefs.

Analyses the social sciences with reference to the theory of dependence, and concludes that the struggle of the periphery for autonomy vis-a-vis the centre, breeds dissonance and discards any possibility of consensual social sciences at the global level. Infers a preference for cultural relativity and, therefore, the non-scientificity of the social science. (SJO)