Suchergebnisse

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ouabain, a specific Na-K ATPase inhibitor, induces behavioral changes in rats resembling the manic phenotypes of bipolar disorder. The binding of ouabain to the Na-K ATPase affects signal events in vitro including Akt, a possible molecular target of mood disorders. However, the effects of ouabain on Akt in the brain need further clarification. In this study, we investigated changes in the phosphorylation state of Akt in the rat brain after ICV injection of ouabain. Consistent with our previous report, the locomotor activity of rats within 30 min after ouabain ICV injection changed according to the dose with higher doses of ouabain, 0.5 and 1 mM, inducing significant hyperactivity. In addition, ouabain administration induced a dose-dependent increase in the immunoreactivity of p-Akt (Ser473) in the frontal cortex. striatum, and hippocampus after 30 min, and reached statistical significance with 1 mM of ouabain. Phosphorylation of GSK-3 beta (Ser9), FOX01 (Ser256), and eNOS (Ser1177), which are downstream molecules of Akt, was also increased in a dose-dependent manner within the same brain regions. Moreover, hyperactivity was seen for 8 h after a single 1 mM injection of ouabain and increased phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473), GSK-3 beta, (Ser9), FOX01 (Ser256), and eNOS (Ser1177) was also observed in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. Thus, intrabrain injection of ouabain induces activation of Akt signaling accompanied by hyperactivity, suggesting the possible role of Akt in ouabain rat model of mania. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. 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Recently many microfluidic systems are increasingly equipped with functional units for ionic controls for various applications. In this review article, we define an ion bridge as a structure that controls current or distribution of ions in a microfluidic system, and summarize the ion bridges in the literature in terms of characteristics, fabrication methods, advantages and disadvantages. The ion bridges play two basic roles, namely to ensure electrical contact in a microfluidic network and mechanically separate a liquid phase from another. More interestingly, the charged surfaces of ion bridges, which can be chemically modified, create new characteristics such as permselectivity and concentration polarization. Asymmetric ion transport as well as ionic conductivity through the ion bridges suggests a variety of applications including sample preconcentration, electroosmotic pump, electrospray ionization, electrically driven valve and many others. This review categorizes the ion bridges into several classes and describes the structures, materials, fundamental functions and applications. 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Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Внешняя политика КНР направлена на повышение роли Китая в международных вопросах и создание благоприятных условий для развития экономики. Китай неизменно претворяет в жизнь концепцию Дэн Сяопина, придерживается независимой и самостоятельной внешней политики, выступает в защиту территориальной целостности страны и суверенитета. Руководство КНР подчеркивает, что в международной политике Китай направляет усилия на обеспечение мира, не вступает ни в какие союзы и блоки, добивается добрососедских отношений с соседними странами. Между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой достигнут высокий уровень сотрудничества. КНР является основным политическим и торгово-экономическим партнером Беларуси в Азии. Решающее значение для становления и развития двустороннего политического сотрудничества между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой сыграло совпадение позиций по широкому кругу международных вопросов и поддержка друг друга в международных организациях. Создана значительная договорно-правовая база двусторонних отношений, охватывающая широкий круг вопросов сотрудничества между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой. Подписанные договоры, программы и соглашения стали основой для становления, развития и укрепления связей Республики Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республики и обеспечили их стабильное развитие на долгосрочную перспективу. Закрепление в различных документах получило торгово-экономическое, научно-техническое, военное сотрудничество, сотрудничество в сфере образования, культуры. Китай действительно развивается стремительным темпом, что подтверждается различными показателями роста экономики. Характеризуя сложившуюся экономическую ситуацию в Китае, можно выделить следующие моменты: высокий рост инвестиций и экспорта; изменение структуры потребления в сторону строительства жилья, рынка автомобилей, потреблению средств связи; структурные изменения в экономике, связанные с привлечением новейших технологий и улучшение уровня жизни населения. Экономический подъем в Китае из года в год создает реальные предпосылки для успешной работы белорусских субъектов хозяйствования в КНР. Однако сегодня белорусский экспорт практически не заметен на этом перспективном и платежеспособном рынке. Для экспортоориентированной экономики Беларуси подобное состояние дел в торговле с ведущей страной Азии непозволительно. Более того, это происходит на фоне впечатляющих темпов развития Китая. В связи с этим, представляется целесообразным учесть в стратегии сотрудничества с КНР следующие основные моменты: 1) Развитие инфраструктуры торгово-экономических связей: задействования банков и страховых компаний двух стран для совершенствования расчетно-платежных отношений, кредитования поставок сложной машинотехнической продукции и оборудования с длительным циклом изготовления, финансирования инвестиционных проектов; совершенствование структуры транспортных перевозок, внедрение прогрессивных форм таможенного и санитарного контроля; развитие электронной торговли, а также прикладных информационных технологий. 2) Участие Беларуси в программах хозяйственного подъема западных провинций КНР. 3) Развитие прямой торговли с Китаем, без участия посредников, на основе расширения совместной торговой инфраструктуры — выставок, представительств, создания торговых и сервисных сетей. 4) Беларусь и Китай находятся на большом удалении друг от друга, поэтому необходимо развитие электронной торговли. 5) Состояние белорусско-китайской торговли показывает, что необходимо коренное изменение представлений белорусских экспортеров о Китае, как стране производящей высокотехническую продукцию. 6) По-прежнему концентрируя основные усилия на привлечении иностранного капитала, в Китае придают все большее значение инвестированию за рубеж. Правительство разработало специальную стратегию выхода на внешние рынки китайских фирм и предприятий. 7) Для китайских компаний также существуют немалые ниши для укрепления своих позиций на белорусском рынке. В первую очередь, это поставки недорогого и не уступающего западным аналогам оборудования для технической модернизации отечественных производителей, а также бытовой техники и товаров народного потребления в части, дополняющей ассортимент, производимый в Беларуси. В республике разработана стратегическая Программа активизации торгово-экономического сотрудничества с КНР на 2004—2008 гг. В программе отражены мероприятия по увеличению объемов экспорта белорусских предприятий в КНР, развитию товаропроводящей сети, выставочно-ярмарочной деятельности, созданию совместных предприятий (производств) на территории КНР, привлечению китайских инвестиций и финансовой помощи, дальнейшему развитию регионального сотрудничества с провинциями Китая. Реализация Программы позволит выполнить поставленные задачи по увеличению товарооборота между Беларусью и Китаем. = The foreign policy of the People's Republic of China is directed at raising China's role in the international life and creation of favourable conditions for its economic development. China steadily realizes the concept of Deng Xiaoping, adhering to the independent foreign policy policy, advocating territorial integrity and sovereignty. China's leadership emphasizes that in its international politics China supports peace, stays outside all unions and blocs and seeks good neighbourly relations with the bordering countries. The Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China can boast a high level of cooperation. China is the main political, trade and economic partner of Belarus in Asia. The decisive role for the formation and evolution of bilateral political cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China was played by the agreement in their opinions on a wide range of international issues and mutual support in the international organizations. The countries have established a significant legal treaty base for the bilateral relations involving different aspects of cooperation. The existing treaties, programmes and agreements underlie the formation, development and strengthening of ties between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China, thus providing their stable development in the long-term. Trade and economic, scientific and engineering, military, educational, cultural cooperation was fixed in various documents. China is indeed developing rapidly and showing various high indeces of economic growth. While characterizing the current economic situation in China, one can point out high investment and export growth, the shift of consumption pattern towards house-building, automobile and communications markets, and structural changes in the economy related to the latest technologies and the growth of standards of living. The economic boom in China from year to year creates real prerequisites for the successful work of Belarusian economic subjects in China. However, Belarusian export is currently almost insignificant on this promising and profitable market. The author states that it is unfitting for Belarus with its export oriented economy to have the existing level of cooperation with this leading Asian state. Moreover, it is happening against the background of impressing economic growth rates in China. In this connection, the author considers it advisable to take into account the following basic aspects when realizing the strategy of cooperation with China: 1) the development of infrastructure of trade and economic relations: involvement of banks and insurance companies of the two countries to improve the relations in the payments sphere, the crediting of deliveries of complex machinery and equipment with a long production cycle, financing of investment projects, the structure of transportation, introduction of new forms of customs and sanitary control, development of e-trade and applied information technologies; 2) participation of Belarus in the programmes of economic upswing of the China western provinces; 3) development of direct trade with China without any mediators on the basis of expansion of joint trade infrastructure: exhibitions, offices, trade and service networks; 4) development of e-trade because of long distance between two states; 5) radical change of awareness of Belarusian exporters about China as a country manufacturing high-tech produce; 6) while focusing its main efforts on attracting foreign capital, China gives ever greater importance to the investment expansion. The government elaborated a special strategy of foreign market entry for the Chinese companies and manufacturers; 7) Chinese companies also enjoy ample opportunities for strengthening their positions on the Belarusian market. Primarily, this is connected with supplying equipment to modernize Belarusian industry, competitive both in prices, which are reasonable, ad quality. Domestic appliances and consumer goods in addition to those produced in Belarus are also sold. The Belarusian strategic Programme of Intensification of Trade and Economic Cooperation with the People's Republic of China in 2004—2008 contains actions to increase the volume of export of Belarusian enterprises to China, to develop commodity distrubution network, exhibitions and fairs, to create of joint ventures on China's territory, to attract Chinese investments and financial aid, and to develop further regional cooperation with Chinese provinces. The Programme implementation will lead to the realization of the tasks on turnover growth between Belarus and China.

A substantial debate about the approaches employed by courts to interpret statutes and regulations has developed during the last decade. Some have argued that the search for a statute's meaning and purpose should focus on the text, itself, and should not include consulting legislative history. In contrast, others have argued that it is difficult to determine the meaning of a statute without consulting legislative history to determine the legislature's purpose for the statute. The debate about the appropriate method for interpreting statutes underlies a crisis in the administration of tax law. The recent proliferation of tax shelters has at least in part been facilitated by the ascendancy of textualism. Our conversations with practitioners indicate that tax advisors have become more aggressive in structuring transactions that comply with the form of the tax statutes even though the transactions may be highly questionable in light of the legislation's history or underlying purpose. The result has been a cottage industry where investment banks and accounting firms market tax shelters that triumph in form, but not substance, at the expense of the fisc. Because most tax shelter activity is hidden, it is difficult to ascertain its revenue impact. It is estimated that tax shelters reduced tax revenues by approximately $10 to $24 billion in 1999. In addition, practitioners and government officials worry that the use of shelters is eroding confidence in the tax system. Although the majority of courts have not adopted textualism, the legal community's acceptance of textualism as a plausible method of interpretation has dramatically affected the practice of tax law. Taxpayers often invest in tax shelters based upon the opinion of counsel assessing the probability that the desired tax results from the transaction, if challenged, will be sustained. These opinion letters are essential to attract investors because they protect taxpayers from various penalties that otherwise might be imposed if the Service successfully challenges the transaction. Under the textualist approach, it is much easier for an attorney to write a favorable opinion for transactions that are designed to comply with the letter of the law, but not its spirit, for at least two reasons. First, the attorney is permitted to ignore, or at least downplay, any legislative history that would argue against, or undercut, the desired tax results. Second, under a textualist approach, it is arguable that various well-accepted judicial doctrines, such as the business purpose doctrine, are suspect. At the extreme, a textualist might argue that these doctrines are the product of judicial activism and either should no longer be followed, or at a minimum should not be extended into new areas of the law. Tax shelter promoters have exploited the move towards textualism by designing transactions that comply with the letter of the law, but that generate results clearly never contemplated by Congress or the Treasury. Some promoters believe that the more detailed and complex the underlying law is, the more likely it is that a transaction complying with the letter of the law will be respected. One area in tax law that is particularly detailed and complex is Subchapter K, the partnership tax provisions. Subchapter K also has several special rules not otherwise available in the Internal Revenue Code. It is, therefore, not surprising that Subchapter K has become the vehicle of choice for a wide variety of abusive transactions. Transactions are designed so that a partnership is created or joined just to take advantage of these special rules (reverse engineered transactions). In an attempt to stem the tide, the IRS adopted a general anti-abuse rule for Subchapter K. This rule requires that the provisions of Subchapter K be interpreted consistent with the intent of subchapter K. Oversimplified, the regulations assert that there is an overall legislative intent underlying Subchapter K, and if a partnership is formed or availed of in connection with a transaction to substantially reduce federal taxes in a manner inconsistent with this intent, the transaction may be recast. The regulations make clear that for a transaction to pass muster, doctrines that originated with the judiciary, i.e., the requirements of a business purpose, economic substance, and substance over form, must be taken into account. In addition, the regulations require that the purposivist method of statutory interpretation be used to interpret Subchapter K. The anti-abuse regulations caused an unprecedented furor within the tax bar. They have been severely criticized by academics and practitioners alike on a variety of bases, the most damning of which is that Treasury lacked the authority to promulgate the rules and that therefore they are not valid. Indeed, it is fair to say that there is a general consensus that the partnership anti-abuse regulations are an extreme example of administrative overreaching. We disagree. Although we do not endorse all the policy choices in the anti-abuse regulations, we believe that they are not only valid, but suggest a way in which transactions that are the product of reverse engineering can and should be attacked, both within and without Subchapter K. Initially, it may seem inappropriate for Treasury to instruct the judiciary on how and when the courts should apply judicial doctrines and what tools they should use in interpreting statutes. After all, as every law student knows, [i]t is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803). Where does Treasury get the authority to instruct a court as to which method of interpretation it should use to interpret a tax statute? On reflection, however, we believe that Treasury acted well within its authority under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984) and was simply filling a gap in the statute left by Congress. The judicial doctrines that are implicit in the intent of subchapter K were well-developed when Subchapter K was first enacted in 1954 and continue to be applied in a variety of contexts by the courts. At that time, however, it was not clear exactly how and when these doctrines should be applied in the context of Subchapter K. There is little doubt Congress could have clarified this issue by statute. It could have insisted that these doctrines (or variations thereof) be applied with full force, or it could have forbidden their application altogether. Congress, however, chose not to address this issue, leaving a gap in the statute. Under current administrative law principles, this silence constitutes an implied delegation of authority by Congress to Treasury to fill that gap. In addition to being valid, we also believe that, as a general proposition, it is sound tax policy to use broad standards to administer the tax law. Historically this had been accomplished by the courts through the use of these judicial doctrines. Although the ascendancy of textualism cast doubt on the continuing viability of the doctrines, Treasury eliminated that doubt by promulgating these regulations (if valid), and requiring lawyers and courts to consider the intent of subchapter K. This approach allows the IRS to use broad standards to administer the tax law in place of a collection of narrow rules that must be constantly changed in a hopeless attempt to keep pace with the latest tax gimmick. To assure proper consideration of these doctrines by tax advisors, we recommend that the IRS amend its standards for practice to require advisors opining on the validity of tax shelters to apply the doctrines to the specific facts of the tax shelter in their opinion letter.

보건학과/박사 ; [한글] 우리나라에서는 1960년 이후 고도경제성장 정책의 추진으로 산업화가 진전되면서 환경오염 및 이로인한 환경피해 현상이 많이 나타나게 되었으며 이에따라 점차 환경분쟁이 크게 대두되기 시작하였다. 1970년대에 들어오면서 환경분쟁이 다수 발생함에 따라 환경분쟁에 행정부가 적극적으로 대처하여야 할 필요성을 인식하게 되어 1977년에 환경보전법을 제정하여 비상설기구로서의 분쟁조정위원회를 설치하고 있었으나 그에 기한 환경분쟁의 해결은 미미한 편이었다. 1990년도에 이르러 환경오염피해분쟁조정법이 제정되어 중앙환경분쟁조정위원회가 상설기구화 되면서 분쟁사례가 점차 증가되기에 이르렀고 환경분쟁조정으로 인한 조정성립율이 73%이상으로서 법원 이외의 행정기관 등의 조정성립율에 비하여 매우 높게 나타나고 있다. 1997년에는 법률의 명칭을 환경분쟁조정법이라 하여 환경분쟁의 범위를 확대하여 실시하고 필요한 일부 조항을 개정하기에 이르렀다. 그러나 중앙환경분쟁조정위원회가 상설기구화 된 1991년 부터의 분쟁조정사례가 대다수 누적되어 있음에도 불구하고 이제까지는 환경분쟁조정제도의 법적 성격이나 절차적 과제 또는 외국과의 비교법적 고찰 환경분쟁조정제도의 제도적인 문제에 대하여 약간의 언급을 하고 있거나 행정기관을 통하여 발표된 분쟁조정의 현황에 대한 통계표만 부분별로 나타나고 있을 뿐, 개개의 구체적 사례분석을 통한 기초적 통계자료를 입력하여 통계프로그램에 의하여 나타나는 여러 현황을 분석한 연구는 볼 수가 없었기에 본 연구를 하기에 이르렀다. 환경분쟁조정사례에 대한 분석을 함에 있어, 첫번째 종속변수인 조정성립에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위하여 조정현황, 분쟁조정당사자 관련요인, 진정·민원 등 조정전단계 관련요인, 분쟁조정 관련요인 등을 독립변수로 하여 분석한 결과, 오염원인별로는 소음·진동 분야가, 사건연도별로는 1995년이후 처리된 사건이, 조정의 종류별로는 재정이, 분쟁 지역별로는 서울·경기지역이, 가해자의 업종별로는 건설·토목 회사인 경우 등이 조정에 대한 성립율이 높았다. 두번째 종속변수인 손해배상액에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위하여 민원경유 횟수, 조정기간, 현지조사 및 특별조사 기관 유무, 환경기준 준수여부 등을 독립변수로 하여 분석한 결과, 지역으로는 서울·경기지역인 경우가, 환경기준준수여부의 경우에는 위반의 경우가, 특별조사 및 현지조사가 있는 경우가 손해배상액이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 전체적으로는 환경분쟁조정위원회의 조정결정에 대하여 조정성립율이 73%이상의 높은 성립율을 나타내고 있음을 보았다. 그러므로, 우리나라의 현행 환경분쟁조정제도 및 판례와 외국의 환경관련법규 및 분쟁처리 현황을 살펴보고 연구결과로서 환경분쟁조정위원회의 조정사례에 대한 통계 프로그램에 의한 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 분쟁조정제도의 활성화 방안을 강구하여 볼 수 있 다. 1. 환경분쟁조정제도에 대한 조정성립율을 높임으로서 그 활성화를 기하기 위하여는 우선 환경분쟁조정에 필요한 자료의 확보가 가장 중요하다 하겠다. 2. 자연생태계파괴와 관련된 행위로서 지역주민들의 환경피해를 예방하기 위하여 하는 보전행위 등에 대하여는 일정한 요건하의 환경단체에게 당사자적격을 인정하고, 다수인 관련 분쟁에 있어 금전급부 이외의 이행의무의 부과나 보전행위에 대하여는 class action제도를 인정하는 등 집단분쟁조정제도의 적극적인 도입이 요망된다. 3. 환경분쟁조정제도를 활성화하기 위하여는 조정안을 제시할 때에 단순히 금전지급만을 결정할 것이 아니라 금전급부 이외에도 방음벽의 설치, 보완 이라든가 자연수원의 복원 등의 이행의무를 부과하여 조정안을 제시함으로써 당사자사이의 합의를 유도할 필요성이 크다 하겠다. 4. 분쟁조정안에 대한 금전급부 이외의 이행의무를 부과하거나 환경단체의 분쟁당사자 적격성 및 class action제도의 도입 등으로 분쟁조정의 성립율을 높임으로서 조정제도를 활성화 하기 위하여는 조정성립의 효력을 확정판결과 같은 효력으로 하여 당사자에게 강한 구속력을 인정하기 보다는 민사상 합의로서의 효력을 인정하여 결정의 유연성을 주는 것이 바람직하다 하겠다. 5. 환경분쟁조정제도의 성립율은 매우 높은 바 다른 행정기관에서 실시하고 있는 조정제도에 비하여 그 성립율이 매우 높음을 알 수 있는 바, 시간과 비용의 절감 뿐만 아니라 관계전문가의 활용으로 인하여 분쟁을 조속히 해결할 가능성이 많으므로 민사소송의 제기에 앞서 조정전치절차를 채택할 필요성이 크다 하겠다. 6. 동일한 원인으로 인한 다수인이 관련된 인체건강피해분쟁에 대하여는 원인재정제도의 도입 및 건강피해에 대한 공적 보상제도를 마련함이 바람직하다 하겠다. 7. 환경문제에 대한 진정 또는 민원에 대하여 환경분쟁조정위원회에서 이를 통합하여 처리하는 제도를 정비함이 바람직하다 하겠다. [영문] In Korea, since 1960 with the development of industrialization by the promotion of an economic development policy, many cases of environmental pollution and destruction occurred, and accordingly an environmental dispute was on the rise. Coming into the 1970's, due to the many occurrences of environmental disputes, government administration realized the need to actively cope with this situation and established the dispute mediation committee as a temporary organization after making on the 「Environment Preservation Law」 in 1977. However, the resolution of environmental disputes were insufficient. In 1990 the 「Environmental Pollution Damage Dispute Mediation Law」 was enacted, and as the central environmental dispute mediation committee became a standing organization, reported dispute cases slowly increased. Moreover, the rate of adjusted disputes by environmental dispute mediation was over 73%, which is higher than the rate of adjusted disputes of other administration institutions. Furthermore, in 1997, the extent of environmental disputes were magnified by changing the 「Environmental Dispute Mediation Law」, and several articles were even revised upon need. However, despite of the fact that many cases of dispute mediation was accumulated since the central environmental dispute mediation committee became a standing organization in 1991, there has only been slight reference of the legal character and proceedings of the environmental dispute mediation system or the problems compared to foreign environmental dispute mediation systems, and there has been no actual situation analysis of specific cases based on fundamental input data, but only indiscrete statistics announced by dispute mediation administration organizations. In the analysis of mediation cases of environmental dispute, to research for the factors to influence on mediation resolution as the first dependent variable, this study analyzed mediation fact, factor concerning dispute mediation party, factor concerning civil suits and petitions, factor concerning premediation stage, factor concerning dispute mediation as independent variable. The result is as follows. The rate of adjusted disputes is high in field of noise and tremble in pollutive causation, case managed since '95 in year, strict mediation factor in mediation field, Seoul·Kyunggi province in district of dispute, engineering and construction co. in injurer's business. To research for the factors to influence on damages as the second dependent variable, this study analyzed frequency by way of petitions, mediation period, whether or not on-spot investigation and special investigation institutions, whether or not observance for the environmental criteria as independent variable. The result is as follows. The damages showed high in case of Seoul·Konggi province in district, infringement in whether or not observance for the environmental criteria, on-spot investigation and special investigation. As a whole, the rate of adjusted disputes by environmental dispute mediation committee was 73% Therefore, we should now examine the current environmental dispute mediation system and precedent cases of Korea, and also the environment relating laws and dispute management of other countries. Based on this we can consider the following activation methods of the dispute mediation system through the analyzation of mediation cases of the environmental dispute mediation committee. 1. To raise the dispute mediation rate of the environmental dispute mediation system and to pursue its activation, ensuring the required data is the most important factor. 2. To prevent district residents from damaging the environment, certain environmental associations with the necessary conditions should be acknowledged of qualifications, and in disputes related with many people other than cash payment and fulfillment duty, the introduction of group dispute mediation systems like the Class action system is demanded. 3. To activate the environmental dispute mediation system, not only should mere cash payment mediation be proposed, but fulfillment duties such as the installation or supplementation of soundproofed walls or the restoration of natural water supplies should be proposed, so that the parties concerned may reach a compromise on their own. 4. To activate the mediation system by raising the mediation rate through fulfillment duties other than cash payment such as acknowledged qualifications of certain associations, Class action and other duties, rather than approving strong binding regulations to the concerned parties by enforcing irrevocable judgement, it is better to allow civil law agreement to take over in the decision process. 5. Although the mediation rate of the environmental dispute mediation system is high, it is high in comparison to other mediation systems of different administration organizations. Therefore, because there is a high chance of resolving disputes at the earliest stage due to the reduction of time and expense, not to mention the practical knowledge of related specialist, there is a need to adopt a pre-mediation process before submitting a civil law suit. 6. In disputes related with many people or human body health damage disputes caused by equal causes, it is desirable to employ cause deciding systems and official compensation systems of health damages. 7. In civil suits and petitions on environmental issues, the environmental dispute mediation committee should set a combined management system to resolve these problems. ; open

WORLD FEDERATION FOR CULTURE COLLECTIONS NEWSLETTER No. 26 (WFCC) July 1977 Code Number:NL97010 Sizes of Files: Text: 73.4K Graphics: No associated graphics files WFCC EXECUTIVE BOARD Officers and members WFCC COMMITTEES Committee on Biodiversity: Committee on Education and Capacity Building: Committee on Endangered Culture Collections: Committee on Patents: Committee on Postal, Quarantine and Safety Regulations: Committee on Publications and Publicity: Committee on World Data Centre for Microorganisms: WFCC REPORTS Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Board, August 28, 1996, Veldhoven, Netherlands Minute 1. Call to order. Minute 2. Record of attendance. Minute 3. Committees. The composition of the newly agreed upon committees - World Data Centre on Microorganisms Committee: - Postal, Quarantine and Safety Regulations Committee: - Endangered Collections Committee: - Patents Committee: Minute 4. Adjournment. Minute 5. Meeting reconvened on 29 August 1996 at 8:00 am. Minute 6. Committees - Biodiversity Committee: - Publications and Publicity Committee: - Education and Capacity Building Committee: Minute 7. Resolutions. Minute 8. General Business. - Skerman Prize. - Revision of Guidelines/Standards. - Statutes Revision. - WFCC Business Plan. - Technical Information Sheets (TIS). Minute 9. Future Meetings. Minute 10. Close of Meeting. WFCC EDUCATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING COMMITTEE (EBB) GOALS 1. Assessment of the needs for the establishment of new culture collections and of the training and capacity building needs of microbial culture collections on a global and regional basis. 2. Development and continued promotion of capacity building and education programmes for CCs on a global and regional basis, with the main emphasis being on taxonomy and electronic communication systems (at least e-mail, information about holdings on www). 3. Support of WDCM activities through collection and update of information on a regional basis. GENERAL OUTLINE Many of the activities of the EBB Committee will be carried out regionally. The initial effort of the members will be towards building an assessment on the needs for establishment of CCs, status of capacity building, education and training needs of the existing CCs in their area of representation. The proposal for regional development should be analysed in regional workshops, organised by EBB representatives of the region. Funds for doing the workshops should be sought on a regional basis and complemented with funds from international agencies. ACTION PLAN Activity 1. Assessment of CCs status and needs on a global and regional basis. An inventory of existing CCs in different regions of the world will be conducted, mainly using data obtained from WDCM, supplemented with regional contacts. Activity 2 - Support to WDCM activities Activity 3 - Proposal for Education and Capacity Building activities Activity 4. Strengthening existing activities of CCs MEMBERSHIP A core committee was agreed during ICCC8 in Veldhoven. The Policy for membership was to include 2 representatives from 6 geographical regions and to establish working links with the WFCC Biodiversity Committee The immediate action that will be taken by EBB is the distribution of a questionnaire, developed together with the Biodiversity Committee and WDCM, for the assessment of CC needs in training and education. The questionnaire will be added to the WFCC Newsletter, as well as to the ECCO Newsletter. Readers are kindly asked to help in circulating it to the CC people in their regions, hoping that with the assessment of the needs EBB will be more able to make the right steps and help to overcome deficiencies. WFCC ENDANGERED COLLECTIONS COMMITTEE GOALS 1. To act as first port of call for any collection (industrial/private/academic) which considers itself to be endangered. 2. To assess the requirements of the Endangered Collections and provide any supportive or lobbying assistance it can. 3. In the event of a culture collection being in imminent danger of being lost, to visit or by means of correspondence assess its sector of expertise and interest (i.e. industrial/medical/fungal/algal etc) and solicit possible alternative sites. 4. To seek a source funding for this exercise; or if a "pot" already exists to allocate appropriate funds for the task to be carried out. MEMBERSHIP NEW WFCC MEMBERS, NEW ADDRESSES AND OTHER CHANGES Relocation of the National Collection of Food Bacteria (NCFB) Address correction OBITUARIES ROWLAND HILL 1935-1996 In memoriam Professor Bela Lanyi (1927-1997) RETIREMENT Retirement of Dr. Ivan J. Bousfield FOCUS ON CULTURE COLLECTIONS Future prospects for the UK National Culture Collections For some considerable time now the UK Culture Collection network has existed as a loosely affiliated federal system comprising eleven separate specialist entities. These collections have been supported by eight sources of Government funding emanating from five Government departments and are all maintained on separate sites by nine different parent organisations. Also, in more recent years, continued funding for several of the collections has been a major worry. Consequently a review on the whole UK system of operating service collections has been long overdue. Co-ordinated Marketing Policy This will involve the development of a unified house style (UKNCC) and the production of advertising materials around three sectoral nodes - an industrial node at NCIMB, a medical node at ECACC/CAMR and an agricultural/mycological node at IMI. Co-ordinated Database Construction This will provide a single electronic contact point for the UKNCC allowing access to a range of information such as strain dam, culture availability, uses and applications, services and expertise available, as well as providing a central ordering point. This initiative is also aimed at updating and harmonising data storage and retrieval facilities at UKNCC member collections as well as providing the facility for combined/specialist hard copy catalogue production. The Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) The Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa functions as the national service collection for algae and protozoa in the UK, acting as a depository for strains of prokaryotic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), eukaryotic microalgae, small seaweeds and free-living non-pathogenic protozoa. Freshwater algae and all protozoa are maintained at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Institute of Freshwater Ecology (IFE) Windermere Laboratory. Marine algae are kept at the NERC, Centre for Coastal and Marine Science (CCMS) Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory (DML). NEWS FROM AND FOR CULTURE COLLECTIONS Journal of Culture Collections New Settlement of the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT) Philippine Network of Microbial Culture Collections Established National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Karnal, India News on Cuban Culture Collections NEW CATALOGUES AND DATABASES OF CULTURE COLLECTIONS American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 208521776, USA. Filamentoas Fungi Reference Guide. The first edition of ATCC Quality Control and Reference Strains has been published. Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes Institut Pasteur. Fungi Culture Collection, Catalogue of Strains 1997, Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) 1995 DSMZ Catalogue of Strains 1997. Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO). Catalogue of newly accepted strains. WORLD WIDE WEB International Course: Biochemical Engineering Applications in Environmental Biotechnology and Cleaner Production (Workshops and Roundtables), The List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature Bacterial Nomenclature Up to Date The Microbe Files RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST TO CULTURE COLLECTIONS NEW BOOKS RELEVANT TO CULTURE COLLECTION WORK EURACHEM Gives Guidance towards Accreditation EURACHEM has recently published a guide entitled "Accreditation for Laboratories Performing Microbiological Testing". WORKSHOPS AND TRAINING COURSES Details of events from September 8 1997 to December 5 1997 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Details of events from 4 September 1997 to 22 January 1998.

This is a handbook designed to guide governments, public authorities and other interested stakeholders in the process of designing and tendering sustainable Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements in the irrigation sector. It takes a practical, step-by-step approach in describing what a government needs to do in preparing and implementing a PPP irrigation scheme from inception. The handbook takes account of the various stages of the irrigation value chain and how to handle private sector participation in irrigation schemes of different sizes and types. It assumes that governments have already made the underlying policy decision to embark on a PPP in irrigation, and therefore does not dwell on the rationale for undertaking a PPP. The handbook's practical aspects are contained in four, stand-alone chapters that follow an over-arching Executive Summary and an Introduction. The chapters are deliberately numbered to coincide with the four steps that a government should take in establishing an irrigation PPP: Preparation, Structuring, Procurement Management, and Implementation. In addition, each chapter concludes with a practical Checklist to help executives keep track of the necessary tasks in each step on the way to establishing a sustainable PPP operation. The chapters are designed to be read as stand-alone guides, out of an understanding that institutions using the book may already have completed prior steps. Nevertheless, it would be prudent for users to acquaint themselves with the entire handbook so as to develop a holistic view of the requirements for a full PPP project. Chapter One: Preparation is divided into two parts, A and B (each with its own concluding Checklist). Part A reviews the scope for introducing PPPs into the irrigation sector, identifying the issues that policymakers should consider from the outset in order to make the private sector's involvement feasible with a specific irrigation project.Part B discusses the irrigation as a business. It contains a variety of case studies—the first time such studies have been documented—with discussion of lessons learned, PPP types, transfer of investment functions in developing countries, competitive bidding, and third party involvement among the subjects covered. Chapter Two: Structuring a PPP sets out the various tasks that must be completed to structure a sustainable PPP contract. Chapter Three: Managing Procurement examines how to select a private contractor, which involves such factors as the fiscal commitments to the PPP, to what extent the process should be competitive and how that might be conducted and managed, and what issues are peculiar to PPPs in irrigation.Chapter Four: Implementation highlights management of the contract and establishment of those management structures, monitoring, penalties and grantor's rights, use of performance bonds, enforcement of customer payments, dealing with changes to the contract, and contract expiry and asset handover. The overall structure of the handbook is illustrated below. The handbook is supported by three annexes: Annex 1 explains how to use the Excel Options Assessment Tool, , and Annex 2 provides case studies of 29 existing or emerging irrigation PPPs.

International audience ; Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan's core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.

This presentation proposes that BPO and other ICT development have a potential to be a major catalysts for economic growth and socio-economic transformation. It claims that IT-BPO sectors development represents major promises that potentially can transform the Philippine economy and also foster inclusive growth. The presentation postulates that the importance of IT-BPO industry development goes beyond the debate of picking industry winners. It argues that the BPO industry is poised to have a substantive impact on the country and that especially so if there simultaneously is major growth in other ICT sectors and the scale and scope local usage of ICTs. It claims that expanded scale and scope of BPO industry in conjunction with further development of IT services, Telecom and other ICTs industries coupled with the advancement in education, science & technology can be principal factors that can transform the Philippine economy and its interface with the rest of the world.

This open access book questions the stereotype depicting all Gulf (GCC) economies as not sustainable, and starts a critical discussion of what these economies and polities should do to guarantee themselves a relatively stable future. Volatile international oil markets and the acceleration of the energy transition has challenged the notion that oil revenues are sufficient to sustain oil economies in the near to medium term. But what is the meaning of economic sustainability? The book discusses the multiple dimensions of the concept: economic diversification, continuing value of resources, taxation and fiscal development, labor market sustainability, sustainable income distribution, environmental sustainability, political order (democracy or authoritarianism) and sustainability, regional integration. The overarching message in this book is that we should move on from the simplistic branding of the Gulf economies as unsustainable and tackle the details of which adaptations they might need to undertake.

Uncovering hidden hunger -- Charismatic nutrients -- Solving hidden hunger with fortified food -- Bound by the global and national : Indonesia's changing food policies -- Building a healthy Indonesia with flour, MSG, and instant noodles -- Smart baby food : participating in the market from the cradle -- Creating needs for golden rice.

This paper examines the deployment of a shared CO2 transportation infrastructure needed to support the combined emergence of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Fossil energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). We develop a cooperative game-theoretic approach to: (i) examine the conditions needed for its construction to be decided, and (ii) determine the break-even CO2 value needed to build such a shared infrastructure. In particular, we highlight that, as biogenic emissions are overlooked in currently-implemented carbon accounting frameworks, BECCS and CCS emitters face asymmetric conditions for joining a shared infrastructure. We thus further examine the influence of these carbon accounting considerations by assessing and comparing the break-even CO2 values obtained under alternative accounting rules. We apply this modeling framework to a large contemporary BECCS/CCS case-study in Sweden. Our results indicate that sustainable and incentive-compatible cooperation schemes can be implemented if the value of CO2 is high enough and show how that value varies depending on the carbon accounting framework retained for negative emissions and the nature of the infrastructure operators. In the most advantageous scenario, the CO2 value needs to reach 112€/tCO2, while the current Swedish carbon tax amounts to 110€/tCO2. Overall, these findings position pragmatic policy recommendations for local BECCS deployment.

This paper examines the deployment of a shared CO2 transportation infrastructure needed to support the combined emergence of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Fossil energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). We develop a cooperative game-theoretic approach to: (i) examine the conditions needed for its construction to be decided, and (ii) determine the break-even CO2 value needed to build such a shared infrastructure. In particular, we highlight that, as biogenic emissions are overlooked in currently-implemented carbon accounting frameworks, BECCS and CCS emitters face asymmetric conditions for joining a shared infrastructure. We thus further examine the influence of these carbon accounting considerations by assessing and comparing the break-even CO2 values obtained under alternative accounting rules. We apply this modeling framework to a large contemporary BECCS/CCS case-study in Sweden. Our results indicate that sustainable and incentive-compatible cooperation schemes can be implemented if the value of CO2 is high enough and show how that value varies depending on the carbon accounting framework retained for negative emissions and the nature of the infrastructure operators. In the most advantageous scenario, the CO2 value needs to reach 112€/tCO2, while the current Swedish carbon tax amounts to 110€/tCO2. Overall, these findings position pragmatic policy recommendations for local BECCS deployment.

The input of P.S. contributes to the following UKRI-funded projects: DEVIL (NE/M021327/1), MAGLUE (EP/M013200/1), U-GRASS (NE/M016900/1), Assess-BECCS (funded by UKERC), Soils-R-GRREAT (NE/P019455/1), N-Circle (BB/N013484/1), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through projects: CIRCASA (grant agreement n° 774378), UNISECO (grant agreement n° 773901), SUPERG (grant agreement n° 774124) and VERIFY (grant agreement n° 776810) and the Wellcome Trust-funded project Sustianable and Healthy Food Systems (SHEFS). P.S. received support for his role as a Conveneing Lead Author of the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land, from the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS). F.C. acknowledges the support of the Norwegian Research Council through the projects MITISTRESS (project n. 286773), Bio4Fuels (project n. 257622), Carbo-Fertil (project n. 281113), and BIOPATH (project n. 294534). All other authors acknowledge support from their respective governments, or from the IPCC Trust Fund, to support their attendance at author meetings of the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land, for which this anaylsis was undertaken. The views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission or any other Government Agency. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF