Suchergebnisse

Topic. The topic of this research is the stimulation of innovative activity of industrial enterprises as one of the basic conditions of industrial growth of the Russian economy. It is especially important in the conditions of sanction problems.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal funding mechanism for innovative projects in industry, primarily aimed at stimulation of innovation activity against the systemic failure indicators of Russia in various international rankings.Methodology. The purpose of the study is achieved by the fullest understanding of key aspects of the innovation process: methodology of the research includes philosophical and political-economic methods. The essence of the philosophy of innovation is represented as a process (innovation) chain of turning ideas into socialized and competitive product on the market. Such chains provide the update of all spheres of life at every stage of development of society, lead to the accumulation of cultural heritage and the transition to a higher level of existence. In turn, the essence of the political economy of innovation is that the innovation chain is implemented in the society in which there are any questions as concerns the productive forces and production relations. Thus, ideological consolidation of society plays a major role. From proper state regulation of the conditions for innovation and its stimulation depends not only the success of enterprises, but also the socio-economic development of the country — welfare of citizens.Results. To improve the efficiency of financial-economic and social mechanisms of stimulation of innovative activity it is proposed implementation of project financing mechanism for innovation chain as a whole, considering it as a single project "financing in a shell nut."Conclusions. Using the format of public-private partnerships and converged "triple helix" mechanism of project financing it is possible to stimulate innovative activity in industrial enterprises by kind of "coercion to innovations." ; Предмет. Предметом исследования является стимулирование инновационной активности промышленных предприятий как одного из базовых условий промышленного роста российской экономики, что особенно актуально в условиях санкционных проблем.Цель. Целью исследования является определение оптимального механизма финансирования инновационных проектов в промышленности, прежде всего, направленного на стимуляцию инновационной активности на фоне системно провальных показателей России во всевозможных международных рейтингах.Методология. Цель исследования достигается за счет максимально полного понимания важнейших аспектов инновационного процесса: методология исследования включает философский и политэкономический методы. Сущность философии инноваций представляется как процессная (инновационная) цепочка по превращению идеи в социализированный и конкурентоспособный на рынке продукт. Подобные цепочки обеспечивают обновление всех сфер жизнедеятельности на каждом этапе развития общества, ведут к накоплению культурного наследия и переходу на более высокий уровень бытия. В свою очередь, сущность политэкономии инноваций состоит в том, что инновационная цепочка реализуется в обществе, в котором возникли вопросы к производительным силам и производственным отношениям. Большую роль при этом играет идеологическая консолидация общества. От правильного государственного регулирования условий для инновационной деятельности и ее стимулирования зависит не только успешность предприятий, но и социально-экономическое развитие страны — благосостояние граждан.Результаты. Для повышения эффективности финансово-экономических и социальных механизмов стимулирования инновационной активности предложено использовать механизм проектного финансирования инновационной цепочки в целом, считая ее единым проектом — «финансирование в коконе».Выводы. При использовании формата государственно-частного партнерства и конвергентной модели «Тройная спираль» механизм проектного финансирования сможет стимулировать инновационную активность на промышленных предприятиях путем своеобразного «принуждения к инновациям».

This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling and research carried out, but also hydrogeological circulation likely to cause radionuclides buried to the surface. In addition, this text shows how the excavation of the underground laboratory in Bure (Meuse) affects the rock and transforms the representations of the rock by the geologists of Andra. Thus, this article analyses the political and epistemic reports of Andra geologists at the geological formations where nuclear waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of geologists of the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). It shows that their geological prospecting is intended to characterize the geology and, at the same time, to familiarize a region with the nuclear industry. This text emphasizes the connections between the deep geology and the soil surface: boreholes, research and also hydraulic flow which could cause radionuclide migration from the storage to the surface. Moreover, this paper explains how the digging of an underground research laboratory (URL) in Bure (Meuse, France) affects the rock and how it transforms the Andra's geologists' representations of the clay. This article analyzes thus political and epistemic relations of the Andra's geologists to the geologic formations in which radioactive waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling ...

Existing literature on franchising has extensively studied the presence of plural form distribution networks, where two types of vertical relationships-integration versus franchising-co-exist. However, despite the importance of monetary provisions in franchise contracts, their definition in the case of plural form networks had not been addressed. In this paper, we focus more precisely on the " share parameters " in integrated (company-owned retail outlet) and decentralized (franchised outlet) vertical contracts, respectively the commission rate and the royalty rate. We develop an agency model of payment mechanism in a two-sided moral hazard context, with one principal and two heterogenous agents distinguished by different levels of risk aversion. We define the optimal monetary provisions, and demonstrate that even in the case of segmented markets, with no correlation between demand shocks, the two rates (commission rate, royalty rate) are negatively interrelated.

Many ethical questions have been raised regarding the use of social media and the internet, mainly related to the protection of young people in the digital environment. In order to critically address the research question "who is responsible for ethically protecting minors in the digital environment?", this paper will review the main literature available to understand the role of parents, the government, and companies in protecting young people within the digital environment. We employed a holistic process that covers a state-of-the-art review and desk research. The article is divided into four sessions; (1) Government Policies from the European Union (EU) Perspective; (2) Parental Control; (3) An Overview of Companies and the Private and Self-Regulation Sectors; and (4) the Ethical Dilemma. Throughout, we reviewed specific topics regarding the potentially harmful content for young people within the digital environment, questioned how ethical concerns shape content and interactions online and discussed how internet parenting styles impact risks and opportunities for young people in the digital world. Finally, we analysed the research question contrasting it with the main findings in this review and offered recommendations.

All academics know this ancient: in order to be a completed researcher, it is necessary to be "internationalised". In universities and research organisations, several services and programmes promote this internationalisation, which is becoming increasingly important in evaluation procedures, but does not provide a consensual definition. Should priority be given to the movement of individuals between countries, to research on foreign 'cases' or to publications in international media? But does this internationalisation not tend to strengthen the hegemony of Anglo-American research — English becoming the lingua franca science — at the risk of abandoning the study of our own societies and restricting even more encouraged exchanges with non-academic actors? This short text proposes to shed light on some of the challenges arising from a personal experience of internationalisation, which is still infrequent in French social sciences: born and trained in France (up to a doctorate obtained in 2008 at the School Normal Superior and the School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences), I was for four years a deputy professor at the Department of Political Science of Laval University, in the city of Québec, Canada. In 2014, I returned to France as a lecturer at Rennes 2 University while continuing to carry out research and mentoring overseas doctoral candidates. [First lines] ; Tous les universitaires connaissent cette antienne : pour être un chercheur ou une chercheuse accomplie, il faut être « internationalisée ». Dans les universités et les organismes de recherche, plusieurs serviceset programmes promeuvent cette internationalisation, à laquelle les procédures d'évaluation accordent une place croissante, sans pour autant en donner une définition consensuelle. Faut-il donner la priorité aux circulations des individus entre pays, aux recherches sur des « cas » étrangers, ou encore aux publications dans des supports internationaux? Mais cette internationalisation ne tend-elle pas à renforcer l'hégémonie des recherches ...

International audience; The "Sobriétés" program (2010-2013) initiated an interdiscious research work addressing on the potential institutionalisation of local energy "sobriety" policies in Nord-Pas-de-Calais (northern France). It contributed to structuring a network of regional actors — from scientific, NGO's and institutional fields — all involved in a process of integrating the global peak oil hypothesis into their Discourses and practices. This process has been led to reconsider regional energy policies under a new light, in particular the energy demand reduction programmes and the search for an equal sharing of energy resources. The energy "sobriety" approach, understood as a voluntary and equal reduction mechanism for energy consumption, arms forward innovative responses to social and ecological issues; The 'Sobriétés' programme (2010-2013) launched an interdisciplinary reflection on the prospects for institutionalising territorial policies on energy efficiency in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. It has helped to structure a regional network of actors — scientific, institutional and associations — who are trying to incorporate into their narratives and practices an effective consideration of the assumption of the global oil peak. This leads to an analysis of regional energy policies, both with a view to controlling energy demand (MDE) and fair negotiation of access to energy. With this in mind, the option of energy efficiency, understood as a mechanism for voluntary and fair reduction of energy consumption, can respond to social and ecological tensions. ; International audience; The "Sobriétés" program (2010-2013) initiated an interdisciplinary research work focusing on the potential institutionalisation of local energy "sobriety" policies in Nord-Pas-de-Calais (northern France). It contributed to structuring a network of regional actors – from scientific, NGO's and institutional fields – all involved in a process of integrating the global peak oil hypothesis into their discourses and practices. This process has led to ...

Media imposes reading pacts. These are contracts that some audiences accept and establish loyalty relationships with these means. Ideological, political, aesthetic. On the website these agreements change. They are more fragile, more perishable and subject to permanent stress. While some readers and readers accept them, they also require them. Not only do they want to read to strengthen their ideas and beliefs, they also want to participate. There are different views on how these read-out pacts work on the web. For some researchers, it makes no sense to talk about loyalty when the user navigates dozens of pages confronting news. For others, there is still an ideological, fiduciary, interactive, multi-medial, visual or personalisation loop. In this article we will analyse some of these positions and their importance in realising the media proposals at the interfaces. FIL: Bergero, Fabian. National University of the Comahue. Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. Communication and Social Topics Observatory; Argentina. ; Los medios de comunicación imponen pactos de lectura. Son contratos que algunas audiencias aceptan y establecen relaciones de fidelidad con esos medios. Ideológica, política, estética. En la web estos acuerdos cambian. Son más frágiles, más perecederos y están sometidos a una tensión permanente. Si bien algunos lectores y lectoras los aceptan, también exigen. Es que no sólo quieren leer para reforzar sus ideas y creencias, sino que además quieren participar. Hay diversas opiniones sobre cómo funcionan esos pactos de lectura en la web. Para algunos investigadores, no tiene sentido hablar de fidelidad cuando el usuario navega por decenas de páginas confrontando noticias. Para otros, sigue habiendo un lazo de tipo ideológico, fiduciario, interactivo, multimedial, visual o de personalización. En este artículo analizaremos algunas de estas posturas, y su importancia en la materialización de las propuestas mediáticas en las interfaces. Fil: Bergero, Fabián. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de ...

The advent of a global economy, which attempts to escape state regulation, requires, according to Habermas, a paradigm shift in institutional terms. The Nation-State was able to object in a new way the corrective nature of social inequalities. However, a Nation-State whose fundamental structure Evolves into a post-national state could take the risk of exposing itself to a deficit of political legitimacy, and democratic trust. This results in an inability of nation-states, the only possibility is to diagnose the restriction of their freedom of maneuver, a fortiori before the establishment of a post-national structure. Within this context, the evolution of the Nation-State seems to lead to a political crisis which implies powerlessness. 1. Jürgen Habermas — "Post-national transformation and future of democracy" The prospect of moving beyond the national framework in Europe towards a federation of democratic states — capable of civic globalisation and a possible upsurge in national particularisms — has put back on the agenda the question of democratic legitimacy within this new post-national constellation. The advent of a global economy, escaping attempts to regulate the state, calls, according to Habermas, for a paradigm shift at institutional level. The nation state has been able to make the 'correctibility' objective unprecedented (Habermas [1998] 2000: 44) social inequalities. However, a nation state, whose fundamental structure is changing into a post-national state, could take the risk of being exposed to a lack of political legitimacy and 'democratic trust' 1. This leads to the inability of nation states, even if only to diagnose the restriction of their room for manoeuvre, especially in the context of the creation of a structure 1 "If the sovereignty of the state is no longer conceived as indivisible but shared with international actors; States no longer have control over their own territories; and while territorial and political borders are increasingly permeable, the central principles of liberal ...

International audience This paper studies payout policies of listed family firms. The recent evolutions of family firms models bring to study two types of agency conflicts, the one between shareholders and manager (type I), and the one between majority and minority shareholders (type II). Our results show that payout policies are related to the intensity of the two types of agency conflicts which are overall less strong than in non family firms. ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la relation entre les politiques de distribution des entreprises familiales cotées et deux grands types de conflits d'agence dans les entreprises familiales, entre actionnaires et dirigeant (type I), et entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires (type II). Les résultats sur les entreprises du SBF 250 montrent que les montants distribués sont liés à ces deux composantes du conflit d'agence, qui est globalement moins fort dans les entreprises familiales.

International audience This article reports several findings that run against the conventional picture of Northeast India as a set of sealed ethnic compartments. The adoption of individuals or groups originating from a different ethnicity is far from being a marginal phenomenon and is actually often institutionalized. Through purification rites, people get ethnically converted. The process is often linked to interethnic marriages and facilitated in the long term by the existence of equivalences among the surnames associated with different ethnic groups. Equivalences allow for repeated interethnic marriages while preserving the structural specificities of each social system involved. As people move from one community to another, they adopt new cultural features and a new surname , but on a broader scale, prescribed alliances and relations of exogamy are preserved. The possibility of ethnic conversions opens up several fundamental questions on the ethnic and cultural genesis of the region. And as they are in certain instances manipulated or contested within the political arena, ethnic conversions remain a true contemporary issue.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methodological principle of researching realism painting on the example of analysing a painting by the Ukrainian artist Yurii Kamyshnyi. The research methodology combines a set of general theoretical (analysis and systematisation of material, theoretical generalisation and the method of deduction) and special scientific methods (terminological, method of analogies, art historical analysis, iconographic method). The scientific novelty of the study convinces of the possibility and advantages of applying an interdisciplinary approach to reveal the specifics of realistic painting. The dependence of the analysis of the prerequisites for the emergence and reasons for the realisation of realism in each artistic epoch, the conditions of its development in the classical and post-classical socio-cultural paradigm is substantiated. The content of the concept of "realism" is revealed through the prism of humanitarian knowledge, in particular, history, philosophy, cultural studies, ethnography, art history, psychology, sociology, which allowed strengthening the analysis of works performed in the realistic manner of realism. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of a number of definitions of the synonymous terms "interdisciplinarity" and "interdisciplinary approach" available in the Ukrainian scientific discourse, interdisciplinarity as an integrative approach to the analysis of works of art with interconnections with other areas of humanitarian knowledge, borrowings and the use of tools (schemes, models, categories, concepts) is substantiated. Analysing the specifics of realistic painting on the example of the work of the Ukrainian artist Yurii Kamyshnyi's "Sun Caresses", the application of the historical and systematic method (as a correspondence to the political, social, cultural, and artistic conditions of development) is shown. The iconographic method and art historical analysis allowed us to substantiate the combination of landscape (rural landscape) and domestic genres. The style of the painting is in the manner of nineteenth-century realism, which is characterised by the depiction of the elegance of summer rural life with the personification of the day (noon). The image of the tree leaves, which seem to be "tired" of the scorching sun, was important here. The sun is also represented with flickering rays on a neatly whitewashed house wall. The iconographic method made it possible to describe the subject of the work as the exterior of a typical Ukrainian rural dwelling and yard. The method of generalisation allowed us to present its dominance in the work of the realist artist. The cross-cultural method was used to compare the plot specifics of the painting with the plot motifs of foreign realist artists. The method of ethnographic observation allowed us to verify the typicality of the image of a hut for the rural Ukrainian countryside.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the consequences of the challenges of the 2020s, namely the COVID-19 pandemic and full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation with partial occupation of territory, migration of population, expansion of zone of battle actions and the threat of aerial attacks for the entire country. All this had an impact on the ballroom choreographic culture in Ukraine.
The methodology is based on the principles of a system-synergistic approach. The main methods applied were participant observation, analysis, generalization and systematization of the authors' many years of dance, organizational and pedagogical experience.
The results. The challenges of the 2020s, namely the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation with partial occupation of the territory, population migration, expansion of the combat zone and regular missile terror throughout the country, have significantly affected the ballroom dance culture of Ukraine, in particular, changed the country's dance map, limiting and partially making it impossible to hold competitions and training in the combat zone and eastern regions that are unprotected from sudden missile attacks. The socio-political upheaval has prompted the Ukrainian dance community to seek national self-identification, giving rise to the creation of imaginative and meaningful compositions through ballroom dance that would embody the pressing issues of our time, including the themes of war, occupation and the challenges they have caused. At the same time, the national organization system of the ballroom dance tournaments and training process has revealed significant shortcomings. In particular, the problem of upgrading to an international class of dancing in the context of the pandemic and then the war, which was felt in previous years, made it impossible for dancers in the eastern regions of Ukraine to develop, as they were deprived of the opportunity to regularly participate in competitions.
The scientific novelty of the study is to analyze the modern tournament and training system of sports ballroom choreography in Ukraine in the last decade and to identify the problems that hinder the development of this type of dance art and have become especially acute during the challenges of the 2020s.
The practical significance. Some provisions of the article can be used for updating Ukrainian ballroom dance competitions in accordance with current social and political conditions.
Prospects for further research. A number of problems require scientific and theoretical comprehension, in particular, the place of ballroom dance in Ukrainian culture, its philosophy, images, styles, principles and expressive means of dance composition. The methodology of dancer's physical training, based on the peculiarities of sports ballroom dance, requires separate research.

Technology is critical to industrialization and economic development of any nation and it is one of
the serious bottlenecks in African industrialisation. There is no doubt that technology transfer is one of the
less studied subjects in China-Africa relations. Foreign direct investment is an important factor for both
technology transfer and economic growth in developing countries like Nigeria. Technological advancement
has also become a major challenge to industrialization in Nigeria and to improve her economy, the Nigerian
government had made various efforts at acquiring foreign technology to drive the development processes.
The Nigerian government had signed pact with the Chinese government in critical areas such as agriculture,
manufacturing, military, industry, education and other social sectors through Technological Transfer (TT)
and Technical Cooperation (TC) that will aid knowledge sharing and transfer for the purpose of improving
the economy. In view of this, the study examines the implication the Sino-Africa and technological transfer
on sustainable development in Nigeria. The study employed the interpretivism philosophy and the qualitative
approach was adopted in data collection and analysis. Secondary data were sourced from the United Nations
Commodity Trade Statistics (UNCTS) Database, Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics, and the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) Statistics database, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) figures were from the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Database, International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and the United Nations Statistics Database (UNdata). Other sources were the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) Database, International Financial Statistics (IFS) of the World Bank; publications of Central Bank of
Nigeria (CBN) and other agencies of government as well as newspapers and journals. Also, key informant
interviews were conducted with Chinese expatriates in Lagos and Ogun State, Nigeria. Data collected were
analysed using content analysis method. Findings of the study reveals that there is no clear-cut policy
statement on Sino-Africa technological transfer and knowledge sharing; thus, the Nigerian government
cannot sufficiently absorb new technology from Chinese multi-national corporations as most of these
corporations always come as agents of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or contractors. The study concludes
that adaptation and implementation of policy on technological transfer cannot promote sustainable
development in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that knowledge and technology transfer should
form the basis of a regulatory framework of the national FDI policy. Also, there is need for the establishment
of training institutes in each State of the federation so as to facilitate technological transfer. In addition,
there should be collaboration between the established training institutes and higher institutions of learning
so that students can have practical knowledge on advanced equipment, methodologies and technologies that
will engender sustainable development in Nigeria within a decade.

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of speech characteristics in the context of the disclosure of the plot-content aspect of the performance of postmodern aesthetics. Methodology. A typological and systematic method is used to study the creative mechanisms of the actor's creation of the speech characteristic of the image in the context of the peculiarities of the aesthetics of postmodernism; cognitive method, thanks to which theoretical positions in the field of language psychology and speech therapy are extrapolated to the field of theatrical art; method oftheoretical generalization, etc. Scientific novelty. The influence of postmodernist theater tendencies on the process of the actor's voice work on the creation of the image – the development and implementation of speech features of the character; the peculiarities of the process of decoding the sign system of a modern production on the basis of the interpretation of the speech characteristic of the images created by the actors are analyzed. Conclusions. The verbal characteristic of the image contributes to the actor's representation of certain internal characteristics of the character, his emotional state, deep reaction to events and/or actions of other characters, changes in lifestyle and worldview, etc., and in the context of postmodern aesthetics, when stage texts double coding" – a complex phenomenon of postmodernism, artistic and aesthetic means of which in theatrical art is a synthesis of different languages and codes of literature and philosophy in a holistic hypertext of performance, contribute to the understanding and comprehension of semantic aspects of theatrical production. The actor's use of elements of speech characteristic contributes to the expansion of his professional speech competence, the diversity of speech sound of the stage word. The components of speech characteristics can act as expressive means that reveal important aspects of the character; the necessary form of revealing the internal content of the stage image; an important element of the psychophysical structure of the role; an artistic technique that enhances the expressive possibilities of the stage word, and, accordingly, helps to form verbal symbolic means of expressing the artistic meanings of the performance. In our opinion, for the organic process of forming the stage image in general and the speech characteristics of the character in particular, the actor must not only expand his attention, observation, and ability to understand and comprehend the psychological and social causes of human behavior, but also deepen knowledge of psycholinguistics and speech therapy. Because only the organic combination of these factors contributes to the design of optimal stage speech, which corresponds to the concept of each specific performance.

The article elucidated the ideological and informative dominants of the documentary of Ukrainian dissident poets, revealed their conditionality on the socio-political situation in Ukraine from the period 1960-70 s. The links of the factual text with the ethics of being a generation of nonconformists in the conditions of the communist regime are specified, reliable information about the human rights movement and literary process in the conditions of totalitarianism, the practice of fabricated courts over the Ukrainian intellectual elite is decoded. The main attention is focused on the characterization of the national centric vectors of open correspondence by Vasily Stus and Irina Kalinets, its mental suggestibility and social significance are justified, factual and psychological plans are emphasized. It has been proved that the semantic field of open letters of dissidents (individual and collective) is structured by a cross-cutting national and, at the same time, existential problem. Open letters of dissidents are considered as informative, analytical texts with a wide historical and intellectual range, high emotional-exposing pathos and moral imperatives. The thematic spectrum of the analysed documentation is adjusted with a fundamentally unchanged national environmental ethos; her ideological and informative dominant is recognized as the writer's mobility and stoicism in upholding the right of people to have their own state, language, culture, in his responsibility for preserving the national «I» – personal and universal. In the stagnant period of Ukrainian history, dissidents in statements, protest letters, letters of appeal, as well as in artistic work, showed the flow of the philosophy of the national idea into the almost political sphere, making tangible progress towards the civil society of the Ukrainian nation. ; У статті з'ясовано ідейно-змістові домінанти документалістики українських поетів-дисидентів, виявлено їх зумовленість суспільно-політичною ситуацією в Україні періоду 1960-70-х років. Конкретизовано зв'язки фактологічного тексту з етикою буття покоління нонконформістів в умовах комуністичного режиму, декодовано достовірну інформацію про правозахисний рух та літературний процес в умовах тоталітаризму, практику сфабрикованих судів над українською інтелектуальною елітою. Основну увагу зосереджено на характеристиці націєцентричних векторів відкритої кореспонденції Василя Стуса та Ірини Калинець, обґрунтовано її ментальну сугерованість і суспільну значущість, закцентовано фактографічний і психологічний плани. Доведено, що смислове поле відкритих листів дисидентів (індивідуальних і колективних) структуроване наскрізною національною й, водночас, екзистенційною проблематикою. Відкриті листи дисидентів розглядаються як інформативні, аналітичні тексти з широким історичним та інтелектуальним діапазоном, високим емоційно-викривальним пафосом та моральними імперативами. Тематичний спектр проаналізованої документалістики скорельовано з фундаментально незмінним націоохоронним етосом в'язнів сумління; її ідейно-змістовою домінантою визнано подвижництво і стоїцизм письменника у відстоюванні права свого народу мати власну державу, мову, культуру, у відповідальності митця за збереження національно «Я» – особистого та всезагального.