Suchergebnisse

The relevance of fraus legis – a falsely presented state of affairs – both in internal and private international law, and particularly within recognition procedures, has not been undisputed throughout the years. And in the midst of integration or close cooperation arrangements it might seem that the institute of fraus legis would definitively lose its interest due to an "unshaken" mutual confidence in the activity of other public authorities. This is however not the case, as demonstrated by European Union law where both legislative and case law examples show the renewed importance of such truthfulness or veracity requirement. Bearing this is mind, the present article has a dual purpose: the first aims to describe the legal concept of recognition in its diversity and richness. As an aggregating factor we will subsequently turn our attention to the "internal structure" of that concept and to the conditions or requisites it is dependent upon. One of such conditions is precisely the control of veracity of the act or situation that aims to be recognised by the receiving State.

Die Herausforderungen im Energiesektor sind so umfangreich geworden, dass sie nicht mehr nur national zu bewältigen sind, sondern gemeinsame, europäische Lösungen erforderlich machen. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben sich komplexe Strukturen und Verfahrensweisen, bestehend aus vielfältigen Verwaltungseinheiten und Netzwerken, herausgebildet, durch welche die europäische Energieverwaltung auf den politischen Entscheidungs- und Gesetzgebungsprozess der EU sowie auf die Phase der Rechtsdurchsetzung einwirkt.Das Werk untersucht diese Strukturen, die ebenenübergreifende Zusammenarbeit und die Rolle der supranationalen und nationalen Energieakteure unter dem Gesichtspunkt und als Beispiel der europäischen Verwaltungsintegration. Es schafft ein umfassendes Gesamtbild der europäischen Energieverwaltung, im Rahmen dessen Effizienzdefizite hervorgehoben und mögliche Entwicklungsperspektiven aufgezeigt werden, damit die energiepolitischen Ziele der EU bestmöglich verwirklicht werden können.

Introduction: Liberalisation, privatisation and the labour market / Maarten Keune, Janine Leschke and Andrew Watt -- Privatisation and liberalisation of public services in Germany / Torsten Brandt and Thorsten Schulten -- Marketisation in Swedish electricity and postal services / Christer Th(c)œrnqvist -- Privatisation in water and health services in the UK / David Hall -- Implications of privatisation and marketisation in Lithuania - telecommunications and transport / Valdone Darskuviene -- Liberalisation, privatisation and employment conditions - the evidence of public utilities, public transport and home care in the Netherlands / Marc van der Meer -- Liberalisation and privatisation of public services and the impact on employment, working conditions and labour relations / Christoph Hermann and Roland Atzm(c)ơller -- Precarious employment in the public and private service sector: comparing developments in the UK and Germany / Janine Leschke and Maarten Keune -- Public sector pay gaps and skill levels: a cross-country comparison / Paolo Ghinetti and Claudio Lucifora -- Public and private employment and the gender wage gap in eight European countries / Dominique Meurs and Sophie Ponthieux -- Provision of work-life balance arrangements in European companies: public vs private / Heejung Chung

The European Monetary Union demands a budgetary discipline. Nonetheless, at the same time, it drastically reduces the possibilities of autonomous decision making. This paper examines the mismatch between the political debate in Spain and the actual possibilities for independent policy making; particularly, once the ECJ has recalled (in the "Pringle" case), the severe obligations arising out of the European solidarity principle. The paper concludes with a critical analysis of some of the recent regulatory reforms. ; La Unión Monetaria exige disciplina presupuestaria, pero al mismo tiempo, reduce drásticamente las posibilidades de una gobernación independiente. El trabajo examina el desfase entre el debate político interno en España y las posibilidades reales de una política autónoma, una vez que el Tribunal de Justicia (asunto "Pringle") ha recordado los severos límites de la solidaridad europea. Por último se analizan críticamente algunas de las reformas legislativas recientes.

In 1992, UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, replaced the final rounds of the European Cup with a mini-league competition called 'The Champions League' and developed three symbols to market this new competition. This article draws on Barthes's semiology to examine the political significance of these symbols. It claims that the symbols developed by UEFA communicate a sense of tradition of which UEFA is the guardian. In this way, the symbols seek to suppress the current political tensions within European football between UEFA and the big European clubs.

AbstractMany developing countries are putting increased pressure on local governments to mobilize resources, especially to meet the recurrent costs of operating and maintaining locally sited capital projects. Local taxes, user charges and voluntary contributions are all possible mechanisms to carry out these efforts. Yet several important issues arise whenever these mobilization instruments are contemplated and evaluated.Several, often competing, objectives must be considered when evaluating fiscal instruments including the ability of the mechanism to raise revenues, its effect on economic efficiency, its equity implications and its administrative feasibility. After discussing each of these objectives, we show how numerous constraints, including those imposed by the political/legal system, administrative structure, the economy and the culture of the country, must be recognized while searching for a workable set of reforms that will mobilize additional resources without doing great harm to the other objectives. The key to these reforms would seem to be incentives or disincentives inherent in the revenue structure. Without recognizing these incentives or attempting to alter them, resource mobilization efforts are likely to go astray.

As companies become increasingly interested in doing business
within Eastern bloc countries, ordinary issues critical to success will
be of paramount importance. Although the basic principles and rationale
used and the factors involved in investment decisions such as site
selection will not change, the relative importance of the factors,
particularly those that are intangible and constantly changing, could be
drastically different. Reviews the factors to consider when venturing
into these newly independent states, presents examples and offers
suggestions for US firms considering Eastern bloc locations for
expansion.

In this paper, the quantitative status of employees in the Health and Social Care sector in the Czech Republic is assessed, and the future development of the sector is predicted both for the Czech Republic as a whole, and for individual regions according to the NUTS3 classification. At present, labor market prognoses are created using the ROA-CERGE model, which includes the main professions in the Health and Social Care sector. This article expands the predictions by adding the regional level and using extrapolation of time series, and it identifies the regions important for the given sector and the labor force. The position of the Czech Republic with regard to selected professions in comparison with other countries of the European Union, i.e., its qualitative status, is also assessed in the paper. The following professions are assessed: general nurses and midwives (both with and without a specialization), physicians, and professional assistants. Healthcare workers do not manifest geographical mobility between regions and work primarily in the region where they live. Since the Czech Republic&rsquo ; s accession to the EU, staff working in key professions have been able to work under comparable conditions in any of the member states. The workforce flow depends, among other things, on its qualitative representation in the given country. To find groups of European countries with similar characteristics of quantitative coverage in selected professions in the Health and Social Care sector, cluster analysis is used to identify homogeneous clusters of countries, as of 2016. Secondary data was obtained from the Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) and the Information System (ISA+) of the National Institute of Education (NIE).

This paper documents the expanding economic linkages between low-income countries (LICs) and a narrow group of ""Emerging Market leaders"" that have become major players in regional and global trade and financial flows. VAR models show that these linkages have increased the share of growth volatility that can be attributed to foreign shocks in LICs. Dynamic panel models further analyze the impact of LIC trade orientation and production structure on the sensitivity to foreign shocks. The empirical results demonstrate that the elasticity of growth to trading partners' growth is high for LICs in