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Europäischer Konvent.

Several emendations to Ernest Gellner's conceptualization of the long trends of history are offered, along with some speculative social predictions. A fourth epoch of high technology is posited as following the industrial epoch of modernity. Gellner's idea that the form of wealth will undergo considerable transformation must be understood as very long-term, as the West will continue to be considerably distanced from the rest of the world, which strives to emulate its wealth. The consolidation of new democracies is predicted on the basis of Francis Fukuyama (1994) & Samuel Huntington (1993), although it is argued that Russia will revert to an authoritarian regime. 33 References. H. von Rautenfeld

The first attempt to bring together the historians of science from the Baltic States took place in Riga in 1958. Prof. Pauls Stradiņš (1896–1958) initiated and organised a joint meeting for historians of science from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania under the supervision of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A program for future joint activities was developed, and the tradition of joint conferences—the Baltic Conference on History of Science (BCHS)—in each country followed. In 1991, the Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (BAHPS), uniting historians and philosophers of science of independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, took over organising the BCHS. The article aims to present an overview of the published results of the conference, which is partly based on the annotated bibliography (1958–1985) of the conference. The authors analyse the subject, dissemination and tradition of the BCHS, and discuss the role of academic institutions in organising the events. Since the overview was inspired by a decision to gather a complete set of books of conference abstracts, it also resulted in recommendations for conference organisers. Between 1958 and 2019, twenty-nine conferences were organised and 2,880 papers were presented. The next conference will take place in Finland in 2022. The main ideas of the article were presented at the 26th International Congress on History and Philosophy of Science in Prague in 2021.

This study explored the economy-wide effects of export price volatility on Ethiopia's economy using Applied General Equilibrium model calibrated through 2009/10 Social Accounting Matrix of Ethiopia. Two simulations were developed to capture price volatilities, increase and decrease in export in price. The study revealed that increase in export price appreciates the domestic currency, raises import demand, but it reduces export demand which together worsened the trade balance. The increase in export price also weakens investment demand, government income and saving and the growth of the economy. However, it raises factors return, household income and welfare. Conversely, decrease in export price depreciates domestic currency, which lead to low import and high export demand, which in turn improved the trade balance. It also increases investment demand, government income and saving, and overall economic growth. But, fall in export price results low factors return, household income and welfare. To reduce the negative impacts of export price volatility in the overall economy, it is suggested that: a) exchange rate policy of the country should be managed-floating type, b) diversification and industrialization of export sector through integrating commodity policies into the country overall development strategy, and c) harness the income gains from commodity prices to facilitate wider-economic transformations and reduction of dependence on primary commodities export.

In September 1928, two eminent economists with an interest in price history met and conversed at Hanover, New Hampshire: Sir William Beveridge and Edwin F. Gay. The former was Director of the London School of Economics and the latter, Professor of Economic History at Harvard University. For some time Sir William had been conducting research in medieval English manorial records and had already amassed data on price movements of English commodities. Moreover, he seems to have shared Gay's long-held views that broader research was needed to provide carefully selected and critically handled long homogeneous series of commodity prices and wages for a number of countries.

The contributions collected in this Max Weber Working Papers Special Issue were first delivered at a conference held at the European University Institute and jointly organised by the Max Weber Programme for Postdoctoral Studies and the Robert Schuman Centre of Advanced Studies in March 2015 on 'Parliaments and parliamentary elections in Europe'. Following the transformations undertaken by the European and national parliaments after the Treaty of Lisbon, the 2014 European elections, the unprecedented politicization and the challenges posed to representative democracy by the Eurozone crisis, the Special Issue aims to investigate three intertwined themes. (I) Parliamentary representation: European and national at the same time?; (II) national parliaments in EU policymaking; and (III) dynamics of Euroscepticism and its effects on law-making. In particular the papers deal with the ability of parliaments to democratically represent people in the European Union today and to affect the European integration process, with the asymmetric involvement of national parliaments in the EU, their dynamics of cooperation as well as between them and the European Parliament, and finally, with the implications on EU democratic legitimacy of recent developments regarding parliamentary input provided at a very early stage of the European policymaking. Other issues, such as transposition and the representation of eurosceptics in the European Parliament are also dealt with.

Most observers have concluded that while money markets and government bond markets are rapidly integrating following the introduction of the common currency in the euro area, there is little evidence that a similar integration process is taking place for retail banking. Data on cross-border retail bank flows, cross-border bank mergers and the law of one price reveal no evidence of integration in retail banking. This paper shows that the previous tests of bank integration are weak in that they are not based on an equilibrium concept and are neither necessary nor sufficient statistics for bank integration. The paper proposes a new test of integration based on convergence in banks' profitability. The new test emphasises the role of an active market for corporate control and of competition in banking integration. European listed banks profitability appears to converge to a common level. There is weak evidence that competition eliminates high profits for these banks, and underperforming banks tend to show improved profitability. Unlisted European banks differ markedly. Their profits show no tendency to revert to a common target rate of profitability. Overall, the banking market in Europe appears far from being integrated. In contrast, in the U.S. both listed and unlisted commercial banks profits converge to the same target, and high profit banks see their profits driven down quickly.

The latest collection of the most up-to-date research on matters of medieval military history contains a remarkable geographical range, extending from Spain and Britain to the southern steppe lands, by way of Scandinavia, Byzantium, and the Crusader States. At one end of the timescale is a study of population in the later Roman Empire and at the other the Hundred Years War, touching on every century in between. Topics include the hardware of war, the social origins of soldiers, considerations of individual battles, and words for weapons in Old Norse literature. Contributors: Bernard S. Bachrach, Gary Baker, Michael Ehrlich, Nicholas A. Gribit, Nicolaos S. Kanellopoulos,Mollie M. Madden, Kenneth J. McMullen, Craig M. Nakashian, Mamuka Tsurtsumia, Andrew L.J. Villalon

"The text proper of the original is omitted, only explanations accompanying the plates being given, as in the German edition of 1801."--Cf. LC card no. 19-17251. ; "Apparently a translation of 'Geheime strategische instructionen Friedrichs des Zweiten au seine General-Inspecteurs', Leipzig, 1801"--Cf. LC card no. 19-17251. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Military Service Inst.

This handbook covers the technical, social and cultural history of surgery. It reflects the state of the art and suggests directions for future research. It discusses what is different and specific about the history of surgery - a manual activity with a direct impact on the patient's body. The individual entries in the handbook function as starting points for anyone who wants to obtain up-to-date information about an area in the history of surgery for purposes of research or for general orientation. Written by 26 experts from 6 countries, the chapters discuss the essential topics of the field (such as anaesthesia, wound infection, instruments, specialization), specific domains areas (for example, cancer surgery, transplants, animals, war), but also innovative themes (women, popular culture, nursing, clinical trials) and make connections to other areas of historical research (such as the history of emotions, art, architecture, colonial history).

Mushrooms are little known by the general city public, both in Brazil and Colombia, and require detail and mycological notions to identify them, hence the difficulty of using them, either for research or as food. They are very common even in planted pine and eucalyptus forests, where they could be explored, as they represent a complete food. As a way to make mushrooms more popular and guide those interested in knowing these mushrooms in depth and, in fact, using them as food and for other purposes, an extension course program was created aimed at the lay public, associating theory and practice. The course has been offered in 30 editions in Brazil since 1992 and the widely tested delivery methodology proved to be suitable for work throughout Latin America, after the implementation of the course in a Spanish-speaking country (Colombia). The entire organization of the course, as well as its execution, is discussed in this work. The work resulted in an interesting tool to associate the general population with this group of organisms and change behavior, since the species became interesting due to their culinary use (food qualities) and their ecological importance. Scientific dissemination, through short courses, is presented as an important tool to attract the general public to science, its achievements and uses, and especially to an ignored group whose use makes food healthier and more ecologically sustainable.

""PART II: UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE""""Mao Zedong: A Peasant Who Learned from History""; ""Revolutionary War: The Viet Minh and the First Indo-Chinese War""; ""Vo Nguyên Giap: A Strategy for Protracted Revolutionary War""; ""Brown-Water Navies and Counterinsurgency Operations""; ""Eliminating the Shadows: Applying Counterinsurgency Doctrine to Peacekeeping""; ""PART III: CONFLICT IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY""; ""Computers and Strategy: It's the Thought That Counts""; ""Stealth Technology: A Revolution in Air Warfare?""; ""Beyond the Line: Strategy in Support of Space Control""