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Background: Globally most children do not engage in enough physical activity. Day length and weather conditions have been identified as determinants of physical activity, although how they may be overcome as barriers is not clear. We aim to examine if and how relationships between children's physical activity and weather and day length vary between countries and identify settings in which children were better able to maintain activity levels given the weather conditions they experienced. Methods: In this repeated measures study, we used data from 23,451 participants in the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Daily accelerometer-measured physical activity (counts per minute; cpm) was matched to local weather conditions and the relationships assessed using multilevel regression models. Multilevel models accounted for clustering of days within occasions within children within study-cities, and allowed us to explore if and how the relationships between weather variables and physical activity differ by setting. Results: Increased precipitation and wind speed were associated with decreased cpm while better visibility and more hours of daylight were associated with increased cpm. Models indicated that increases in these variables resulted in average changes in mean cpm of 7.6/h of day length, −13.2/cm precipitation, 10.3/10 km visibility and −10.3/10kph wind speed (all p < 0.01). Temperature showed a cubic relationship with cpm, although between 0 and 20 degrees C the relationship was broadly linear. Age showed interactions with temperature and precipitation, with the associations larger among younger children. In terms of geographic trends, participants from Northern European countries and Melbourne, Australia were the most active, and also better maintained their activity levels given the weather conditions they experienced compared to those in the US and Western Europe. Conclusions: We found variation in the relationship between weather conditions and physical activity between ICAD studies and settings. Children in Northern Europe and Melbourne, Australia were not only more active on average, but also more active given the weather conditions they experienced. Future work should consider strategies to mitigate the impacts of weather conditions, especially among young children, and interventions involving changes to the physical environment should consider how they will operate in different weather conditions. ; The pooling of the data was funded through a grant from the National Prevention Research Initiative (Grant Number: G0701877) (http://www.mrc.ac.uk/research/initiatives/national-prevention-research-initiative-npri/). The funding partners relevant to this award are: British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research UK; Department of Health; Diabetes UK; Economic and Social Research Council; Medical Research Council; Research and Development Office for the Northern Ireland Health and Social Services; Chief Scientist Office; Scottish Executive Health Department; The Stroke Association; Welsh Assembly Government and World Cancer Research Fund. This work was additionally supported by the Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12015/3; MC_UU_12015/7], Bristol University, Loughborough University and Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. We also gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Professor Chris Riddoch, Professor Ken Judge and Dr. Pippa Griew to the development of ICAD. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref.: 102,215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. The CLAN study was funded by Financial Markets Foundation for Children (baseline); follow-ups were funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (274309). The HEAPS study was funded by VicHealth (baseline); follow-ups were funded by the Australian Research Council (DP0664206). The work of Flo Harrison and Esther M F van Sluijs was supported, wholly or in part, by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence (RES-590-28-0002). Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The work of Esther MF van Sluijs was supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/7). Anna Goodman's contribution was supported by an National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) post-doctoral fellowship (PDF-2010-03-130). Anna Timperio's contribution was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (Award 10,046). The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of any study funders.

Since the beginning of creation the system of training and retraining, determining the specific role and significance of the pharmaceutical manpower from the XVI century to the present day, the discussions about their state-public organizing and permanent improvements scheme, including the system of pharmaceutical postgraduate education in accordance with the requirements of the European Union (EU) are held.The purpose of the work lies in the fact that noopharmaceutical modern (non-pharmaceutical) opinion and assessment of historical events, traditions, their survival, national ethical mindset in the pharmaceutical business are extrapolated for the future reform of the sector in line with EU requirements. And on the stage of review of the conceptual characteristics of primary, medium and distant prospects, the positive experience is taken into account, rejecting the already proven negative position in reforming the pharmaceutical sector in the health sector according to European modern requirements.Materials and methods. Historical literary and official sources, archival materials have been used. Modern Pharmacy memories of veterans "Figures in pharmacy" have been used.Results. Personnel policy contributes to fight against corruption and mafia in pharmacy. This way legal and regulatory policy will accelerate the destruction of pharmaceutical, pseudo productive and alcohol-drug mafia. Regulatory policy in the pharmaceutical sector will normalize events, which will provide state control quality of drugs - implementation of EU rules, attractiveness and interest of foreign manufacturers to the pharmaceutical sector of Ukraine [20-30], including the preparation of qualified pharmacists (bachelors, masters), other professionals of pharmacy and industrial pharmacy.Conclusions. The main stages of development of the property (material) and human resources to provide medical treatment and patients have been detected. The basic steps of transformation and delimitation of professional functions pharmacist-physician have been set. ; С начала создания системы подготовки и переподготовки, определения специфической роли и значения фармацевтических (аптечных) кадров с XVI века и до сегодняшнего дня идут острые дискуссии относительно их государственно-общественного упорядочивания и перманентной схемы усовершенствования, в том числе и в системе фармацевтического последипломного образования в соответствии с требованиями Европейского Союза (ЕС).Цель работы заключается в том, что ноофармацевтический современный (нефармацевтический) взгляд и оценка ретроспективных событий развития, традиций их выживания, национально-этического менталитета в фармацевтическом деле экстраполируются на будущий период реформирования отрасли в соответствии с требованиями ЕС. И на этапе пересмотра концептуальных характеристик первоочередных, среднесрочных и отдалённых перспектив учитывают положительный опыт, отклоняя уже доказанные негативные позиции в реформировании фармацевтического сектора в сфере здравоохранения согласно европейским современным требованиям.Материалы и методы. Исторические литературные и служебные источники, архивные материалы. Современные воспоминания ветеранов фармации «Постаті у фармації».Результаты. Кадровая политика способствует борьбе с коррупцией и мафией в фармации. Такая нормативно-законодательная политика ускорит уничтожение фармацевтической, псевдопродуктивной и алкогольно-наркотической мафии. Регуляторная политика в фармацевтическом секторе унормирует мероприятия, которые обеспечат государственный контроль качества препаратов, – имплементацию норм ЕС, привлекательность и интерес зарубежных производителей к фармсектору Украины [20–30], в том числе и к подготовке квалифицированных провизоров (бакалавров, магистров), других специалистов аптечной и промышленной фармации.Выводы. Определены основные этапы развития имущественных (материальных) и кадровых ресурсов для лечения и медикаментозного обеспечения больных. Установлены основные этапы трансформаций и размежевания профессиональных функций аптекаря-врача. ; З початку створення системи підготовки, перепідготовки, визначення cпецифічної ролі та значення фармацевтичних (аптечних) кадрів з XVI століття й дотепер тривають гострі дискусії стосовно державно-суспільного упорядкування й перманентної схеми удосконалення, зокрема в системі фармацевтичної післядипломної освіти відповідно до вимог Європейського Союзу (ЄС).Мета роботи полягає в тому, що ноофармацевтичний сучасний (нефармацевтичний) погляд та оцінка ретроспективних подій розвитку, традицій, їх виживання, національно-етичного менталітету у фармацевтичній справі, екстраполює майбутній період реформування галузі відповідно вимог ЄС. І на етапі перегляду концептуальних характеристик першочергових, середньо передбачених і віддалених перспектив враховує позитивний досвід, відхиляючи уже доведені негативні позиції в реформуванні фармацевтичного сектора у сфері охорони здоров'я згідно з європейськими сучасними позиціями, вимогами.Матеріали та методи. Історичні літературні та службові чинники, архівні матеріали. Сучасні спогади ветеранів фармації «Постаті у фармації».Результати. Кадрова політика сприяє боротьбі з корупцією та мафією у фармації. Така нормативно-законодавча політика прискорить знищення фармацевтичної, псевдопродуктивної та алкогольно-наркотичної мафії. Регуляторна політика в фармацевтичному секторі унормує заходи, які забезпечують державний контроль якості препаратів, – імплементацію норм ЄС і привабливість та інтерес закордонних виробників до фармсектора України, у тому числі й підготовку кваліфікованих провізорів (бакалаврів, магістрів) інших фахівців аптечної та промислової фармації.Висновки. Визначені основні етапи розвитку майнових (матеріальних) й кадрових ресурсів у забезпеченні лікування й медикаментозного забезпечення хворих. Встановлені основні етапи трансформацій та розмежування професійних функцій аптекаря-лікаря.

This research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the "textometric" type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation. ; Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l'objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d'existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu'elle est portée par les autorités publiques d'une part, et d'autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L'hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n'atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu'il n'y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l'avis des paysans n'est pas assez pris en compte faute d'une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l'aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l'objet d'une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d'usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d'autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l'éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d'organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l'innovation sociale.

This research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the "textometric" type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation. ; Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l'objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d'existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu'elle est portée par les autorités publiques d'une part, et d'autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L'hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n'atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu'il n'y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l'avis des paysans n'est pas assez pris en compte faute d'une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l'aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l'objet d'une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d'usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d'autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l'éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d'organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l'innovation sociale.

Распространение фундаментализма в современном обществе и угрозы, которые порождают его экстремистские религиозные формы, актуализируют проблему изучения сущности и форм проявления этого социального феномена. Авторы статьи концентрируют внимание на анализе основных методологических подходов, которые используются для объяснения причин его распространенности в современном мире, а также выявлении факторов, формирующих риски его активизации в российском обществе. Прослеживается связь фундаментализма с традиционализмом и представлениями о социальной справедливости. Используя метод вторичного анализа результатов социологических опросов, авторы в работе показывают место традиции и социальной справедливости в системе ценностных ориентаций россиян. Исходными теоретическими положениями для понимания сущности фундаментализма авторами приняты его трактовки в рамках культурологического подхода. Фундаментализм понимается как мировоззренческая реакция на социальные изменения индустриальной и постиндустриальной эпох, на процессы глобализации, размывающие культурные идентичности. Согласно антропологическому подходу, фундаментализм порождается природой человека и отражает потребность в сохранении привычных форм жизнедеятельности. В статье показана необходимость исследования современного фундаментализма в контексте конструктивистского и инструменталистского подходов. Соответственно, активизацию радикальных конфессиональных форм фундаментализма можно понимать как продукт «социальной инженерии» – распространения символов и новаций, преподносимых в форме традиции, а также сознательного манипулирования религиозными чувствами и противоречиями повседневной жизни человека. Авторы придерживаются мнения, что связь фундаментализма с социально-культурной традицией существенно видоизменилась, стала нестабильной и противоречивой. Обращаясь к российскому обществу, авторы указывают, что питательной почвой фундаментализма являются издержки рыночной и политической модернизации, порождающие новые виды социальных неравенств. Отмечено, что чувствительность части россиян к фундаменталистским идеям есть реакция на мировоззренческий и ценностный вакуум. Актуальны риски, связанные с использованием радикальным фундаментализмом новых информационных технологий для влияния на потенциальных сторонников и формирования экстремистских сообществ. Авторами делается вывод, что сомнения части граждан в справедливости и эффективности развития российского общества могут порождать спрос на альтернативные общественные проекты. В заключение предлагается исследовать фундаментализм в контексте разных методологических подходов и с учетом влияния на индивидуальное и массовое сознание социально-экономических, культурных и политических факторов. ; The spread of fundamentalism in the modern society and the risks that generate its extremist religious forms emphasize the problem of identifying the essence and the ways of its manifestation as a social phenomenon. The authors of this article concentrate on the main methodological approaches used for the research and reasoning of its worldwide spreading in the modern world as well as for the exploration of factors leading to religious extremism activating in Russia. The connection of fundamentalism with traditionalism and ideas of social justice are analyzed. On the basis of the opinion polls' secondary analysis the role of traditions and social justice of the Russians value orientations is shown. The starting concept used by the authors for the treatment of the fundamentalism's essence is cultural approach. Within cultural perspective fundamentalism is explained as a reaction to the social changes of the industrial and post-industrial era, as well as the reaction to the processes of globalization that erode cultural identity. According to the anthropological approach, fundamentalism is explained by the essence of human nature and the need to preserve the usual forms of human life. The authors argue the critical role of explaining fundamentalism within constructivist and instrumentalist approaches. Respectively, the activation of radical religious forms of fundamentalism is considered as a product of «social engineering»: the spread of mythological symbols, innovations in disguise of traditions, the manipulation by religious feelings and contradictions arising in everyday life. The authors' position is that the connection of fundamentalism with social and cultural traditions has dramatically changed and became unstable and contradictory. Within the Russian perspective the authors argue that the costs of market and political modernization, generating new forms of social inequalities, stimulate fundamentalism. It is pointed out that sensitivity of some members of Russia's society to the ideas of fundamentalism is a reaction to the lack of ideology and well-structured value orientations. The usage of new information technologies by radical fundamentalists with the view to influence their prospective members and to form extremist groups lead to the emergence of new risks for Russia. It is stressed that the doubt of some Russian citizens in the justice and efficiency of the current model of the Russia society development may lead to the demand for alternative public projects. It is proposed that fundamentalism should be examined on the basis of different methodological approaches and with the view to social, economic, cultural, political, and psychological factors' influence on both individual and mass consciousness.

There are three classic Texas ad campaigns that would be shortlisted in the Texas Advertising Hall of Fame, if we had such a thing. They are: Blue Bell Ice Cream's "We eat all we can and we sell the rest," "Don't mess with Texas" – arguably the most brilliant public service campaign ever created, and then there is my favorite, "If you don't have an oil well, get one. You'll love doing business with Western." The latter came from Eddie Chiles, who owned the Western Company of North America. Eddie Chiles was the iconic, hard-charging Texas oil man. He started the Western Company with three employees and two trucks in 1939, and through sheer force of personality, he built it into a billion dollar company. He owned the Texas Rangers baseball team for about a decade before selling it to a group of investors that included future President George W. Bush. That was in 1989. But before he sold it, he did us the favor of signing Nolan Ryan to a $2 million contract. Chiles was a cantankerous, colorful, hard-nosed business man. He was politically to the right of Attila the Hun and ironically inspired by the liberal Hollywood movie, "Network," and the crazed anchorman prophet, Howard Beale. Every night Beale would scream at the cameras, "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore!" Chiles liked Beale's message. Beales validated Chiles' frustration with big government. So he took to the radio waves with a similar message. He said simply, "I'm Eddie Chiles and I'm mad." And then he would go off on a rant complaining about his three favorite topics: big government, big government, and big government. He would say, "I'm sad for the Americans who are trying to raise a family and buy a home while the liberals in Congress are spending more and more and destroying the American Dream. You need to get mad, too." He would always end with this: "The government should deliver the mail and stay the hell out of my business." Chiles became a folk hero of sorts. "I'm mad, too, Eddie!" bumper stickers started sprouting up all over Texas, all over the Southwest, actually. You would see smaller versions on hard hats, right up front. "I'm mad, too, Eddie." He once said, "Let me tell you why I am mad. Forty years ago, I started the Western Company, and under the free-enterprise system I was able to build that company into an international organization with some 4,000 employees. Today, I'm afraid the opportunity I had no longer exists. During the last 50 years the liberal philosophy practiced by Congress has literally turned the American dream into a nightmare. And this makes me mad. Fighting mad. I love America, and I'm determined to fight to get our freedoms back." Though Eddie said this nearly 40 years ago, it has a modern, familiar ring to it. Eddie's editorials were eventually carried by 650 radio stations across the country. This was at a time when Limbaugh was carried by one. Eddie paved the way for Limbaugh and Hannity. Some say he was instrumental in turning Texas red for Reagan in 1980. No matter what your politics were then, when Eddie was on the radio, he had your attention. Chiles was the quintessential conservative Texan of his era. He was born in the small town of Itasca, Texas. His was a rags to riches story fit for Horatio Alger. The only black mark on his Texas record, in my opinion, is that he earned his degree from the University of Oklahoma (what I call a study abroad program). But I guess we can forgive him that because he did get a Texas-centric degree in Petroleum Engineering. He also had the good sense to start his company in Texas. I for one will always be grateful for his marvelous ad that ran so often during NFL football games. A beautiful young lady would be standing next to a derrick, wearing a hardhat, and she would say, "If you don't have an oil well get one, you'll love doing business with Western." I think it would play well today. Well, as soon as oil gets back to $70 a barrel.

This research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the "textometric" type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation. ; Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l'objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d'existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu'elle est portée par les autorités publiques d'une part, et d'autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L'hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n'atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu'il n'y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l'avis des paysans n'est pas assez pris en compte faute d'une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l'aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l'objet d'une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d'usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d'autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l'éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d'organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l'innovation sociale.

This research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the "textometric" type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation. ; Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l'objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d'existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu'elle est portée par les autorités publiques d'une part, et d'autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L'hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n'atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu'il n'y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l'avis des paysans n'est pas assez pris en compte faute d'une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l'aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l'objet d'une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d'usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d'autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l'éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d'organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l'innovation sociale.

The paper considers that Kulish was not the only member of Cyril and Methodius, but also influenced the development of the ideological foundations of its policy documents, was one of the ideologues of Cyril Methodians sought to direct the organization's activities for more active work for the benefit not only of Ukraine but of all the Slavic world .In a short period of Cyril and Methodius (January 1846p. – March 1847p.) The participants have been prepared and approved; "Charter of the Slavic Society of St. Cyril and Methodius", program "Genesis of the Ukrainian people", appeal "Ukrainian brothers!" and "Brothers Russians and Poles!". In addition, members of the Society had written many historical works, nonfiction and fiction, collected and published part number of folk songs, tales, legends, and ethnographic descriptions and more. Criticizing the monarchy and its feudal system, members of the Society made a number of ideas about replacing the new structure of society, which would find happiness Slavic peoples.The research question of the relation of the Society to the most important problems of the past and contemporary life shows that their views were an important milestone in the development of democratic Ukrainian historical science.Kulish considered by us as a member of Cyril and Methodius, the ideological foundations of program documents of a political organization carried her and taken literally as part meant a certain group or even a few people. In some cases, the views of two or three, and sometimes one of the members of the Association meet their common historical concept. Since Kulish considered by us as a member of Cyril and Methodius, ideological behinds program documents of political organization and carried on his outlook.However, staying in the Society P.Kulish some researchers have questioned, but more careful study of this problem allows us to assert that Kulish was a full member of the aforementioned Ukrainian secret organization, for which he suffered government penalties. The documents show that Kulish was not only a member of the Society, and actively influence of time on the stance of its participants. In letters to M.Kostomarov, M.Hulaka, V.Byelozerskoho, O.Markovycha and other members of Cyril and Methodius, he drew attention to the need to reinforce their creative work to study the history of Ukraine, its culture, protection of native speech.On his involvement with the Society Kulish in the autobiographical book "Kulysh Life" says: "Even when he was in Kiev when he held together how many friends; in this small community, we are first originated the idea-issuing of books required to self- ukrainian and building the common schools. The idea was tilted to some masters of this humanists and the lay the foundation of public education in Ukraine. Often wrote Kulish from the capital to Belozersky, then Kostomarova, then the other, keeping their spirits. And they are not the Cossacks were to be had from the prop. Sometimes they are accompanied and conducted extensive conversations about all Slavs. Kulish during the investigation, and later with his inconsistency in one case claimed that he was "a member of the Brotherhood", and that the community was going to "buy up all the Slavic nations in free union under the protection of the Russian Emperor" another – his involvement in clandestine political organizations objected, citing the fact that Cyril Methodians reasons for Ukraine saving it to your "brotherhood not barkers.""In our opinion, Kulish was not the only member of the Society, but also influenced the development of the ideological foundations of its policy documents, was one of the ideologues of Cyril Methodians sought to direct the activities of a more active benefit not only Ukraine, but also the entire Slavic world. ; В статье на основе документальных источников исследовано деятельность П.Кулиша как члена Кирилло-Мефодиевского общества. Доказано, что он активно влиял на разработку идейных основ его программных документов, был одним из идеологов кирилло-мефодиевцев, стремился направить деятельность организации на более активную работу в интересах не только Украины, но и всего славянского мира. ; У статті на основі документальних джерел розглянуто діяльність П.Куліша як члена Кирило-Мефодіївського товариства. Доведено, що він активно впливав на розробку ідейних засад його програмних документів, був одним з ідеологів кирило-мефодіївців, прагнув спрямувати діяльність організації на більш активну роботу на користь не тільки України, а й всього слов'янського світу.

On 6 April 2005 the Australian Government announced a Productivity Commission inquiry into the conservation of historic heritage within Australia. As part of the inquiry, the Productivity· Commission received over 400 submissions from various groups ranging from state and local governments to professional organisations and heritage councils. Some of these submissions were made to the original inquiry and about half were filed as responses to a draft report that the Productivity Commission published before the final report. The end product, Conservation of Australia's Historic Heritage Places, was tabled in Parliament on 21 July 2006. The Productivity Commission's final report made several recommendations concerning conservation policy framework. The Productivity Commission report was notable for the emphasis it placed on the rights of private owners and the costs often incurred by them due to heritage listing. While the Productivity Commission acknowledged the great benefits provided to the community by historic heritage conservation, the Commission did not feel that those benefits justified the burdens placed on private owners of heritage properties. Many of the recommendations within the report reflected this opinion causing the final recommendations to heavily favour private interests over the greater community. Due to the vast number of submissions received by the Productivity Commission, this report does not incorporate all of them but instead focuses on key submissions as identified by my project supervisor. As a whole, the key submissions agreed with the Productivity Commission that historic heritage provided a large number of benefits to the community at large but departed from the Productivity Commission's report with their assertions that these benefits necessitated the conservation of historic heritage in Australia. The key submissions highlighted the fact that a vast majority of the benefits conferred upon the community by historic heritage were intangible, such as community pride or a sense of place, and because of this it is impossible to measure the intangible community benefits against the financial costs incurred by private owners. There are many instances within community planning legislation and environmental regulations that the development rights of owners are constrained for the greater public good. Many of the key submissions saw historic heritage conservation as merely an extension of development regulations with the purpose of protecting the community from harm. Regardless of the great benefits bestowed upon communities by heritage conservation the key submissions recognised the possibility of too much of the cost being placed on private owners of heritage places. However, the key submissions did not view this as a sufficient reason to remove the power of compulsory listing but rather an argument for various incentive programs aimed at transferring more of the costs of conservation from private owners onto the community. These proposed incentive programs ranged from grant and loan schemes to free expert advice to community awards and more. Contrary to the recommendations contained within the Productivity Commission's final report, the key submissions found the community benefits created by historic heritage to more than justify the potential of increased burdens upon private owners. The key submissions recognised that there was need for change in the conservation policy framework in Australia but the change should be directed at increasing governmental incentive programs and general increasing heritage support throughout the community. This report does not make any recommendations instead it is a synthesis of the key submissions to the Productivity Commission, specifically their views on the value of historic heritage and the changes needed within the heritage conservation framework. Within the submissions there was overwhelming support for an increase in the role that government plays in conservation including an increase of funds and incentive programs aimed at encouraging heritage conservation. While the Productivity Commission focused on the rights of private owners, the key submissions argued that those rights are not inviolate but are subject to the regulations that the greater community sees fit to impose. Without making any recommendations, it is obvious that the Productivity Commission's report was written in stark contrast to the views of the key submissions and any changes to policy frameworks would find much more support if they aimed at furthering the conservation of Australia's historic heritage rather than catering to private interests.

La presente investigación ha tratado de reconstruir cómo fue vivido, entendido y sentido, el problema supersticioso en la Edad Moderna, especialmente en el siglo XVIII, abordando su estudio en distintas direcciones. A través de la superstición como eje vertebrador de la investigación, se ha contrapuesto el posicionamiento discursivo respecto de este delito/pecado, incidiendo en el punto de vista de la institución monárquica y religiosa, así como los intelectuales, frente a la realidad cotidiana. En el día a día, la práctica mágica estuvo muy extendida en todo el territorio andaluz. La casuística consultada corrobora la continuidad no sólo de la praxis, sino también de la credulidad popular en la eficacia de estos métodos nada ortodoxos. Esta confrontación discurso/práctica de la superstición nos ha ayudado a evaluar la correlación (o no) de este binomio respecto al comportamiento cotidiano supersticioso acaecido en el territorio andaluz, con el modelo propuesto desde las distintas vías del discurso. Fruto de esta heterogeneidad y discordancia, el estudio ha profundizado en el análisis de las prácticas mágicas femeninas, o solicitadas por el género femenino, como un medio de resistencia cotidiana a las directrices, normas, disposiciones y mandatos, que alcanzaban todos los campos de la vida del individuo, tanto es su vertiente pública como en el plano más íntimo. A través de estas páginas, atenderemos a un exhaustivo análisis de un fenómeno aún muy vivo (detectando cambios y permanencias culturales) al que la Inquisición quiso hacer frente especialmente en las áreas más ruralizadas. A través de la conducta mágica ha sido posible adentrarse en el ámbito de la conciencia de estos individuos. Éstos, empujados por las necesidades generadas en el marco de unas estructuras políticas y confesionales, debieron utilizar de un modo "propio" los dictámenes recibidos, para generar una suerte de símbolos o artefactos culturales singulares que les permitiesen dotarse de una identidad propia. La superstición fue uno de los instrumentos que vehiculizaba las esperanzas, miedos, deseos, desasosiegos y desesperaciones más cotidianas del ser humano. A través de hechiceras, sortílegas, curanderas, echadoras de cartas, adivinas, saca tesoros o saludadores (con nombres propios y apellidos) hemos podido recrear cuáles fueron esos anhelos y necesidades de una sociedad muy encorsetada. Con sus historias hemos podido concluir cómo la. ; This research has tried to reconstruct how the superstitious problem was lived, understood and felt in the modern age, especially in the eighteenth century, approaching its study in different directions. Through superstition as the backbone of this research, it has been opposed the discursive positioning regarding this crime/sin, focusing on the perspective of monarchical and religious institution and intellectuals, against everyday reality. On a day to day magical practice was widespread throughout Andalusia. The referenced study confirms the continuity of not only the practice, but also popular credulity in the efficacy of these unorthodox methods. This discourse/practice confrontation of superstition has helped us to evaluate the presence (or its absense) of superstitious daily behavior happened in Andalusia, with the proposed model from the different routes of discourse. The result of this heterogeneity and discordance, the study has deepened the analysis of female magical practices, or requested by the female gender as a way of daily resistance to the guidelines, rules, regulations and mandates, that reached all areas of the individual's life, so much as its public face in the most intimate level. Through these pages, we will attend to a comprehensive analysis of a phenomenon still very much alive (detecting changes and permanence cultural) that the Inquisition wanted to face, especially in the more rural areas. Through the magic conduct has been possible to go into the field of consciousness of these individuals. Here, driven by the needs arising in the context of a political and religious structures, had to use in a "proper" way the opinions received to generate a kind of unique cultural symbols or artifacts that would allow them to build their own identity. Superstition was one of the instruments that transported hopes, fears, desires, anxieties and despair more daily of the human being. Through sorceresses, spell-like, healers, fortune tellers, pull treasures or greeters (with their own names and surnames), we have been able to recreate which were those desires and needs of a society very.

This work is a contribution to the strengthening of research capacity and the identification of strategies and opportunities to promote better research in oral health in Africa through the filing of the notice of a panel of experts at a Delphi consultation. This especially as systems oral health and scientific knowledge evolves rapidly. However, the African continent is facing many challenges, including the burden of oral diseases and the needs of populations that are huge. To meet these challenges care and ask actions effective public health policy makers need tools, skills and information to assess and monitor health needs, choose intervention strategies, policy options appropriate for the design of their own circumstances and improve system performance oral care. In this context, it is necessary to develop a coherent policy approach to oral health in the African Region, but this implies a better knowledge of the situation. For the advancement of Africa depends on its ability to generate, adapt and use scientific knowledge to meet local needs in health and development. That is why there is an urgent need to build the next generation of African scientists. Universities should promote and support research and training so that students are exposed to research and be taught by researchers throughout their courses. The collection of data on oral health is essential to get an accurate picture of the situation in Africa and to measure progress. Thus the objective of this research is to produce the opinion of a panel of experts on various items at a Delphi consultation two phases. In order to assess the current state of research, identify strategies to promote better research in oral health in Africa and prospects for its development. Analyzes give priorities to focus on the actions and involve a number of recommendations to strengthen and promote the capacity of research in oral health. Ultimately, we must promote a culture of research in national programs of oral health, ensure wide dissemination of research results and use them for planning purposes ; Ce travail est une contribution au renforcement des capacités de recherche et de l'identification des stratégies et des perspectives afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique grâce à la production de l'avis d'un panel d'experts lors d'une consultation Delphi. Ceci d'autant plus que les systèmes de santé bucco-dentaire et les connaissances scientifiques évoluent rapidement. Le continent africain est confronté à de nombreux défis parmi lesquels figurent le fardeau des maladies bucco-dentaires et les besoins élevés en soins des populations. Afin de satisfaire la demande en soins et de poser des actions de santé publique efficaces, les décideurs ont besoin d'outils, de capacités et d'informations pour évaluer et suivre les besoins de santé, choisir des stratégies d'intervention, des options politiques appropriées pour la conception de leurs propres stratégies en vue améliorer la performance des systèmes de soins bucco-dentaires. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de concevoir une approche cohérente de la politique de santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région africaine ce qui implique une meilleure connaissance de la situation. Car l'avancement de l'Afrique est tributaire de sa capacité à générer, à adapter et à utiliser des connaissances scientifiques pour satisfaire aux besoins locaux en matière de santé et de développement. C'est pourquoi il y a un besoin de former la prochaine génération de scientifiques africains. Les universités doivent promouvoir, soutenir la recherche ainsi que la formation de sorte que les étudiants puissent participer aux recherches et bénéficier de l'enseignement de chercheur tout au long de leurs formations. La collecte de données sur la santé bucco-dentaire est par conséquent essentielle pour obtenir une vision précise de la situation en Afrique et ainsi mesurer les progrès réalisés. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de produire l'avis d'un panel d'experts sur différents items lors d'une consultation Delphi à deux phases. Ceci dans l'optique d'évaluer l'état actuel de la recherche, d'identifier les stratégies afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique et de dégager des perspectives pour son progrès. Les analyses soulignent les priorités aux actions à privilégier tout en impliquant un certain nombre de recommandations pour renforcer et promouvoir les capacités de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire. En fin de compte la solution qui s'imposerait serait de favoriser et d'optimiser la culture de la recherche dans les programmes nationaux de santé bucco-dentaire et d'assurer une large diffusion des résultats de la recherche pour les utiliser à des fins de planification

Religious revival occupies an important place in the overall process of democratic transformation. Return society to traditional spiritual values has caused interest to the essence of Christian social thought. In modern Ukraine Christian socialism may become one of departing point of a national idea generation. Christian thinkers Russian of emigration worked on the problem of overcoming of distortions the materialistic totalitarian of socialist ideas. Ideas of social justice in the Ukrainian society acquire new meaning and require the corresponding theoretical study. Creative heritage figures of Christian philosophy Russian abroad may become the basis of the study. Modern scholars of the creative heritage of the Russian emigration have gained a certain material and identified research areas for further research.Theory of Christian socialism in Russia is the result of finding a solution to the complex issues of economic, social and political development of the Russian Empire.Development ideas of Christian socialism in Russia was based on the Orthodox doctrine. Russian intelligentsia in finding solutions to social problems for a long time did not pay attention to religious issues. In beginning XX century certain groups of intellectuals and clerics begin to cooperation. This is caused by the ideological influence of religious and social ideas of V. Soloviev, F. Dostoevsky and L. Tolstoy and the events of the First Russian revolution.Christian socialism as a political phenomenon has received the most theoretical justification in Russia and France. Practical implementation of the program provisions Christian socialism took place in major Western European countries. Russia has failed to use achieve its own of social thought for improving the prosperity of and quality of life. Active development of of theoretical propositions of Christian socialism among Russian emigration engaged historian and philosopher G. Fedotov, theologian and S. Bulgakov Orthodox priest, philosopher and religious thinker S. Frank. Religious idealism influenced the political conception of philosophy N. Berdyaev and I. Ilyin, economist and public figure Struve, lawyer N. Alekseev and many other outstanding Russian scientists emigrants. Theologian S. Bulgakov criticizes the socialism. Emphasizes that socialism put forward the idea of the struggle for personal and economic interests of the class. Socialism and Christianity should complement each other. Christianity the spirituality fills the socialism. Socialism provides an economic basis to achieve the Christian ideal of universal brotherhood and love.Socialism of totalitarian society deprives a person of economic independence. State takes freedom of choice and provides stability to society and the people. But there is a serious contradiction. Socialism itself wants to become a religion. Bulgakov distinguishes three types of socialism. Materialistic socialism builds heaven on earth. Atheistic socialism has been fighting against religion itself becomes a religion. Christian socialism creates the material conditions of human spiritual development. Private property is essential for the organization of economic life of society. The task of Christians is to explain objectives of socialism, which carries the idea of Christian brotherhood and love. Christianity must be protected from the influence of social vices economy, powers and property. The problem of protecting the ideals of religion is important for all religions and ideologies. A true Christian should pray, think and act in a Christian manner. Christianity should permeate all aspects of society. True socialism is realized in a free society.In the opinion of S. Frank full implementation of the principles of Christian love can be under the domination of private property and social inequality. In the implementation of Christian justice plays a major role motivation and means. Social stability and high standard of living are the result of setting the boundaries of economic freedom. Scientific analysis of the problems of Christian socialism will help in finding ways to overcome totalitarian deformations of socialist ideas. ; Проведен анализ идеи позитивного соотношения христианства и социализма С. Булгакова. Отмечены характерные черты разработанной философом концепции материалистического, атеистического и христианского социализма. Определены особенности политической теории С. Франка. Подчеркнута важность свободы как обязательного условия духовной жизни. Освещены взгляды религиозных мыслителей на проблему реализации социальной справедливости. Определено отношение теоретиков христианского социализма к проблемам собственности и экономической свободы. ; Проведено аналіз ідеї позитивного співвідношення християнства і соціалізму С. Булга-кова. Зазначено характерні риси розробленої філософом концепції матеріалістичного, атеїстичного і християнського соціалізму. Окреслено особливості політичної теорії С. Франка. Підкреслено важливість свободи як обов'язкової умови духовного життя. Висвітлено погляди релігійних мислителів на проблему реалізації соціальної справедли-вості. Визначено відношення теоретиків християнського соціалізму до проблем власності й економічної свободи.

This work is a contribution to the strengthening of research capacity and the identification of strategies and opportunities to promote better research in oral health in Africa through the filing of the notice of a panel of experts at a Delphi consultation. This especially as systems oral health and scientific knowledge evolves rapidly. However, the African continent is facing many challenges, including the burden of oral diseases and the needs of populations that are huge. To meet these challenges care and ask actions effective public health policy makers need tools, skills and information to assess and monitor health needs, choose intervention strategies, policy options appropriate for the design of their own circumstances and improve system performance oral care. In this context, it is necessary to develop a coherent policy approach to oral health in the African Region, but this implies a better knowledge of the situation. For the advancement of Africa depends on its ability to generate, adapt and use scientific knowledge to meet local needs in health and development. That is why there is an urgent need to build the next generation of African scientists. Universities should promote and support research and training so that students are exposed to research and be taught by researchers throughout their courses. The collection of data on oral health is essential to get an accurate picture of the situation in Africa and to measure progress. Thus the objective of this research is to produce the opinion of a panel of experts on various items at a Delphi consultation two phases. In order to assess the current state of research, identify strategies to promote better research in oral health in Africa and prospects for its development. Analyzes give priorities to focus on the actions and involve a number of recommendations to strengthen and promote the capacity of research in oral health. Ultimately, we must promote a culture of research in national programs of oral health, ensure wide dissemination of research results and use them for planning purposes ; Ce travail est une contribution au renforcement des capacités de recherche et de l'identification des stratégies et des perspectives afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique grâce à la production de l'avis d'un panel d'experts lors d'une consultation Delphi. Ceci d'autant plus que les systèmes de santé bucco-dentaire et les connaissances scientifiques évoluent rapidement. Le continent africain est confronté à de nombreux défis parmi lesquels figurent le fardeau des maladies bucco-dentaires et les besoins élevés en soins des populations. Afin de satisfaire la demande en soins et de poser des actions de santé publique efficaces, les décideurs ont besoin d'outils, de capacités et d'informations pour évaluer et suivre les besoins de santé, choisir des stratégies d'intervention, des options politiques appropriées pour la conception de leurs propres stratégies en vue améliorer la performance des systèmes de soins bucco-dentaires. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de concevoir une approche cohérente de la politique de santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région africaine ce qui implique une meilleure connaissance de la situation. Car l'avancement de l'Afrique est tributaire de sa capacité à générer, à adapter et à utiliser des connaissances scientifiques pour satisfaire aux besoins locaux en matière de santé et de développement. C'est pourquoi il y a un besoin de former la prochaine génération de scientifiques africains. Les universités doivent promouvoir, soutenir la recherche ainsi que la formation de sorte que les étudiants puissent participer aux recherches et bénéficier de l'enseignement de chercheur tout au long de leurs formations. La collecte de données sur la santé bucco-dentaire est par conséquent essentielle pour obtenir une vision précise de la situation en Afrique et ainsi mesurer les progrès réalisés. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de produire l'avis d'un panel d'experts sur différents items lors d'une consultation Delphi à deux phases. Ceci dans l'optique d'évaluer l'état actuel de la recherche, d'identifier les stratégies afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique et de dégager des perspectives pour son progrès. Les analyses soulignent les priorités aux actions à privilégier tout en impliquant un certain nombre de recommandations pour renforcer et promouvoir les capacités de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire. En fin de compte la solution qui s'imposerait serait de favoriser et d'optimiser la culture de la recherche dans les programmes nationaux de santé bucco-dentaire et d'assurer une large diffusion des résultats de la recherche pour les utiliser à des fins de planification

This work is a contribution to the strengthening of research capacity and the identification of strategies and opportunities to promote better research in oral health in Africa through the filing of the notice of a panel of experts at a Delphi consultation. This especially as systems oral health and scientific knowledge evolves rapidly. However, the African continent is facing many challenges, including the burden of oral diseases and the needs of populations that are huge. To meet these challenges care and ask actions effective public health policy makers need tools, skills and information to assess and monitor health needs, choose intervention strategies, policy options appropriate for the design of their own circumstances and improve system performance oral care. In this context, it is necessary to develop a coherent policy approach to oral health in the African Region, but this implies a better knowledge of the situation. For the advancement of Africa depends on its ability to generate, adapt and use scientific knowledge to meet local needs in health and development. That is why there is an urgent need to build the next generation of African scientists. Universities should promote and support research and training so that students are exposed to research and be taught by researchers throughout their courses. The collection of data on oral health is essential to get an accurate picture of the situation in Africa and to measure progress. Thus the objective of this research is to produce the opinion of a panel of experts on various items at a Delphi consultation two phases. In order to assess the current state of research, identify strategies to promote better research in oral health in Africa and prospects for its development. Analyzes give priorities to focus on the actions and involve a number of recommendations to strengthen and promote the capacity of research in oral health. Ultimately, we must promote a culture of research in national programs of oral health, ensure wide dissemination of research results and use them for planning purposes ; Ce travail est une contribution au renforcement des capacités de recherche et de l'identification des stratégies et des perspectives afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique grâce à la production de l'avis d'un panel d'experts lors d'une consultation Delphi. Ceci d'autant plus que les systèmes de santé bucco-dentaire et les connaissances scientifiques évoluent rapidement. Le continent africain est confronté à de nombreux défis parmi lesquels figurent le fardeau des maladies bucco-dentaires et les besoins élevés en soins des populations. Afin de satisfaire la demande en soins et de poser des actions de santé publique efficaces, les décideurs ont besoin d'outils, de capacités et d'informations pour évaluer et suivre les besoins de santé, choisir des stratégies d'intervention, des options politiques appropriées pour la conception de leurs propres stratégies en vue améliorer la performance des systèmes de soins bucco-dentaires. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de concevoir une approche cohérente de la politique de santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région africaine ce qui implique une meilleure connaissance de la situation. Car l'avancement de l'Afrique est tributaire de sa capacité à générer, à adapter et à utiliser des connaissances scientifiques pour satisfaire aux besoins locaux en matière de santé et de développement. C'est pourquoi il y a un besoin de former la prochaine génération de scientifiques africains. Les universités doivent promouvoir, soutenir la recherche ainsi que la formation de sorte que les étudiants puissent participer aux recherches et bénéficier de l'enseignement de chercheur tout au long de leurs formations. La collecte de données sur la santé bucco-dentaire est par conséquent essentielle pour obtenir une vision précise de la situation en Afrique et ainsi mesurer les progrès réalisés. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de produire l'avis d'un panel d'experts sur différents items lors d'une consultation Delphi à deux phases. Ceci dans l'optique d'évaluer l'état actuel de la recherche, d'identifier les stratégies afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique et de dégager des perspectives pour son progrès. Les analyses soulignent les priorités aux actions à privilégier tout en impliquant un certain nombre de recommandations pour renforcer et promouvoir les capacités de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire. En fin de compte la solution qui s'imposerait serait de favoriser et d'optimiser la culture de la recherche dans les programmes nationaux de santé bucco-dentaire et d'assurer une large diffusion des résultats de la recherche pour les utiliser à des fins de planification