Suchergebnisse

Diese Replik auf Justin Rosenberg geht in drei Schritten vor: Zunächst bezweifelt sie die Analyse der Disziplin der Internationalen Beziehungen (IB), die Rosenberg entwirft: Obwohl das Verhältnis zur Politikwissenschaft nicht ohne Schwierigkeiten ist, sind deren Perspektive, Forschungsinteresse und Methodik weit stärker kongruent mit der IB als Rosenberg dies postuliert. In einem zweiten Schritt wird daher der Exzeptionalismus der IB noch einmal stärker hinterfragt, auch im Hinblick darauf, was genau eine Disziplin konstituiert und welche Parallelen dabei für die IB insbesondere zur Politikwissenschaft bestehen. Im dritten Schritt wird dann zusätzlich hinterfragt, ob die durch Rosenberg attestierten Relevanzprobleme der IB wirklich die von ihm genannten sind, oder nicht andere Kriterien angelegt werden müssten - beispielsweise die Frage nach dem Mehrwert von IB-Perspektiven für unterschiedliche Communities innerhalb und außerhalb des Faches.

A final rule promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2008 allowing foreign private securities issuers to prepare SEC-required financial disclosures under international financial reporting standards (IFRS) as promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (LASB) is a highly significant event for U.S. and global capital markets. However, surprisingly few questions have been asked regarding the SEC's legal authority to take such an unprecedented step. This Note assesses the recent SEC action with regard to IASB from two perspectives--traditional administrative law, with particular emphasis on delegations by government entities to private parties, and international law, with particular emphasis on the ability of a national government to delegate some portion of its sovereignty to international bodies. This Note concludes that the SEC does not currently possess the authority necessary to recognize IASB as an official accounting standard-setter, and that Congress must take the lead on any proposed agency action which would function as an international delegation of authority.

"This book examines genocide law by focusing on one of the lesser examined, yet practically significant, issues: the substantiality requirement. This refers to the requirement in international law that intended destruction should be directed towards a substantial' part of a protected group in order for an atrocity to qualify as genocide. This study draws connections between different judicial approaches to 'substantiality' and the varying theoretical presumptions about the constitutive concepts of the crime. This prima facia doctrinal problem is used as a springboard to scrutinise the broader theoretical problems underlying the legal conceptualisation of genocide. The book explores how the individualistic and collectivistic conceptions of the crime have been able to co-exist in case law and how the different approaches to assessing substantiality have played a backdoor role between these two conceptions. The work demonstrates that these two philosophical standpoints are far from effectively representing the reality of the protected groups and fully explaining the harm inherent to group destruction. The book revisits the recent philosophical and sociological studies on the crime and, considering ideas from the emerging relational approaches to genocide', offers a third way to understand the existing legal representation of the crime and, consequently, the idea of substantiality'. It demonstrates the practical significance of its theoretical debates and applies its novel perspective through a case study on South Sudan"--Publisher's description.

Die Arbeitserlaubnis ist das wichtigste Instrument zur Kontrolle des Arbeitsmarktzugangs von ausländischen Immigranten. Die Erteilung einer allgemeinen Arbeitserlaubnis wird - unter Beachtung des Anwerbestopps - normalerweise nur dann vorgenommen, wenn kein Deutscher oder gleichberechtigter Ausländer für die zu besetzende Arbeitsstelle zur Verfügung steht (Inländerprimat). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwieweit die internationale Zuwanderung Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitslosigkeit einheimischer Arbeitnehmer besitzt, und ob Inländerprimat und Anwerbestopp in dieser Hinsicht die ihnen zugedachte Schutzfunktion erfüllen. Die empirische Analyse bezieht sich mit den Jahren 1989 bis 1993 auf eine Phase enorm hoher Zuwanderung und wird auf Basis regionaler Variation (westdeutsche Arbeitsamtbezirke) ausgeführt. Dabei wird explizit räumliche Interaktion zwischen benachbarten Regionen berücksichtigt. Es zeigt sich, daß die Zuwanderung von arbeitserlaubnispflichtigen Ausländern im wesentlichen neutral, mitunter sogar positiv auf den Arbeitsmarkt. gewirkt hat, während sonst die Zuwanderung negative Effekte besessen hat. Dabei gingen von der Zuwanderung deutscher Arbeitnehmer die stärksten absoluten Effekte, von der Zuwanderung von EU-Bürgern die stärksten relativen Effekte aus. ; The work permit is the most important instrument to control the labour market access of foreign immigrants in Germany. The general work permit is only be granted if no German or privileged foreigner is available for the job concerned (native privilege). In this paper we analyse the effects of international migration on local unemployment and the role of native privilege and recruitment stop in this perspective. The empirical analysis conducted in the years 1989 to 1993 reflects a period of extraordinary high immigration. It is based on local labour markets (West German Labour Market Districts) and considers explicitly the spatial interaction between contiguous regions. We find a neutral and in somes cases even favourable effect of the labour market entrance of immigrants with work permits on local unemployment. On the contrary, almost all other kind of immigration led to increased unemployment. Thereof, the immigration of German workers had the strongest effects in absolute values, the immigration of EU-citizens in relative values.

This dissertation addresses the argument that there may not be room for cooperation in relations with (and in between) states with authoritarian systems of rule because international conflicts may strengthen their hold on power. To this end, it asks 1) whether authoritarian regimes benefit in terms of their duration in power from conflict, 2) whether conflicts stabilize domestic politics by moderating the violence involved during regime transitions (in terms of how they fall), and also 3) whether conflicts decrease the human costs involved in the fall of an authoritarian regime. It finds that conflict does not, in general, benefit authoritarian rulers in terms of their duration in power. An adverse security environment actually makes personalist regimes more vulnerable to internal challenges and decreases their time in power. For mililtary regimes, however, conflict stabilizes domestic politics in a way that had not been systematically examined previously. A conflict-prone external environment increases the incentives for the military to act in unison and military leaders are more likely to choose a non-violent and orderly return to the barracks when facing the prospects of mass protests or armed insurgencies. This is because divisions within the military over the response to the unrest become more costly. Similarly, within an adverse security environment, the threat that wielding deadly force in an effort to retain power poses to the unity of the armed forces moderates the actions of the military and lowers the chances of force being used in ways that kill. Thus casualty levels are lower within a conflict-prone security environment for military regimes compared to those that are not.

Recent events in the international monetary system culminating in the decision of the United States, announced on August 15, 1971, to suspend
the convertibility of the dollar induce the international lawyer to ask once again what contribution sanctions can make to respect for international law and the effectiveness of multilateral treaties. This question has been a practical problem at two stages in the development of the International Monetary Fund. It arose first during the negotiation and drafting of the original Articles of Agreement which were adopted at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. The second stage was the negotiation and drafting
of the amendment of July 28, 1969, which dealt mainly with the legal structure of special drawing rights as a supplement to existing reserve assets. It is now apparent that there will be a third stage, in which a reform
of the international monetary system, perhaps in some of its most fundamental aspects, will lead to a further amendment of the Fund's charter.

"This book proposes the idea of fictional International Relations (IR) and engages with feminist IR by contextualising the case of a woman spy in Korea in the Cold War. Fictional imagination and feminist IR encourage one to go beyond conventional or standard ways of thinking; it reshapes taken-for-granted interpretations and assumptions. This takes the view that a dominant narrative of events might be reconstructed as a different kind of story, once events are placed within a wider temporal approach. The case of the female Korean secret agent- who reportedly bombed a South Korean plane (Korean Airlines (KAL) Flight 858) under the instruction from the North Korean leadership to disrupt the Seoul Olympic Games- is chosen to serve as an effective example of fictional IR and feminist IR scholarship, which can be investigated through the research puzzles concerning gender, pain and truth. Fictional International Relations has three main objectives. First, it investigates the way in which fiction-writing can become a method for dealing with data problems and contingency in IR. Second, the book examines how gender, pain and truth operate or interact in the case of the Korean spy and how this observation can strengthen feminist IR in terms of intersectionality. Finally, the author goes on to determine why this case has been so difficult to study openly and thoroughly. The aim of the book is not to refute the official findings; the point is to unpack complex dynamics surrounding truth--more specifically how the official account has been executed as 'the' truth--based on a feminist-informed investigation. This book will be of interest to students of IR theory, critical security studies, Cold War studies, gender studies and Asian studies"--

I. An Overview of the Problem -- II. Obligation of Compliance for Member and Nonmember States under the United Nations Charter -- III. Validity of the General Assembly Resolutions; an Inquiry -- IV. Reservations as Devices for Avoiding International Obligations -- V. Illustrations of Failure of Domestic Jurisdiction to Prevent an Increase in Obligations -- VI. Direct Intervention in Domestic Affairs by the United Nations -- VII. State Actions when Reliance on Reservations Fails -- VIII. The Middle East Case -- IX. The Cases of Indonesia, France and Cuba -- X. The Case of the People's Republic of China -- XI. Appraisal.

AbstractThis paper examines the methods which international courts and tribunals (ICTs) employ when using ILC outputs for the purpose of determining rules of international law and their content. Specifically, it identifies common patterns in the ways in which ICTs, first, justify their reliance on ILC outputs and, second, deal with their ambiguities. The paper argues in favour of a consistent methodology for the treatment of ILC outputs in international adjudication. Such a framework is based on the distinction between the identification of the status of a normative proposition contained in these texts and the determination of its content or its interpretation. The identification of the status of a normative proposition requires a critical assessment and reconstruction of the evidence leading up to its development taking also into account that these instruments are not a monolith from the perspective of sources. However, the interpretation of a proposition whose status is uncontested follows a line of inquiry akin to treaty interpretation. This observation has broader implications for the process of interpretation in international law. Specifically, apart from the context of treaty interpretation, international courts or tribunals interpret the normative propositions contained in ILC outputs as a methodological shortcut for the interpretation of rules of customary international law or general principles of law. Conversely, the employment of methods akin to treaty interpretation in this context can constitute evidence of the emergence of common rules, principles, or good practices of interpretation that are also applicable to unwritten international law.