Suchergebnisse

Market-based approaches to managing natural resources are becoming increasingly popular. In contrast to traditional command-and-control approaches, federal agencies are shifting to incentive-based structures where landowners are rewarded for activities that support vital ecosystem services such as clean water, clean air, healthy habitat, and biodiversity. Now, instead of tracking down and punishing those who do not comply with federal laws, government agencies are sitting at the same table with business managers to sign mutually beneficial land-management agreements. Consensus for this approach has solidified in the past few years; recently, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, an international effort by nearly 1,400 scientists to determine human impacts on the environment, expressed encouragement for market-based systems as one tool for "taking nature's value into account" and achieving a more sustainable future (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Statement from the Board. Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-being. March 2005 (available at http://www.maweb. org/en/products.aspx). Market-based strategies enable landowners to buy and sell 'credits' for conserving ecological features such as wetlands, endangered species habitat, water-quality reduction (nutrients, oxygen, turbidity, etc.), carbon sequestration, and mercury reductions (specific to electric utilities). These credits that represent natural-resource values are banked for internal use or sold on the open market. In its most common application, a property owner agrees to preclude development on a sensitive tract of land in exchange for a cash payment. Under government-sanctioned guidelines, the property owner then collects payments from companies who need mitigation for impacting sensitive land elsewhere. EPRI Solutions has found that new niche markets have resulted in valuations of up to $125,000 per acre for land that supports rare plant and animal species (Fox, J. and Nino-Murcia 2005), up to $250,000 for an acre of wetland (Fox, personal communication), and over $25 for a ton of carbon in European markets (Carbon Finance Magazine). In this way, ecological resources are converted into financial assets, increasingly referred to as "eco-assets." A summary of eco-asset types and their regulatory instruments is presented in Table 1.

"This book explores the nexus between natural resources ownership and the right to development in Africa. The right to sovereignty over natural resources and the right to development are recognised and protected in an extensive framework of international, regional and domestic instruments. They guarantee people's entitlement to fully and freely utilise their natural resources as a means of subsistence and for economic, social and cultural development. Yet, despite the abundance of natural resources in Africa a majority of the people on the continent remain largely impoverished. This book articulates the central argument that to achieve the right to development in Africa requires appropriate governance of the continent's natural resources to which the people of Africa are guaranteed sovereign ownership. With case study illustrations from Zimbabwe, Ghana, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, chapters explore the normative measures, specific guarantees and community entitlements to natural resources for the realization of the right to development. The book will be an invaluable guide to scholars and postgraduate students of Natural Resources, Development and African studies as well as policymakers and practitioners in these areas"--

It is commonly recognized that in pursuit of climate justice we must navigate many conflicting claims over natural resources. This has long been obvious in the case of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas sinks including the atmosphere and forests; but it is ever more apparent that responses to climate change also threaten to spur new competition over land and extractive resources. This work develops a new theory of global egalitarianism concerning natural resources.

Thus far, researchers working on ethnicity and resources as determinants of civil conflict have operated largely independently of each other. While there is plenty of evidence that natural resources may spur armed conflict, empirical evidence for the nexus between ethnic fractionalization and conflict remains inconclusive. Some authors conclude that ethnically fractionalized societies are actually spared from intrastate violence. Others find either a positive relationship or none at all between ethnic fragmentation and internal conflict. In this context, this paper serves two purposes: first, it shows that salience-based fractionalization indices are associated with a higher risk of ethnic conflict onset; second, it finds evidence that oil further increases the conflict potential within fractionalized countries. The combination of oil and a shared identity seems to help overcome the collective action problems associated with rebellion, by providing recruitment pools, strong motives and the necessary financial means for insurgency. Employing logit models for pooled time-series cross-sectional data, our quantitative analysis shows that various ethnic fractionalization indicators are robustly linked to a substantially increased risk of ethnic armed conflict onset in a subset of oil-abundant countries.

Countries rich in natural resources constitute both development failures and successes depending on their underlying socioeconomic fundamentals. Recent empirical evidence and theoretical work provide support for a resource‐curse hypothesis based on ethnic fractionalization. There is also increasing empirical evidence suggesting that ethnic heterogeneity based on polarization is a strong deterrent of economic growth. In this paper, we explore the interlinkages between natural resource abundance and both measures of ethnic heterogeneity. In a two–simultaneous equation system, we assess the effects of fractionalization and polarization on property‐rights protection, and thereby on growth, both directly as well as in interaction with our resource‐abundance proxy. We find that ethnic polarization is more likely to have a direct negative impact on the effectiveness of property rights in a resource‐rich context, which as we explain may suggest that different ethnic groups treat the contestable resource base as a semi‐public good.

Making decisions in natural resource management involves an understanding of the risk and uncertainty of the outcomes, such as crop failure or cattle starvation, and of the normal spread of the expected production. Hedging against poor outcomes often means lack of investment and slow adoption of new methods. At the household level, production instability can have serious effects on income and food security. At the national level, it can have social and economic impacts that may affect all sectors of society. Crop models such as CERES-Maize are excellent tools for assessing weather-related production variability. WATBAL is a water balance model that can provide robust estimates of the potential growing days for a pasture. These models require large quantities of daily weather data that are rarely available. MarkSim is an application for generating synthetic daily weather files by estimating the third-order Markov model parameters from interpolated climate surfaces. The models can then be run for each distinct point on the map. This paper examines the growth of maize and pasture in dryland agriculture in southern Africa (includes the southern part of Tanzania, Malawi, much of Mozambique, and all of Zimbabwe, and extends west from the Indian Ocean to include Zambia, the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo and small portions of Angola). Weather simulators produce independent estimates for each point on the map; however, we know that a spatial coherence of weather exists. We investigated a method of incorporating spatial coherence into MarkSim and show that it increases the variance of production. This means that all of the farmers in a coherent area share poor yields, with important consequences for food security, markets, transport, and shared grazing lands. The long-term aspects of risk are associated with global climate change. We used the results of a global circulation model to extrapolate to the year 2055. We found that low maize yields would become more likely in the marginal areas, whereas they may actually increase in some areas. The same trend was found with pasture growth. We outline areas where further work is required before these tools and methods can address natural resource management problems in a comprehensive manner at local community and policy levels.

This study examined the extent of natural resources management in one of the most densely populated districts in Kenya. The nature of land use, land ownership structure, and natural resource management strategies were examined. A theoretical assessment of the natural resources potential was conducted and the relationship between population and land resources was addressed. possible causes of the major problems in natural resources conservation and development were examined. In addition, possible implications of these problems and opportunities for securing a self-sustaining environment were studied. The approach followed was partly systematic based on the existing data sources, and partly conceptual, based on intuition and observation of some of the significant factors. The principle methods used were a review of the literature, supplemented with a reconnaissance field trip to the area, communication with people knowledgeable of the area, and the author's own experience and observations. The study indicated that the traditional practices of natural resources management have been disrupted by the adoption of a more intensive system of land tenure, and other political, social and economic factors. Two main recommendations were proposed: (1) that a viable development strategy to increase income earning opportunities through the utilization of existing natural resources and local labour resources be adopted, and (2) that top priority be given to addressing the problems of resource conservation and utilization in Murang'a district. ; 1986

This study investigates the determinants of FDI to Nigeria during 1970-2006. This study suggests that the endowment of natural resources, trade intensity, macroeconomic risk factors such as inflation and exchange rates are significant determinants of FDI flow to Nigeria. The findings suggest that in long run, market size is not the significant factor for attracting FDI to Nigeria, it contradicts the existing literature. The findings indicate that FDI to Nigeria is resource-seeking. Results also suggest that trading partner like the UK in North-South (N - S) and China in South-South (S - S) trade relation have strong influence on Nigeria's natural resource outflow.

JAPAN'S ENERGY DEPENDENCE WITH RESPECT TO OTHER COUNTRIES REQUIRES A CONVERSION OF JAPANESE NATIONALISM INTO INTERNATIONALSIM. (BSIA)

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- Table of Statutes and Statutory Instruments -- Introduction -- 1 Context -- 2 Scope of This Book -- 3 Methodology and Definitions -- 4 Structure -- Part 1 States, Sovereignty and Peoples' Rights -- Chapter 1 The Principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources as a Right of States -- 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2 Sovereignty over Territory in International Law -- 2.1 Origins of Territorial Sovereignty -- 2.2 Territorial Sovereignty in Current International Law -- 2.3 Territorial Sovereignty as Opposed to Property Rights -- 3 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources -- 3.1 Elaboration via the UN General Assembly -- 3.2 The UN Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources -- 3.2.1 The Drafting of the Declaration -- 3.2.2 The Content of the Declaration -- 3.2.3 The Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (nieo) -- 3.2.4 The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (cerds) -- 3.3 Elaboration in International Treaty Law -- 3.4 Elaboration in International Case Law -- 3.5 The Current Content under Customary International Law of the Principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 2 The Conceptualization of Indigenous Peoples in International Law -- 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2 Early Legal Theories on Indigenous Peoples -- 2.1 The Doctrine of Discovery -- 2.2 The Irrelevance of Indigenous Peoples as Such in Classic International Law -- 3 Indigenous Individuals under International Human Rights Law -- 3.1 Indigenous Individuals -- 3.2 Indigenous Individuals as Members of Minority Groups -- 4 Indigenous Peoples as a Category of 'Peoples' -- 4.1 Peoples as the Population of the Whole of a State.