Suchergebnisse

Japan's level of defense expenditure relative to the size of its economy has long been uniquely low among the major industrialized countries. As of 1995, Japan's expenditures stood at 0.96 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Even adding to this the approximately 0.3 percent of GDP devoted to pensions for retired personnel, the level of spending is considerably less than that of major Western states such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany, as well as industrialized Asian states such as South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore. Furthermore, these relative magnitudes have remained reasonably stable over the past few decades.

In recent years Citizen Interest Groups (CIGs) have become an important factor in the implementation of environmental regulations and hence in the allocation of scarce resources via the political process. This study examines the impact of environmental CIGs on the implementation of the Clean Air Act. It does so by focusing on how changes in various institutions have affected the efficacy of the principal CIG tools of litigation, lobbying, and media usage. The impact on CIG behavior of tax subvention, the judicial interpretation of standing and fee-shifting, and EPA implementation of provisions for citizen participation in the Clean Air Act is assessed. Los Angeles is employed as a case study in order to focus on the impact of the above-mentioned institutions on the implementation process. Positive criteria for the subvention of private externality producing activities are developed in the final chapter. ; Ph. D.

Since World War II Reformation scholarship, both in Germany and outside it, has tended increasingly to turn away from an all too exclusive concentration on Luther and Saxony in order to look at other reformers and other areas. Johannes Brenz (1499–1570) is one of those reformers, and the Duchy of Württemberg, where Brenz's career reached its fulfillment, is one of those areas.