Suchergebnisse

Die Entwicklung der Vereinigten Staaten in den 90er Jahren wird anhand von 100 Trends in neun "Antriebswandlungen" ausgewiesen. Diese neun Hauptbereiche des gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Wandelns sind: Bevölkerung und Altersstruktur, Mosaik-Gesellschaft, Neudefinition des privaten und öffentlichen Sektors, informationsgestützte Wirtschaft, Globalisierung, Gesundheit und Umwelt, wirtschaftliche Restrukturierung, Neudefinition der Haushalte und Familien. Für diese Entwicklungsbereiche und -kräfte werden jeweils die sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und technologischen Auswirkungen herausgestellt. Dabei wird auch der Strukturwandel des Arbeitsmarktes berücksichtigt, indem z.B. mehr persönliche Autonomie bei gleichzeitiger Übernahme von wirtschaftlicher Verantwortung und die Entstehung einer neuen Elite der "gold collar knowledge workers" vorhergesagt wird. (IAB)

The heroic role of the agent called "government" in the simple public-goods model is clear enough, but the relevance of the model is still in dispute. A long history of doubters have challenged the premises that the government has the needed information, acts efficiently, and acts in the public interest. Also, doubters have contended that the free-rider problem of many public goods is not as ineluctable as others often seem to suggest. Historical studies have shown the potency of voluntary association in such fields as lighthouse provision [Coase 1974], education [Ellig & High 1988], bee pollination [Cheung, 1973], law and order [Anderson & Hill, 1979; Benson, forthcoming], neighborhood infrastructure [Beito, forthcoming], agricultural research [Majewski, 1989], among others [see Cowen, 1988; Wooldridgge, 1970]. To help weigh the relevance of the simple public-goods model I discuss the American experience of private turnpike roads. Extreme publicness marked the turnpikes, both in jointness of consumption and in nonexcludability. The excludability problem was partly the result of legal restrictions on toll collection. These restrictions caused in part turnpike unprofitability, which was discovered quickly. The turnpikes afforded enormous indirect and external benefits, however, to the nearby farms, landholdings, and businesses. Since unprofitability was usually foreseen, stock subscription -- necessary to construct the road -- was essentially a means of paying for road benefits. There were two excludability problems: people could use the road without paying a toll, and people could indirectly benefit from the road without buying stock. Though related, the latter is the crux of the public-goods problem at hand. The turnpike companies got started in the 1790s and were in sharp decline in the 1830s, though many turnpikes were operating at the turn of our century. I treat turnpikes in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland (the last four I call the "Middle Atlantic states"). Except in Pennsylvania, the turnpikes were almost entirely financed by private subscription to stock, while those in most other states were mixed enterprises. Various facets of toll-road history are being explored by a co-researcher and myself, but here the discussion is confined to the public-goods aspect of the turnpikes.

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 14, 1990: 165-182 ; En este ensayo se discute la posibilidad de la paz, tanto a nivel regional como nacional, haciendo énfasis en las posibilidades de continuación del militarismo y la guerra, frente a los logros en la búsqueda de la paz en Nicaragua, El Salvador y Guatemala. Se relaciona el tema de la paz al de la democracia y el desarrollo económico y también se toma en cuenta el ambiente mundial de distensión, tomando como factor decisivo el hecho de que se está recomponiendo la hegemonía de Estados Unidos en la región después de la invasión militar en Panamá y del triunfo electoral de Violeta Chamorro en Nicaragua. Finalmente, se mencionan como los principales retos para los años noventa el logro de un modelo de desarrollo viable para las economías que supere la situación de pobreza y marginalidad y la consolidación de los sistemas políticos democráticos.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 14, 1990: 165-182

The French and U.S. copyright systems are well known as opposites. The product of the French Revolution, French copyright law is said to enshrine the author: exclusive rights flow from one's (preferred) status as a creator. For example, a leading French copyright scholar states that one of the "fundamental ideas" of the revolutionary copyright laws is the principle that "an exclusive right is conferred on authors because their property is the most justified since it flows from their intellectual creation." By contrast, the U.S. Constitution's copyright clause, echoing the English Statute of Anne, makes the public's interest equal, if not superior, to the author's. This clause authorizes the establishment of exclusive rights of authors as a means to maximize production of and access to intellectual creations. Pursuing this comparison, one might observe that post-revolutionary French laws and theorists portray the existence of an intimate and almost sacred bond between authors and their works as the source of a strong literary and artistic property right. Thus, France's leading modem exponent of copyright theory, the late Henri Desbois, grandly proclaimed: "The author is protected as an author, in his status as a creator, because a bond unites him to the object of his creation. In the French tradition, Parliament has repudiated the utilitarian concept of protecting works of authorship in order to stimulate literary and artistic activity." By contrast, Anglo-American exponents of copyright law and policy often have viewed the author's right grudgingly. One of copyright's reluctant advocates, Lord Macaulay, labeled the institution of copyright as "exceedingly bad," but was willing to tolerate it as the means to promote the dissemination of socially useful works. In this view, copyright should afford authors control no greater than strictly necessary to induce the author to perform his part of the social exchange.

Historiker sehen in der Regel einen sehr engen Zusammenhang zwischen einer effizienten und voraussagbaren Justiz und der Entwicklung des Industriestaats, insbesondere der Verstädterung. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die Rechtsprechung von Indiana (ein industrialisierter und verstädteter Nordstaat) mit Georgia (ein agrikultureller Südstaat) in der Zeit von 1830 bis 1860 (Antebellum), um den behaupteten Zusammenhang näher zu prüfen. In der Rechtsprechung zeigen sich erhebliche Unterschiede; in beiden Staaten entwickelt sich jedoch das 'plea bargaining' in vergleichbarer Form. Die Ausführungen zeigen insgesamt, daß der anfänglich behauptete Zusammenhang in dieser Form nicht aufrechtzuerhalten ist. ; Scholars often view the 19th-century emphasis on efficient and predictable justice as synonymous with the rise of the commercial-industrial state, and especially with urbanizing areas. An examination of the sentences assigned to white defendants convicted of crimes in two states of the antebellum United States casts doubt on this interpretation. Indiana was a northern, urbanizing, commercial-industrial state; Georgia was southern, rural, and agricultural. Both states operated with similar legal systems and criminal codes, although Georgia assigned sentencing authority to the judge and Indiana to the jury. A comparative analysis of sentences in the two states reveals: (1) Georgia sentences fell into a more narrow and predictable (hence 'bureaucratic') range than did Indiana sentences; (2) Indiana juries displayed no predictability in sentencing; and (3) both states developed 'plea bargaining', despite the wide discrepancy in sentencing patterns. This latter finding contradicts the traditional view that plea bargains were a late-19th century innovation.

Peter Schüren: Die Legitimation der tariflichen Normsetzung. Verlag C. H. Beck, München 1990, 307 Seiten, 112 DM