Suchergebnisse

В статье автором поднимаются проблемы современного российского законодательства о третейском судопроизводстве. Сравнительная характеристика третейского судопроизводства важна и тем, что оно имеет возможность регулировать отношения, осложненные иностранным элементом. ; In this article the author raises the problems of the modern Russian legislation on arbitration proceedings. The comparative characteristic of arbitration is important due to the fact that it has the ability to regulate relations complicated by a foreign element. This article discusses the following issues of arbitration courts: state courts in Russia are skeptical about the activities of the arbitration courts; there is a negative practice of creating a country of "pocket" arbitrations, including arbitration clause in the contract without the consent of the parties to the contract and so on., business attempts to use the arbitration court for private benefits. In addition, the arbitral tribunal will certainly face problems of lack of authority in the resolution of the case. The author concludes that the arbitration process in Russia and the arbitration process abroad represent two fundamentally different concepts, the last of which in the Russian legislation has a separate niche and is called arbitration. The arbitration process in Europe and arbitral proceedings in the Russian Federation are based on the principles developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. In any case, the arbitral tribunal is a product of the civil society and the legal regulation of its activities, granting of rights and freedoms, the level of confidence by society demonstrate achievement of its nationals in the high-level of legal consciousness and reflect public morality.

In the 1990s, a number of protracted armed conflicts were finally ended. This period can be described as a paradigmatic shift with regards to how armed conflicts are brought to an end. When the logic of the Cold War no longer hindered the United Nations (UN) to intervene, the number of UN peace operations rose dramatically and became more comprehensive. In addition, conflicts increasingly ended through negotiated settlements rather than military victory. The peace processes of the 1990s gave rise to great optimism that negotiations and peacebuilding efforts, often with considerable international involvement, would bring sustainable peace to war-affected countries. The outcomes of these peace processes, however, appears to be far from unanimously positive. Today, 20 years after the war endings of the 1990s, it is therefore imperative to critically analyze and evaluate these peace processes and their long-term results. What is the situation like today in countries where conflicts ended in the 1990s? What has become of the peace? In this paper, the long-term outcomes of peace processes that took place in the 1990s are evaluated through brief analyses of a number of cases,demonstrating that the nature and quality of peace today show great diversity. The paper also includes a conceptualization of the "peace triangle" aimed at distinguishing between different forms of peace, as well as a study of the relationship between peacebuilding and democracy in UN peace operations in the 1990s, concluding that outcomes with regards to democratic development in the intervened countries are generally poor.

The establishment of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) process and the International Criminal Court (ICC) were seen by many to constitute significant progress in the protection of human rights. However, these institutions are now in crisis, due in large part to their failure to prevent or prosecute recent acute human rights abuses in Syria. There have been two responses to this crisis: the first assumes that the crisis is caused by the current structures of international governance, in particular the power of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and calls for radical reform. The second sees possibilities within the current structure and advocates making R2P and the ICC more closely aligned under UNSC control. The article argues that both responses are mistaken and sets out an argument in favour of refocusing on the complementary nature of each institution. The Court's most successful actions have been in exercising the powers afforded by its complementary jurisdiction in situations such as Colombia. Similarly, R2P works more successfully at preventing conflict and changing expectations of acceptable state behaviour than it does at confronting situations in which large-scale violence has begun. The article argues that the ICC and R2P should focus on 'positive complementarity' agendas, with the ICC devoting more resources to assisting states to build legal capacity in order to deter future conflict through stronger domestic criminal systems, and advocates of R2P focusing less on intervention in live conflict situations and more on building within states the capacity and resources to protect their own populations. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

В статье проводится правовой анализ норм международного права и некоторых зарубежных государств, регламентирующих охрану свободу совести и вероисповеданий, а также предусматривающих ответственность за ее нарушение. Так, рассмотрены основополагающие акты ООН, определяющие значение свободы совести и вероисповеданий в правовом статусе человека и гражданина, конституционные и уголовно-правовые нормы России, Германии, Великобритании, США, Швеции, Норвегии, Италии, а также особенности применения данных норм в национальном законодательстве. Важное внимание уделяется толкованию и правоприменению указанных норм в зависимости от роли традиционных религиозных и мировоззренческих особенностей конкретного государства. Авторы указывают на сложность и необходимость соблюдения института свободы совести и вероисповеданий в демократическом государстве. ; The article analyzes the legal norms of international law and some foreign countries that regulate the protection of freedom of conscience and religion, as well as providing for liability for its breach. For example, consider the fundamental acts of the United Nations, determined by the values of freedom of conscience and religion in the legal status of human and civil rights, constitutional and criminal law in Russia, Germany, Great Britain, USA, Sweden, Norway, Italy, as well as the features of the application of these rules into national law. Great attention is paid to the interpretation and enforcement of these standards depending on the role of traditional religious and ideological characteristics of a particular state. The authors point to the complexity, but at the same time, and the need to respect freedom of conscience and religion in a democratic state.

In September 2015, the heads of state and government of the United Nations Member States are scheduled to decide on the Post-2015 agenda. This is to include not only a list of universal Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but also a mechanism for monitoring and review. The High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) was launched in July 2013 to provide political leadership and guidance, and to work towards a global transformation to sustainable development. An important element of its work will be the review mechanism envisioned under the HLPF mandate, which is set to replace the Annual Ministerial Review (AMR) starting in 2016. What would the review mechanism have to look like to contribute to the implementation of sustainable development at all levels? A review process builds on and goes beyond monitoring and data collection. In this framework, the governments are asked critical, analytical questions to determine the reasons for their successes and failures, and to recommend measures needed to further improve goal attainment in the future. The present study examines the debate taking place over the review process, highlights the positions of selected key actors, discusses criteria for designing a review, and applies these to analyze and assess existing review systems. Finally, it develops specific proposals for a universal, state-led, participatory, multi-level "Commit and Review" process that could serve as a central component of the follow-up process for the Post-2015 agenda and goals. (SWP Research Paper) ; Updated English version of SWP-Studie 16/2014.

Public Health in India is hospitalised. Health planning is concerned more with the health care delivery system (hospitals and health centres) than the health of the people. Later on remedy was sought in terms of specific national health and disease control program. Today there are numerous such program which are dying in the hands of medical persons. All these programs are implemented through existing government hospitals and health centres. Over the years, a campaign approach has been evolved to implement many of the national health and disease control program. An Important drawback of the hospital based public health approach was to neglect of public health legislation. Although a model public health act was drafted in 1955 by the government of India which was revised in 1987 but unfortunately none of the state in India was able to implement or adopt this act. If we want India to be a developed country and want to improve our health ranking in the world, we have to have successful public health system. Improving the public health system automatically improve the poor health indicators of the country. If we want to improve quality of healthcare and decrease the cost of medical care then we have to promote public health in the country. We have to build world class public health institutions which will prepare world class health professionals and then place those health professionals in the healthcare delivery system along with implementing public health legislations and acts. Then we will be able to fulfil our commitment to World Health Organisation and United Nations to reach the health goals.

International audience ; Since the adoption of the Hyōgo Framework for Action 2005-2015, resilience irrigates most of the United Nations discourses about disaster risk reduction (DRR) and is presented as an essential dimension of sustainable development pathways. The growing discursive reference to resilience, placed at the core of the Sendai Framework for Action 2015-2030 for DRR, tends to promote this concept as a new normative political injunction of international organisations and States leading to a renewal of the adaptation problematic and to focus DRR actions on emergency preparedness. Indeed, resilience could be exploited at the benefice of a neoliberal project of society susceptible to lead to a stigmatisation of most vulnerable communities and people in the opposite direction of collective solidarity aims implied by sustainable development. ; Depuis l'adoption du Cadre d'action de Hyōgo 2005-2015, la résilience, présentée comme une dimension incontournable des trajectoires de développement durable, irrigue la plupart des discours onusiens sur la réduction des risques de catastrophes (RRC). La référence discursive croissante à la résilience, placée au cœur du Cadre d'action de Sendai 2015-2030 pour la RRC, tend à l'ériger en nouvelle injonction politique normative des organisations internationales et des États conduisant à renouveler la problématique de l'adaptation et à focaliser les actions de RRC sur la préparation à l'urgence. La résilience risque ainsi d'être instrumentalisée au profit d'un projet néolibéral de société pouvant conduire à stigmatiser les collectivités et les populations les plus vulnérables à contresens des objectifs de solidarité collective du développement durable.

설명회자료: '한-아프리카 산업협력 포럼' (2015.10.21-23) ; Contents Presentation : Korea's CSR Activities in Africa in 2014 Business Promotion Status for Reinforcement of Power Capability [Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)] CSR Activities in Africa [Korea Resources Corporation (KORES)] Cooperation in Natural Gas Industries Between Africa and Korea [Korea Gas Corporation(KOGAS)] African Official Training Program [Small and Medium Business Corporation (SBC)] Technical Training Program [Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC)] Global CSR Program [Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA)] Presentation on Market & Project in Africa Economy & Projects of Africa UNIDO [ Mr. Mohamed Eisa , Representative & Regional Director ] Way of Entering African Maket with World Bank Group IFC (World Bank Group) [ Mr.Hayoung Lee, Representative, Republic of Korea] global EPC Company & Projects in Africa Borusan Industrial System A.S. (Turkey) [Mr. Kerem Tuncay Mermer, Business Development Manager Tepe Construction (Turkey) Br. Cem Ozturk, Project Manager Ghana's Power Projects VRA(Ghana) [ Mr. Johathan Amoako Baah, Business Planning & Development Manager Egypt's Suez Canal Development Project Suez Canal Authority (Egypt) [ Mr. Elsayed Abo El Fotouhm, Vice Director for shipyards] Ghana's Solar Energy Project Member of Parliament (Ghana) [Mr. Alhassan Dahamani] Panel Discussion on Shared Growth through Industrial Cooperation Topic 1. African Economic Transformation and Korea's Aspiration for Partnership Korea Instiute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) Topic 2. Industrial Cooperation and the Role of the Multilateral Organizations World Bank Topic 3. Korea-Africa Initiative on Industrial Cooperation : Shared Prosperity with Korea United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

Angesichts der Gefahr für Kulturgüter, die sich gerade in jüngeren Konflikten wie beispielsweise dem Mali-Konflikt zeigen, untersucht das Paper die Rolle, die der Sicherheitsrat seit 1990 beim Schutz von Kulturgütern in bewaffneten Konflikten einnimmt. Anhand einer Wortlautanalyse der Resolutionen des Sicherheitsrates und einer Analyse der beschlossenen Maßnahmen wird die Entwicklung aufgezeigt, dass der Sicherheitsrat dem Schutz von Kulturgut in bewaffneten Konflikten eine zunehmend hohe Bedeutung beimisst und sich entsprechend auch verstärkt für dessen Schutz einsetzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Sicherheitsrat dazu im Rahmen der UN-Charta grundsätzlich auch kompetent ist und sich der verstärkte Einsatz durch das wachsende Bewusstsein der internationalen Gemeinschaft für die Gefahr für Kulturgüter in bewaffneten Konflikten sowie die generelle Ausweitung des Tätigkeitsbereichs des Sicherheitsrates erklären lässt. Die Entwicklung des Schutzes durch den Sicherheitsrat erscheint daher folgerichtig und wünschenswert und gleichzeitig noch nicht abgeschlossen. ; In the light of recent conflicts like the conflict in Mali, which show the risks for cultural property during armed conflicts, the present paper evaluates the role of the Security Council in the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts. Based on an analysis of the wording of resolutions and of the measures adopted by the Security Council, a development will be illustrated: the Security Council attaches greater importance to the protection of cultural property in armed conflict and strengthens its effort for the protection. Furthermore it will be argued that the Security Council is competent in this matter according to the Charter of the United Nations and that its increased efforts can be explained by the growing awareness of the international community about the risks for cultural property during armed conflict and the general increase of the Security Council's activities. The development of the protection of cultural property provided by the Security Council therefore seems reasonable and not yet completed.

The aim of the study is to understand the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) behavior and determinants among adolescents in El Salvador using data from a survey of 1,258 adolescents' aged 10-19 and 12 interviews with representatives from the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Education (MOE), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and United Nation (UN) agencies. The study found that adolescents were not educated enough on their sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR), and have limited use of and access to contraceptives. Alcohol and violence were found to be associated with risky sexual behavior, requiring a multisectoral response from the government and civil society. Adolescents need to receive earlier and more accurate information on their SRHR; and this information should be disseminated in a way that empowers adolescents to make responsible decisions about their sexual reproductive health. The MOE can play a vital role in informing adolescents in this area, and adjust these programs when necessary. Further, the role of parents is critical, as the study found that adolescents are not receiving adequate and enough SRHR information from their parents. In addition, the MOH needs to offer adolescent-friendly health services, which includes trained health personnel. Although adolescents stated that the maternal and child health programs offered were satisfactory and the government has made an effort at educating adolescents on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), both the promotion of contraceptive methods and monitoring adolescent SRHR remain as key challenges to be addressed by multisectoral interventions.

International audience ; Since the adoption of the Hyōgo Framework for Action 2005-2015, resilience irrigates most of the United Nations discourses about disaster risk reduction (DRR) and is presented as an essential dimension of sustainable development pathways. The growing discursive reference to resilience, placed at the core of the Sendai Framework for Action 2015-2030 for DRR, tends to promote this concept as a new normative political injunction of international organisations and States leading to a renewal of the adaptation problematic and to focus DRR actions on emergency preparedness. Indeed, resilience could be exploited at the benefice of a neoliberal project of society susceptible to lead to a stigmatisation of most vulnerable communities and people in the opposite direction of collective solidarity aims implied by sustainable development. ; Depuis l'adoption du Cadre d'action de Hyōgo 2005-2015, la résilience, présentée comme une dimension incontournable des trajectoires de développement durable, irrigue la plupart des discours onusiens sur la réduction des risques de catastrophes (RRC). La référence discursive croissante à la résilience, placée au cœur du Cadre d'action de Sendai 2015-2030 pour la RRC, tend à l'ériger en nouvelle injonction politique normative des organisations internationales et des États conduisant à renouveler la problématique de l'adaptation et à focaliser les actions de RRC sur la préparation à l'urgence. La résilience risque ainsi d'être instrumentalisée au profit d'un projet néolibéral de société pouvant conduire à stigmatiser les collectivités et les populations les plus vulnérables à contresens des objectifs de solidarité collective du développement durable.

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the states of sub-Saharan Africa have been subjected to a seemingly irreversible spiral of poverty as well as social, political and economic unpredictability, causing continued underdevelopment. This underdevelopment occurred despite the fact that a total of $568 billion of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid have been channelled to the region during the abovementioned period. This channelling of foreign aid coincided with, and was motivated by decolonisation in the post-Second World War dispensation, the Cold War dispensation, the energy crisis of the 1970s, the post-Cold War dispensation, and the era of trade bloc formation and expansion (global developmental time frames). The most recent so-called "big push" initiative to kick start development in the region was the adoption and implementation of the (pro-poor) eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations (UN) in 2000. This initiative was supported by the adoption of the G8, Gleneagles commitment on aid and debt relief in 2005. From a global perspective, the MDGs seem to be successful in poverty reduction efforts in specifically Asia and South America. There is, however, consensus amongst most academics and thinkers that the MDGs will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa before the target date of 2015. The reality is that the levels of underdevelopment remain high and are even escalating. In terms of relevance and scholarly contribution, this article seeks to analytically describe and explain the presumed failure of collective foreign aid, and suggests ways and means to stimulate development in sub-Saharan Africa in the years to come.

В статье проведен обзор этапов развития института закупок в развитых странах, а также содержания типового законодательства о закупках для государственных и муниципальных нужд, предложенного ООН. Выделены ключевые цели, стоявшие перед институтом закупок в развитых странах: обеспечение прозрачности и конкуренции участников, предотвращение коррупции, снижение затрат бюджета на осуществление закупок, повышение качества и эффективности удовлетворения государственных и муниципальных нужд. Дана оценка состояния законодательства о закупках в странах СНГ и России. Перечислены ключевые новации контрактной системы в сфере закупок в Российской Федерации. Конкретизированы основные проблемы становления института закупок для государственных и муниципальных нужд в России и предложены пути их решения, которые позволяют максимально использовать потенциал института закупок как инструмента государственной политики. ; The article reviewed the stages of development of the institution purchases in developed countries, as well as the contents of model legislation on procurement for state and municipal needs, the proposed United Nations. It highlights the key objectives of the institution purchases in developed countries: ensuring transparency and competition participants, prevention of corruption, reduce costs budget for the procurement, improving quality and efficiency to meet the needs of state and local government. The estimation of the state procurement legislation with the CIS and Russia. Lists the key innovations of the contract system in the area of procurement in the Russian Federation. Fleshed out the main problems of formation of the Institute of purchases for state and municipal needs in Russia and the ways of their solutions that allow to maximize the potential of the Institute of procurement as an instrument of state policy.

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the states of sub-Saharan Africa have been subjected to a seemingly irreversible spiral of poverty as well as social, political and economic unpredictability, causing continued underdevelopment. This underdevelopment occurred despite the fact that a total of $568 billion of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid have been channelled to the region during the abovementioned period. This channelling of foreign aid coincided with, and was motivated by decolonisation in the post-Second World War dispensation, the Cold War dispensation, the energy crisis of the 1970s, the post-Cold War dispensation, and the era of trade bloc formation and expansion (global developmental time frames). The most recent so-called "big push" initiative to kick start development in the region was the adoption and implementation of the (pro-poor) eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations (UN) in 2000. This initiative was supported by the adoption of the G8, Gleneagles commitment on aid and debt relief in 2005. From a global perspective, the MDGs seem to be successful in poverty reduction efforts in specifically Asia and South America. There is, however, consensus amongst most academics and thinkers that the MDGs will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa before the target date of 2015. The reality is that the levels of underdevelopment remain high and are even escalating. In terms of relevance and scholarly contribution, this article seeks to analytically describe and explain the presumed failure of collective foreign aid, and suggests ways and means to stimulate development in sub-Saharan Africa in the years to come.

International audience ; Since the adoption of the Hyōgo Framework for Action 2005-2015, resilience irrigates most of the United Nations discourses about disaster risk reduction (DRR) and is presented as an essential dimension of sustainable development pathways. The growing discursive reference to resilience, placed at the core of the Sendai Framework for Action 2015-2030 for DRR, tends to promote this concept as a new normative political injunction of international organisations and States leading to a renewal of the adaptation problematic and to focus DRR actions on emergency preparedness. Indeed, resilience could be exploited at the benefice of a neoliberal project of society susceptible to lead to a stigmatisation of most vulnerable communities and people in the opposite direction of collective solidarity aims implied by sustainable development. ; Depuis l'adoption du Cadre d'action de Hyōgo 2005-2015, la résilience, présentée comme une dimension incontournable des trajectoires de développement durable, irrigue la plupart des discours onusiens sur la réduction des risques de catastrophes (RRC). La référence discursive croissante à la résilience, placée au cœur du Cadre d'action de Sendai 2015-2030 pour la RRC, tend à l'ériger en nouvelle injonction politique normative des organisations internationales et des États conduisant à renouveler la problématique de l'adaptation et à focaliser les actions de RRC sur la préparation à l'urgence. La résilience risque ainsi d'être instrumentalisée au profit d'un projet néolibéral de société pouvant conduire à stigmatiser les collectivités et les populations les plus vulnérables à contresens des objectifs de solidarité collective du développement durable.