Suchergebnisse

Zusammenfassung Subsidiarität ist in vielfältiger Weise ein verbindlicher, wenn auch auslegungsbedürftiger Grundsatz im deutschen und europäischen Recht. Zum Subsidiaritätsprinzip (als "Grundsatz des hilfreichen Beistands") gehört die Verantwortung von Staat und Kommunen für die Vorhaltung von infrastrukturellen und sozialen Ressourcen. Anders als in vormodernen Gesellschaften mit ihren klaren Rollenzuweisungen in Familie und Gesellschaft ist für eine moderne Gesellschaft aber charakteristisch, dass sie eine Vielfalt von Akteuren kennt. So hat im deutschen Sozial- und Gesundheitssektor die verbandlich organisierte Wohlfahrtspflege eine herausragende Bedeutung. Innerhalb eines neu gestalteten subsidiären wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Arrangements muss gewährleistet werden, dass sich die Stärken und Schwächen der verschiedenen Träger sozialer Dienste optimal ergänzen. Ziel sollte die Transformation vom versäulten Wohlfahrtskorporatismus hin zum vernetzten Wohlfahrtsmix sein. Abstract: Association Welfare and Welfare Market Reformulation of Subsidiarity? Although subsidiarity is in many ways a binding principle in German and European law, it always requires interpretation. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity (as a "helpful assistance principle") the federal state as well as municipalities have the responsibility to provide infrastructural and social resources. Unlike pre-modern societies with their clear distribution of roles in family and society, modern societies are characterised by a variety of actors. For example, welfare associations in the German social and health care sector are of crucial importance. Within a newly designed subsidiary welfare state arrangement it is necessary to ensure that the strengths and weaknesses of the various social service providers are taken into account. The goal should be the transformation of the welfare corporatism of isolated columns to a vertically linked welfare mix. JEL-Klassifizierung: I1, I2, I3

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of logistics practices in healthcare organizations in Bogota, Colombia.


Design/methodology/approach
The assessment is based on case study research using open interviews, focused interviews, a questionnaire and direct observations as sources of evidence. Seven Colombian health care settings are analyzed: four public hospitals and three private clinics. Cross-case analysis allows the identification of patterns regarding supply management, inventory management, replenishment and use of information and communication technologies.


Findings
Manual procedures, poor planning, little recognition from top management and a lack of specialized personnel characterize the current situation. Innovative practices with a potential to improve the efficacy of logistics activities are rare, particularly in public hospitals.


Research avenues
Future research could replicate this study in other Colombian cities, in order to generalize the results to the whole country. It could also be interesting to document successful and less successful implementations of innovative logistics practices in Colombian hospitals to guide and promote their adoption.


Research limitations/implications
The small number of cases considered, and the fact that the research is concentrated in one city, limits the generalizability of the results.


Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is the first to explore the state of healthcare logistics practices in Colombia.

This article reviews the most recent and relevant evidence on key domestic policy interventions that are effective in reducing income inequality in developing countries, the benefits they generate, the choices that need to be made regarding their design and implementation, and the trade-offs that are associated with them. It focuses on a few policy areas in which there is a sufficient body of rigorous evidence to draw useful lessons with confidence: early childhood development, including breastfeeding; universal health care; good-quality education; conditional cash transfers; Investments in rural infrastructure; and taxation. The review concludes that there are many pathways to reducing inequality, from narrowing gaps in income generation opportunities to narrowing the potential for inequalities in human capital development before the inequalities emerge, smoothing consumption among the most deprived, and Redistribution in favor of the poor. Many interventions are simultaneously associated with equalizing outcomes, improved competition, and economic efficiency. Good interventions combining equality promotion and efficiency are possible in all settings and at different times; this includes interventions disproportionately benefiting the poorest in low-income countries during periods of crisis. Despite the significant increase in knowledge about equality interventions, the article makes a strong call for more microeconomic data and better—more precise—analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

Private companies contract with governments to deliver a broad range of goods and services such as construction, infrastructure, health care, facility management and much more. Such relationships implicate transaction costs, broadly understood as "all the cost which do not exist in a Robinson Crusoe economy." (Cheung, 1998; 515). However, whereas most previous literature has focused on the transaction cost considerations of governments in the public/private contracting relationship, much less scholarly attention has been devoted to the transaction costs of private companies in the relation. This paper aims to address part of this knowledge gap by examining the pre-contractual transaction costs of private companies vending services and products in contracts with governments. First, we draw on transaction cost theory and broader economics and industrial organization literature to develop a framework that combines theoretical and firm-, contract-, and government-level transaction cost factors. Second, we utilize data from a unique survey of Danish companies to examine the magnitude and determining factors of companies' transaction costs across eight industries that regularly contract with the public sector. Our findings underline the need for taking private companies' transaction costs more seriously in the planning and execution of public sector contracting to maximize the likelihood of win-win outcomes for government and business.

Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.

Sustainable development dimensions are economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and social sustainability. The social dimension of sustainable development implies that one can not say that the development is sustainable if it is not equitable or if it does not meet the needs of the majority of the population on Earth. Sustainable social development is integrated process of building human capacities in the sense of: combating poverty, creating productive employment of people, promoting social unitication, and effective and all-available health care and education, crime prevention and negative social phenomena, democratization of all forms of social life and change of consumer habits and needs. Environmental protection - ecological dimension - means acquiring such knowledge that would enable the benefits of a healthy environment to be appreciated, maintained and developed. The above mentioned dimensions (economic, social and ecological) of sustainable development express at the same time the basic starting points of this idea: firstly, human beings have the right to live (have) healthy and productive life, in harmony with nature; Secondly, states have the sovereign right to use natural resources in accordance with their concept of development, but in a way that does not damage the environment of other countries, and third, in order to solve their ecological problems more efficient, international cooperation is necessary.

Individual freedom of choice is a much heralded and cherished principle in democracies. Milton Friedman and colleagues at his alma mater, the University of Chicago, made this a cornerstone of their belief (Friedman & Friedman, 1990). The freedom of choice is the antidote to excessive government interference and an instrument which enables people to realize their goals and discipline agents and organizations. The call for freedom is getting louder as individualization of every life is becoming more and more visible and trust in institutions is eroding. Numerous sociologists of name and fame (Beck, 2002; Putnam, 2001) have documented this trend and predicted its dire consequences. Policy makers have translated this trend into privatizing tasks and services which were financed or provided on a collective scale. Of course, the question remains: do people really want to take the fate of their lives in their own hands? For simple products and services freedom can be safely entrusted to individuals, but for complex services with long lasting consequences freedom of choice may not be in the interest of citizens at all. This question will probably be at the forefront in debates about many reforms in social security, health care, pensions as governments are shifting risks from collective levels to the level of the individual.

The phenomenon of migration and the challenges in the new hosting country have been often analysed in relation to the newcomers arriving from states outside of the European Union. However, in Poland these are the citizens of the EU who face discrimination. At the same time, despite the principles of the EU programs concerning different spheres and operations of integrative and inclusive character aimed at foreign nationals, including sport initiatives, Roma have been systematically omitted and excluded since the 1990s. This situation caused this group to be deprived of the right to work, health care, welfare and adequate housing and education. Opportunities of participating in sporting activities are very limited. In Poland, only a few non-governmental organisations and anti-racist activist initiatives attempt to cooperate with the members of this community. The first part of the article contains a broad introduction to the situation of Romanian Roma in Poland which is necessary in the light of the lack of studies on this subject within Polish sociology, and allows the reader to grasp the wider context of the discussion on the issue of access to sporting activities. Then, drawing on the research and activist experience, the author describes local sport initiatives available to Roma children living in the Poznań encampment, with emphasis on informal initiatives.

As the population is growing older, sociologists and economists are becoming more interested in analyzing this phenomenon. There are two paradigms for interpreting old age. The first one points to excluding old people from social and economic life. It is argued that there should be a balance between activities and possibilities of old people. The other paradigm points to the social, political and economic activities of old people until the end of their lives. It emphasizes their life experience and competencies. The article presents new processes and socio-cultural phenomena that refer to seniors. Some of them are negative like ageism, social isolation, deprivation, the uncertainty of fate and existence. Others are positive and described as "the cult of age" like the dynamic expansion of the grey people industry, development of health care and consumer projects for the elderly. The article argues that the sense and dignity of life of the elderly should be defended, as it is the main motivation and reason for living. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Xue Bai,1 Shuyan Yang,2 Martin Knapp3 1Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; 3Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK Abstract: Based on survey data collected from 151 community-dwelling solitary Chinese older adults in Hong Kong, the present study used path analysis to examine the mediating role of sense of loneliness in the relationship between different sources and directions of social support and life satisfaction. The results showed that sense of loneliness mediated the effects of support from families, friends, and support for others on life satisfaction. In addition, a formal source of social support was not associated with life satisfaction among solitary older adults, although those with a more secure financial status had greater overall life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing awareness among social and health care service providers about the negative effects of insufficient social support on older adults' sense of loneliness and life satisfaction. Family and friendship networks should be expanded for solitary older adults. Keywords: life satisfaction, path analysis, solitary older adults, sense of loneliness, social support

The plight of refugees and asylum seekers has been a trending issue of critical importance for social workers in Indonesia. At the end of February 2018, the public was overwhelmed by mass media coverage of the large number of refugees living on the streets in front of the Immigration Office in Jakarta. Their existence needs to be noticed by the government in particular and all parties in general. In fact, many of the difficulties experienced by refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia, but the most felt is due to the issue of legal status and limitations in the language of communication, they can not access public services such as health care, education, work, and others. The plight of them must necessarily be a very important concern for social workers in Indonesia, as it may create new social problem. Social workers work to uphold the dignity of all those refugees and asylum seekers including unaccompanied minors (UAM) and to work with them for successful social functioning. This paper explores available integrative literature, quantitative document analysis, and presents mixed methodology through individual interviews and an exploratory study to analyze social workers' role to respond the various issues faced by today's refugees and asylum seekers rights as well as potential way for being supporting document as a policy framework for Indonesian government to ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention.

Thai Dermatological Society publicized a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for Thaipsoriasis patients in 2010. However, as differences between patients and healthcare providersexist across the country. This study aims to survey healthcare data of psoriasis patients inPhitsanulok to develop a clinical practice guideline to be appropriate for the region. Analysis ofresponses to a questionnaire mailed to psoriasis patients who had been treated in public hospitals in Phitsanulok in aspect of demographic and healthcare data. Most Phitsanulokpsoriasis patients received government health care service support - only 5% self-financed theirpsoriasis treatment in public hospitals; 96% lived more than 5 km2 from hospital attended; about40% visited the hospital more than four times per year. One third of patients had no knowledgeabout their own disease, and only 7% of those who self-assessed were well-informed about it.Healthcare data from Phitsanulok Psoriasis patients, such as number of annual visits, distance from home to hospital and patients' knowledge about the disease is very useful. Problemsidentified can be addressed in training physicians and healthcare workers in both hospitals andhealth stations. ; สมาคมแพทย์ผิวหนังแห่งประเทศไทยเผยแพร่แนวทางการดูแลผู้ป่วยสะเก็ดเงินใน ประเทศไทยในปี พ.ศ. 2010 อย่างไรก็ดี ในแต่ละท้องถิ่นมีความแตกต่างกันในแง่ผู้ป่วยและบุคลากรสาธารณสุขงานวิจัย นี้จัดทำขึ้นเพื่อสำรวจข้อมูลด้านสาธารณสุขของผู้ป่วยสะเก็ดเงินจังหวัด พิษณุโลก สำหรับการพัฒนาแนวทางในการดูแลผู้ป่วยในจังหวัด โดยประยุกต์จากแนวทางการดูแลผู้ป่วยของสมาคมแพทย์ผิวหนังแห่งประเทศไทย โดยการส่งแบบสอบถามทางไปรษณีย์ตามข้อมูลในเวชระเบียนของผ้ปูป่วยสะเก็ดเงิน ที่มี ข้อมูลที่อยู่สมบูรณ์ทั่วทั้งจังหวัด และทำการวิเคราะห์ข้อทั่วไปและข้อมูลด้านการเข้ารับบริการในสถานพยาบาล ผู้ป่วยสะเก็ดเงินจังหวัดพิษณุโลกส่วนใหญ่ได้รับการดูแลด้านค่าใช้จ่ายจาก รัฐบาล มีเพียงร้อยละ 5 เท่านั้น ที่ต้องชำระค่ารักษาพยาบาลเอง ผู้ป่วยร้อยละ 96 ต้องเดินทางจากที่พักมายังสถานพยาบาลเป็นระยะทางมากกว่า 5 กิโลเมตร และผู้ป่วยร้อยละ 40 ต้องมาสถานพยาบาลเพื่อรักษาโรคสะเก็ดเงินมากกว่า 4 ครั้งต่อปี นอกจากนี้ หนึ่งในสามของผู้ป่วย ไม่มีความรู้เกี่ยวกับโรคสะเก็ดเงินเลย ในขณะที่มีเพียงร้อยละ 7 เท่านั้น ที่ประเมินตนเองว่ามีความรู้ดี การให้ความรู้ทั้งต่อแพทย์และเจ้าหน้าที่สถานีอนามัย เพื่อให้สามารถดูแลผู้ป่วยอย่างถูกต้อง การจัดทำแนวทางการดูแลและการส่งต่อโดยสถานพยาบาลขนาดเล็ก น่าจะเป็นแนวทางเพิ่มเติมเพื่อแก้ปัญหาการเดินทางไกล ไม่พอใจคุณภาพผู้รักษา และเสียเวลาของผู้ป่วย

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a vital role in the modern arena. WSN is deployed in the various vital areas such as military operations, health care, surveillance, home application and environmental applications. WSN mainly works on battery power, whose capacity is limited. Energy efficiency is one of the main issues in wireless sensor networks. Various routing techniques are developed to achieve maximum reliability, network lifetime and scalability. Leach is one of the clustering convention used in wireless sensor networks. Even, after its existence of more than 17 years, Leach protocol grabs attention and interest of research community. Our research area is confined to power management. This paper proposes a technique called as Improved Lifetime - Leach with Particle Swarm Optimization (PIL-LEACH) to smoothen the associated information transmission inside the group and, to control the problems such as correlated data, cluster head selection and large distance transmission of the packet in Leach. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm selects the cluster head based on various parameters of sensor nodes such as residual energy, distance from base sink etc. This approach admits that we know the area of the sensor hubs. It uses the two-tier architecture of clusters heads which are far away from the sink in order to mitigate the energy losses.

As the population is growing older, sociologists and economists are becoming more interested in analyzing this phenomenon. There are two paradigms for interpreting old age. The first one points to excluding old people from social and economic life. It is argued that there should be a balance between activities and possibilities of old people. The other paradigm points to the social, political and economic activities of old people until the end of their lives. It emphasizes their life experience and competencies. The article presents new processes and socio-cultural phenomena that refer to seniors. Some of them are negative like ageism, social isolation, deprivation, the uncertainty of fate and existence. Others are positive and described as "the cult of age" like the dynamic expansion of the grey people industry, development of health care and consumer projects for the elderly. The article argues that the sense and dignity of life of the elderly should be defended, as it is the main motivation and reason for living. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Individual freedom of choice is a much heralded and cherished principle in democracies. Milton Friedman and colleagues at his alma mater, the University of Chicago, made this a cornerstone of their belief (Friedman & Friedman, 1990). The freedom of choice is the antidote to excessive government interference and an instrument which enables people to realize their goals and discipline agents and organizations. The call for freedom is getting louder as individualization of every life is becoming more and more visible and trust in institutions is eroding. Numerous sociologists of name and fame (Beck, 2002; Putnam, 2001) have documented this trend and predicted its dire consequences. Policy makers have translated this trend into privatizing tasks and services which were financed or provided on a collective scale. Of course, the question remains: do people really want to take the fate of their lives in their own hands? For simple products and services freedom can be safely entrusted to individuals, but for complex services with long lasting consequences freedom of choice may not be in the interest of citizens at all. This question will probably be at the forefront in debates about many reforms in social security, health care, pensions as governments are shifting risks from collective levels to the level of the individual.