Suchergebnisse

Los discursos sobre la adopción y adaptación de innovaciones tecnológicas por parte de pequeños agricultores periurbanos ubicados en la localidad de Cosmito (en la Región del Biobío, Chile) expresa un fenómeno complejo, el cual fue abordado desde los discursos de los agricultores que adoptan-adaptan-rechazan innovaciones y los asistentes técnicos que las difunden. El estudio de este fenómeno definió como objetivo conocer los procesos de difusión de innovaciones y adopción de tecnologías a través de los discursos y comportamientos de los actores asociados a la producción hortícola de esta localidad. De esta forma el estudio fue abordado de manera cualitativa, aplicando 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas, considerando dimensiones como: el lugar físico donde los agentes realizan sus actividades; las estrategias que desarrollan para interactuar entre sí y la interfaz social desde la cual expresan sus discursos, visibilizando los puntos de encuentro y desencuentro de sus visiones. Los resultados permitieron sistematizar factores que describen el fenómeno y definir hipótesis emergentes que interpretan las estrategias desarrolladas por agricultores y asistentes técnicos como practicas infrapolíticas, que generan al interactuar con las políticas tecnológicas. En el caso de los agricultores, estos construyen sus propios criterios y estrategias de selección de las innovaciones. Por otro lado, los asistentes técnicos también construyen estrategias al interactuar con políticas tecnológicas, recurriendo y generando prácticas asociadas al extensionismo para cumplir la expectativa de las políticas tecnológicas. La investigación sistematizó estos factores, identificando a la incertidumbre como un factor relevante y transversal que permite entender el origen y la forma que toman estas estrategias. ; The speeches on the adoption and adaptation of technological innovations by peri-urban small farmers located in the town of Cosmito (in the Biobío Region, Chile) expresses a complex phenomenon, which was addressed from the speeches of farmers who adopt-adapt-reject innovations and the technical assistants that disseminate them. The study of this phenomenon defined as objective to know the processes of diffusion of innovations and adoption of technologies through the speeches and behaviors of the actors associated with the horticultural production of this locality. In this way the study was approached qualitatively, applying 11 semi-structured interviews, considering dimensions such as: the physical place where the agents carry out their activities; the strategies they develop to interact with each other and the social interface from which they express their discourses, making visible the points of encounter and disagreement of their visions. The results allowed to their authors to systematize factors that describe the phenomenon and define emerging hypotheses that interpret the strategies developed by farmers and technical assistants as infrapolitical practices, which they generate when interacting with technological policies. In the case of farmers, they build their own criteria and strategies for selecting innovations. On the other hand, technical assistants also build strategies by interacting with technological policies, resorting to and generating practices associated with «extensionism» to meet the expectation of technological policies. The research systematized these factors, identifying uncertainty as a relevant and transversal factor that allows us to understand the origin and form of these strategies. ; Les discours sur l'adoption et l'adaptation des innovations technologiques par les petits agriculteurs périurbains, situés dans la ville de Cosmito, dans la région de Biobío, au Chili, exprime un phénomène complexe, qui a été abordée à partir des discours des agriculteurs qui adoptent-adaptent-rejettent les innovations et les assistants techniques qui les diffusent. L'objectif de l'étude est de connaître les processus de diffusion des innovations et d'adoption des technologies à travers les discours et les comportements des acteurs associés à la production horticole de cette localité. De cette façon, l'étude a été abordée qualitativement, en appliquant 11 entretiens semistructurés prenant en compte des dimensions telles que: le lieu physique où les agents exercent leurs activités; les stratégies qu'ils développent pour interagir entre eux et l'interface sociale à partir de laquelle ils expriment leurs discours, rendant visibles les points de rencontre et de désaccord de leurs visions. Les résultats ont permis de systématiser les facteurs qui décrivent le phénomène et de définir des hypothèses émergentes qui interprètent les stratégies développées par les agriculteurs et les assistants techniques comme des pratiques infrapolitiques, qu'ils génèrent lorsqu'ils interagissent avec les politiques technologiques. Dans le cas des agriculteurs, ils construisent leurs propres critères et stratégies pour sélectionner les innovations. D'autre part, les assistants techniques construisent également des stratégies en interagissant avec les politiques technologiques, en recourant à des pratiques associées à l'extensionnisme et en les générant pour répondre aux attentes des politiques technologiques. La recherche a systématisé ces facteurs en identifiant l'incertitude comme un facteur pertinent et transversal qui permet de comprendre l'origine et la forme de ces stratégies. ; Os discursos sobre a adoção e adaptação de inovações tecnológicas por pequenos agricultores periurbanos localizados na cidade de Cosmito, na Região de Biobío, Chile, expressam um fenômeno complexo, abordado segundo a ótica de agricultores que adotam-adaptam-rechaçam inovações e dos assistentes técnicos que as disseminam. O estudo desse fenômeno estabeleceu como objetivo conhecer os processos de difusão de inovações e adoção de tecnologias através dos discursos e comportamentos de atores associados à produção hortícola desta localidade. Desta forma, trata-se de estudo de caráter qualitativo, com base em 11 entrevistas semi-estruturadas, considerando aspectos como: local físico onde os agentes realizam suas atividades; as estratégias que eles desenvolvem para interagir uns com os outros e a interface social, a partir da qual, expressam discursos que se tornam visíveis enquanto pontos de encontro e de desencontro entre suas visões. Os resultados nos permitiram sistematizar fatores que descrevem o fenômeno e definem hipóteses emergentes que interpretam as estratégias desenvolvidas por agricultores e assistentes técnicos como práticas infrapoliticas que interagem com políticas tecnológicas. No caso dos agricultores, eles criam seus próprios critérios e estratégias para selecionar inovações. Por outro lado, os assistentes técnicos também constroem estratégias ao interagir com as políticas tecnológicas, recorrendo e gerando práticas associadas à extensão como forma de atender às expectativas de políticas tecnológicas. A pesquisa sistematizou tais fatores, identificando a incerteza como um fator relevante e transversal que nos permite compreender a origem e a forma que assumem essas estratégias. ; 179-197 ; crjaramillo@udec.cl ; beatrizcid@udec.cl ; rcancino@ufro.cl ; Semestral

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess maternal health training priorities for primary care human resources for health (HRH) in nursing and allied health workers in Colombia, Honduras, and Nicaragua, to inform maternal care HRH strategic planning efforts. Methods. This Washington, D.C.–based study utilized cross-sectional survey methodology to collect country-level data. From October 2016 to March 2017, a needs assessment tool was developed by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centers. Data collection was completed by PAHO/WHO country offices, in collaboration with national health authorities and other high-level government personnel. The collected data included information on the composition, capacities, and training priorities of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), community health workers (CHWs), registered nurses (RNs), and auxiliary nurses in the three study countries; the findings were summarized in a report. Results. Data on the health workforce composition in the three countries indicated reliance on HRH with low levels of education and training, with limited integration of TBAs. In all three countries, management of obstetric emergencies was a training priority for RNs, and identification of danger signs was a priority for CHWs and TBAs. Training priorities for auxiliary nurses varied widely across the three countries and included health promotion, preconception and prenatal care, and obstetric emergencies. There was also a wide range in the total number of HRH across the three countries. Conclusions. Reliance on health workers with low levels of training is concerning but can be mitigated through in-service training. Training priorities are consistent with the major causes of maternal mortality, and Latin America and Caribbean region training programs show promise for improving quality of care. In the long term, planning for maternal care HRH should seek to increase the concentration of health professionals that are more highly skilled. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las prioridades de capacitación en el ámbito de la salud materna de los recursos humanos de enfermería y otros trabajadores de atención primaria en Colombia, Honduras y Nicaragua, y fundamentar los esfuerzos de planificación estratégica de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna. Métodos. En este estudio, con sede en Washington, D. C., se empleó una metodología de encuesta transversal para recopilar datos a nivel de país. Entre los meses de octubre del 2016 y marzo del 2017, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y sus centros colaboradores elaboraron una herramienta para la evaluación de las necesidades. Las representaciones de la OPS/OMS, en colaboración con las autoridades nacionales de salud y otros funcionarios gubernamentales de alto nivel, realizaron la recopilación de datos. Los datos reunidos incluyeron información sobre la composición, las aptitudes y las prioridades de capacitación de las parteras tradicionales, los agentes comunitarios de salud, las enfermeras tituladas y las enfermeras auxiliares en los tres países del estudio. Los resultados se resumieron en un informe. Resultados. Los datos sobre la composición del personal de salud en los tres países indicaron que se depende de recursos humanos para la salud que presentan escasos niveles de educación y formación, y que la integración de las parteras tradicionales es limitada. En los tres países, el tratamiento de las urgencias obstétricas constituyó una prioridad de capacitación para las enfermeras tituladas, y la detección de los signos de peligro fue una prioridad en el caso de los agentes comunitarios de salud y las parteras tradicionales. Las prioridades de formación para las enfermeras auxiliares variaron sustancialmente entre los tres países y entrañaron la promoción de la salud, la atención pregestacional y prenatal, y las urgencias obstétricas. Asimismo, el número total de recursos humanos para la salud varió considerablemente entre los países. Conclusiones. Depender de personal de salud de escaso nivel formativo es motivo de preocupación, si bien la capacitación en el servicio puede mitigar este problema. Las prioridades de capacitación están en consonancia con las principales causas de mortalidad materna y los programas formativos de América Latina y el Caribe resultan prometedores para mejorar la calidad de la atención. A largo plazo, la planificación de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna deberá procurar aumentar la concentración de profesionales de salud más capacitados. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as prioridades de formação em saúde materna dos recursos humanos na área de atenção primária à saúde entre profissionais de enfermagem e outros profissionais da saúde na Colômbia, Honduras e Nicarágua, a fim de subsidiar os esforços de planejamento estratégico de recursos humanos para saúde materna. Métodos. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal, sediado em Washington, D.C., para coletar dados ao nível nacional. Uma ferramenta de avaliação das necessidades foi desenvolvida, de outubro de 2016 a março de 2017, pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e Centros Colaboradores da OPAS/OMS. A coleta de dados foi concluída pelas representações da OPAS/OMS nos países, em colaboração com autoridades sanitárias nacionais e pessoal de alto escalão do governo. Foram coletados dados sobre a composição, as competências e as prioridades de formação de parteiras tradicionais, agentes comunitários de saúde, enfermeiros licenciados e assistentes de enfermagem nos três países de estudo. Os resultados foram compilados em um relatório. Resultados. Os dados relativos à composição da força de trabalho em saúde nos três países indicaram que eles contam com pessoal com baixo nível de instrução e formação, com integração limitada das parteiras tradicionais. Observou-se, nos três países, que a atuação em emergências obstétricas era uma prioridade de formação para enfermeiros licenciados e a identificação de sinais de perigo era uma prioridade para agentes comunitários de saúde e parteiras tradicionais. As prioridades de formação para os assistentes de enfermagem foram bastante distintas entre os países: promoção da saúde, cuidados pré-concepcionais e assistência pré-natal e emergências obstétricas. O número total de recursos humanos para a saúde também variou nos três países. Conclusões. É motivo de preocupação ter de contar com profissionais da saúde com baixo nível de formação, porém este problema pode ser reduzido com a capacitação no próprio serviço. As prioridades de formação nos países estudados são condizentes com as principais causas de mortalidade materna e os programas de formação profissional da Região da América Latina e Caribe têm potencial para melhorar a qualidade da atenção. O planejamento dos recursos humanos para saúde materna deve visar a longo prazo aumentar a concentração de profissionais que são mais capacitados.

Studying the experience of reforming the armed forces of the Republic of Poland (RP) in accordance with NATO standards is extremely relevant, given the path that the RP has taken from the collapse of the Warsaw Treaty Organization to its integration into the structures of the North Atlantic Alliance. After all,Ukraineis also trying to introduce NATO standards, and in accordance with the Concept for the Development of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine, the fulfillment of the tasks of reforming and developing the Armed Forces of Ukraine includes:- formation of cyber security and cyber defense units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine;- the creation of the necessary material and technical reserves for an adequate response, along with other components of the security and defense sector, to all challenges and threats.An assessment of the state's military security, as well as the experience gained from the participation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the antiterrorist operation, conducted as part of a comprehensive review of the security and defense sector, revealed a number of problems in the functioning of the defense forces in the context of existing and potential threats.The purpose of the article is to study the experience of theRepublic ofPoland, to counter cyber threats, the possibility of using this experience inUkraine.Since no one can say with confidence that his networks are fully protected and can withstand multi-vector cyber attacks, cyber security has become a priority for the development of the modern army. TheRussian Federationis constantly increasing the number of operations with cyber espionage and is increasingly trying to influence public opinion in our country, not disdaining the use of fake news and outright propaganda. The main purpose of these operations is to loosen the situation inside the country, creating chaos and panic as the basis for promoting their own interests.The conclusion that we have to do for ourselves is the need to increase investment in cyber security so that the defense forces are able to resist cyber attacks and provide the necessary level of cyber defense of the critical information infrastructure.In the future, it is advisable to conduct an analysis of measures to ensure the cyber defense of the critical information infrastructure under the state of emergency and martial law, as stipulated by the law "On the Basic Principles of Ukraine's Cyber security", which were carried out from 14:00 on November 26 from November 201 to 14:00 December 26, 2018 that is, during the imposition of martial law in Ukraine. ; Изучение опыта реформирования вооруженных сил Республики Польша (РП) в соответствии со стандартами НАТО является чрезвычайно актуальным, учитывая путь, который прошла РП от распада Организации Варшавского Договора до ее интегрирования в структуры Североатлантического альянса. Ведь Украина тоже пытается внедрять стандарты НАТО, а в соответствии с Концепцией развития сектора безопасности и обороны Украины, выполнение задач реформирования и развития Вооруженных Сил Украины предусматривает:- формирование подразделений обеспечения кибербезопасности и киберзащиты Вооруженных Сил Украины;- создание необходимых материально-технических запасов для адекватного реагирования вместе с другими составляющими сектора безопасности и обороны на все вызовы и угрозы.Проведенное в рамках комплексного обзора сектора безопасности и обороны оценки состояния военной безопасности государства, а также приобретенный опыт участия Вооруженных Сил Украины в антитеррористической операции, выявили ряд проблем функционирования сил обороны в условиях существующих и потенциальных угроз.Целью статьи является изучение опыта Республики Польша, по противодействию кибернетическим угрозам, возможности использования этого опыта в Украине.Поскольку никто не может с уверенностью утверждать, что его сети полностью защищены и могут противостоять многовекторным кибератакам, кибернетическая безопасность стала приоритетом развития современной армии. Российская Федерация постоянно увеличивает количество операций с кибершпионажа и все больше пытается повлиять на общественное мнение в нашей стране, не гнушаясь использованием фейковых новостей и откровенной пропаганды. Основной целью этих операций является расшатывание ситуации внутри страны, создание хаоса и паники как основы для продвижения собственных интересов.Вывод, который мы должны сделать для себя ‑ это необходимость увеличения инвестирования в кибербезопасность, чтобы силы обороны были способны противодействовать кибератакам и обеспечивать необходимый уровень киберзащиты критической информационной инфраструктуры.В дальнейшем целесообразно провести анализ мероприятий по обеспечению киберзащиты критической информационной инфраструктуры в условиях чрезвычайного и военного положения, как это предусмотрено законом "Об основных принципах обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины", которые были осуществлены в период с 14 часов 00 минут 26 ноября 2018 до 14 часов 00 минут 26 декабря 2018 ‑ то есть во время введения военного положения в Украине. ; Вивчення досвіду реформування збройних сил Республіки Польща (РП) відповідно до стандартів НАТО є надзвичайно актуальним, зважаючи на шлях, що пройшла РП від розпаду Організації Варшавського Договору до її інтегрування в структури Північноатлантичного альянсу. Адже Україна теж намагається впроваджувати стандарти НАТО, а відповідно до Концепції розвитку сектору безпеки і оборони України виконання завдань реформування та розвитку Збройних Сил України передбачає:формування підрозділів забезпечення кібербезпеки та кіберзахисту Збройних Сил України;створення необхідних матеріально-технічних запасів для адекватного реагування разом з іншими складовими сектору безпеки і оборони на усі виклики і загрози.Проведене в рамках комплексного огляду сектору безпеки і оборони оцінювання стану воєнної безпеки держави, а також набутий досвід участі Збройних Сил України в антитерористичній операції виявили низку проблем функціонування сил оборони в умовах наявних і потенційних загроз.Метою статті є вивчення досвіду Республіки Польща (РП), щодо протидії кібернетичним загрозам, можливості використання цього досвіду в Україні.Оскільки ніхто не може з упевненістю стверджувати, що його мережі повністю захищені та можуть протистояти багатовекторним кібератакам, кібернетична безпека стала пріоритетом розвитку сучасної армії. Російська Федерація постійно збільшує кількість операцій з кібершпіонажу та все більше намагається вплинути на громадську думку в нашій країні, не гребуючи використанням фейкових новин та відвертої пропаганди. Основною метою цих операцій є розхитування ситуації всередині країни, створення хаосу та паніки як підґрунтя для просування власних інтересів.Висновок, який ми маємо зробити для себе – це збільшення інвестування в кібербезпеку, щоб сили оборони мали спроможності протидіяти кібератакам і забезпечувати необхідний рівень кіберзахисту критичної інформаційної інфраструктури.Надалі доцільно провести аналіз заходів із забезпечення кіберзахисту критичної інформаційної інфраструктури в умовах надзвичайного і воєнного стану, як це передбачено законом "Про основні засади забезпечення кібербезпеки України", які були здійсненні в період із 14 години 00 хвилин 26 листопада 2018 року до 14 години 00 хвилин 26 грудня 2018 року – тобто в час введення воєнного стану в Україні.

Formulation of the problem. The urgency of a comprehensive study of the institute of political parties is conditioned by several illustrative circumstances. The past election campaign in the Ukrainian parliament in 2019 was marked by the fact that it was held under the old "rules of the game." It is known that the parliamentary election campaigns of 1998, 2002, 2007, 2012 also used a mixed system of elections, in which 50% of parliamentarians were elected in majority constituencies and 50% of people's deputies were elected on a proportional basis for party lists. According to the current rules of elections to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, candidates for the People's Deputies will be nominated by a political party, which were registered in accordance with the established procedure no later than one year before the elections. Despite the fact that the institute of self-nomination of candidates for the People's Deputies remains, political parties have become the main political players, the only active actors in the electoral process of Ukraine and have received a strong impetus for their development.The purpose of this article is to reveal the history of political party formation in order to gain a better understanding of the essential nature of these important political entities and to identify promising moments in the development of parties in Ukraine.Analysis of recent research and publications. In the world and Ukrainian partology, it should be noted that well-known foreign experts J. Sartori, M. Duverge, A. Leiphart, S. Avineri, G. Almond, E. Wind, S. Lipset, S. Rokkan, S. Neumann in characterization the current state and prospects of the development of parties as political institutions indicate a direct connection and mutual influence between the party and electoral systems. Particular attention of domestic partologists M. Primus, N. Goncharuk, A. Pakharev, I. Kresina, O. Erzhov, V. Lytvyn, G. Malkin, Y. Shvedy focuses on the problem of the influence of the electoral process on the formation of the party system in Ukraine. Recently, in connection with the growing role of parties in the political life of our country, studies of new aspects of their activity have appeared: L. Gonyukova considers political parties as an institute of state policy and governance, O. Sakiri concentrates attention on the principles of constructing the image of a political party, O.Nikogosyan considers the peculiarities of the development of political parties and party systems in the post-communist space, A. Tetyanich explores the constitutional and legal principles of state control over the activities of political parties, etc.The article deals with the history of the formation and development of political parties as socio-political institutions, from the time of antiquity to the emergence of mass parties in the second half of the nineteenth century. The latest trends in the evolution of the institution of political parties as subjects of democratic politics in polyarchy systems are analyzed. It is noted that political parties have become the main political players, the only active actors in the electoral process of Ukraine and have received a strong impetus for their development. Modern political parties emerge as institutions of democratic politics, they "grow" from the bottom, are created by politically active citizens for the protection of their own interests, and therefore represent first and foremost an important segment of civil society, which unites it with public authorities. For a long time, the division of the parties into the left was adopted (the Communists, the Social Democrats were referred to here), the centrists (those who tried to defend the interests of the majority), the right (who stood for an elitist understanding of politics). However, as most political parties shifted to the middle class in the 20th century, only two of them became right-wing: center-right and center-left. At the same time, the ranking scale itself remained the same. At the end of the twentieth century. significant changes occurred in the political sphere of society. Political parties began to lose their traditional class character and appeal not so much to certain social strata as to all groups of the population. American political scientist J. Lapalambara called this type of political party a "grab all party" and then a "voter party". This trend is also confirmed in modern Ukraine (Party of Servants). Parties have stopped offering ways to develop society, politicians are only interested in voter votes, not ideological issues.It is concluded that modern Ukrainian parties need to go a long way in their development to meet all the criteria of a democratic political party. Ukrainian parties must undergo a transformation from political additions of oligarchic holdings to truly mass popular structures based on the principle of modernization, and then there will be a significant increase in real support.A promising direction for further research is to consider the organizational foundations of the functioning of political parties in polyarchies and under hybrid political regimes.Remarks are made about the prospects of party building in contemporary Ukraine. ; В статье рассматривается история создания и развития политических партий как социально-политических институтов, начиная со времен античности до возникновения массовых партий во второй половине XIX века. Цель данной статьи состоит в раскрытии истории формирования политических партий для лучшего понимания сущностной природы этих важных политических образований и определении перспективных моменты в развитии партий в Украине. Анализируются новейшие тенденции эволюции института политических партий как субъектов демократической политики в системах полиархии. Отмечается, что политические партии превратились в главных политических игроков, единственных действенных субъектов в электоральном процессе Украины и получили мощный импульс для своего развития. Современные политические партии возникают как институты демократической политики, они «вырастают» снизу, создаются политически активными гражданами для защиты собственных интересов, и поэтому представляют из себя прежде всего важный сегмент гражданского общества, котрій объединяет его с органами государственной власти. Делаются замечания о переспектив партийного строительства в современной Украине. ; У статті розглядається історія утворення та розвитку політичних партій як соціально-політичних інститутів, починаючи від часів античності до виникнення масових партій у другій половині ХІХ ст. Мета даної статті полягає у розкритті історії формування політичних партій задля кращого розуміння сутнісної природи цих важливих політичних утворень та визначенні перспективних моментів у розвитку партій в Україні. Аналізуються новітні тенденції еволюції інституту політичних партій як суб'єктів демократичної політики у системах поліархії. Зазначається, що політичні партії перетворилися на головних політичних гравців, єдиних дієвих суб'єктів в електоральному процесі України та отримали потужний імпульс для свого розвитку. Сучасні політичні партіївиникають як інститути демократичної політики, вони «виростають» знизу, створються політично активними громадянами для захисту власних інтересів, і тому представляють з себе насамперед важливий сегмент громадянського суспільства, який поєднує його з органами державної влади.Робляться зауваження щодо перспектив партійного будівництва у сучасній Україні.

Despite considerable progress in the past decades that allowed many cancer patients to be cured, some patients are still considered as incurable today. Since the first cancer scheme, the announcement consultation in oncology, follows a specific outline. However no specific measure is included for patients who are considered incurable from diagnosis. More recently, the third cancer scheme promoted patient involvement in all decisions about him, reaffirming the concept of health democracy. The research performed during the Master 2 study is a preliminary work for a larger study focusing on whether the information and the manner in which it is given to incurable patients at diagnosis are related to the aggressiveness of the treatment they will receive. The main hypothesis for this study is that a low level of information, mainly focused on tumor treatment alongside poor patient involvement in decisions concerning him encourage aggressive therapies and might limit palliative care. The preliminary work, done during the Master 2 studies, explores announcements addressed to patients in order to estimate how information and tumor treatments are discussed and whether the patient is included in the decision process of the chosen treatment. A qualitative exploratory research was implemented between January and March 2018. It was based on audio recordings of announcement consultations for patients who had agreed on participating in the study as well as their oncologist. In order to capture practice variability, two different environments were studied: a University Teaching Hospital and a General Hospital. Ten physicians were solicited: seven in the University Teaching Hospital, three in the General Hospital. All of them agreed to participate in the study. Due to time constraint, the study finally included the four physicians who could be met first: three from a University Teaching Hospital, one from a General Hospital. Nine out of the ten patients that were met agreed to participate in the study, the one that refused mentioned being too distressed to take part in the study. The recordings concerning the first eight patients have been studied. The recording for the ninth patient could not be studied due to late inclusion. This first sample of consultation recordings allowed the description of intra- and inter- oncologists variability both in the content and the way of leading the consultation. However invariant topics could be noticed. On the one hand, the information delivered to the patient seems suboptimal and consists mainly in diagnostic information that the patient already knows. Little time is given to prognosis discussion. On the other hand, tumor treatment is overpowering and palliative care is rarely presented as an option of care management. As to patient involvement in decisions, it appears nonexistant in most of the consultations. Finally, it could be shown that the organisation and timing were stable and were unrelated to the physician, patient or type of hospital. The number of consultations that were studied is not sufficient to generalise those preliminary results. The study needs to be continued in University Teaching Hospitals, general hospitals as well as in private hospitals and specialised cancer care centers to allow a more thorough study of practice variability. ; Si les progrès scientifiques des dernières années ont permis la guérison de nombreux malades atteints de cancer, certaines maladies demeurent aujourd'hui encore incurables. Depuis le premier plan cancer, la consultation d'annonce d'oncologie est encadrée par un dispositif dédié. Aucune spécificité n'a été élaborée pour la population particulière des malades incurables au diagnostic. Plus récemment, le troisième plan cancer a promu la participation du patient aux décisions qui le concernent, réaffirmant le principe de démocratie sanitaire. Le travail de recherche conduit dans le cadre de ce Master 2 est un travail préliminaire à une étude plus large dont l'objectif est d'explorer si le contenu et la manière de mener la consultation d'annonce peuvent être annonciateurs d'une prise en charge agressive en fin de vie, chez les patients ayant un cancer incurable au diagnostic. L'hypothèse princeps de cette étude est qu'une information faible délivrée au patient, un discours centré sur le traitement anti-tumoral, ainsi qu'une participation faible du patient aux décisions le concernant lors de la consultation d'annonce induisent le recours à des thérapies agressives et limitent l'accès aux soins palliatifs. Le travail préliminaire réalisé pour ce master 2, était destiné à explorer les places respectives occupées par l'information et le traitement anti-tumoral au cours de l'annonce faite aux patients ayant un cancer incurable au diagnostic et d'étudier la participation du malade à la décision dès la consultation d'annonce. Une recherche qualitative exploratoire a été conduite entre Janvier et Mars 2018 à l'aide d'enregistrements audio de consultations d'annonce des patients pour lesquelles les patients et leurs oncologues avaient préalablement accepté de participer à l'étude. Afin de capter une variété de pratiques suffisamment importante, 2 environnements ont été étudiés: les cancérologues d'un centre hospitalo-universitaire (CHU) et d'un centre hospitalier général (CHG). Dix médecins ont été sollicités par mail : sept exerçant au CHU, trois au CHG. Tous ont répondu favorablement en vue d'une participation à l'étude. En raison du temps imparti lors de ce travail, l'étude a inclus les quatre premiers médecins qu'il a été possible de rencontrer : trois médecins du CHU et un médecin du CHG. Neuf des dix patients rencontrés ont accepté de participer à l'étude, un patient ayant refusé au motif d'être trop angoissé. Les consultations des huit premiers patients constituent le matériel de notre étude ; celle du neuvième n'a pas pu être étudiée en raison du délai tardif de l'inclusion. Ce premier échantillon de consultations a permis de décrire la variabilité intra et inter-cancérologue observée dans le contenu et la manière de mener l'annonce. Cependant, il en ressort quelques invariants. D'une part, l'information délivrée au patient ne paraît pas optimale, reprenant essentiellement une information diagnostique en partie déjà connue du patient et laissant peu de place à la discussion pronostique. D'autre part, le traitement anti-tumoral semble omniprésent et les soins palliatifs rarement présentés comme une option de prise en charge. Quant à la participation du patient à la décision, elle semble quasiment inexistante dans la plupart des consultations. Enfin, il a pu être mis en évidence que enchaînement et l'articulation des temps de l'annonce restent relativement identiques, indépendamment du médecin, du patient, et du lieu des consultations d'annonce. Le nombre de consultations étudié est insuffisant pour permettre de généraliser ces résultats préliminaires. La poursuite de cette étude en CHU et CHG, mais aussi à l'hôpital privé et en centre de lutte contre le cancer est nécessaire pour une exploration plus exhaustive de la variabilité des pratiques.

The present thesis analyses the evolution and accumulation of national wealth, from a cross-country perspective. It is composed of three different chapters. In chapter one, together with Miguel Artola Blanco and Clara Martínez-Toledano, we reconstruct Spain's national wealth from 1900 to 2017. Combining new sources with existing accounts, we estimate the wealth of both private and government sectors and use a new asset-specific decomposition of the long-run accumulation of wealth. We find that the national wealth to income ratio stood during the 20th century in a relatively close range -between 400 and 600%- until the housing boom of the early 2000s led to an unprecedented rise to 800% in 2007. Our results highlight the importance of land, housing capital gains and international capital flows as key elements in the accumulation of wealth. The second chapter investigates the connection between the striking rise of national housing-to-national income ratios experienced by rich countries over the last decades with the transformation of the productive system: from manufacturing to services. It explores two factors: the increase in countries' spatial concentration of economic activity and the negative shocks to manufacturing-specialized regions. To explore the first factor, I present new series of housing wealth and of spatial concentration of economic activity in seven developed economies: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, UK and USA. Results show that rising housing wealth is the consequence of higher urban land values, with this increase being tightly connected with larger concentration of market-oriented services. The second factor is investigated using urban-level data in England and Wales, thus analyzing how macro trends in house-income ratios emerge from the local level. I find that rising national values are largely the result of higher dispersion of local house prices, but not of incomes per capita. The best predictor of how house prices changed is the city-level specialization of the productive system. I estimate that one quarter of the dispersion in local house prices is explained by manufacturing output declining at the national level. A simple theoretical model is used to rationalize these two factors. The third chapter, presents updated series of national wealth and capital shares of income for the eight countries covered by Piketty and Zucman (2014a): Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the USA. It discusses the adaptation of the series from the SNA93 to the SNA2008, the inclusion of natural capital (i.e. forestry land, mineral and energy resources) within the concept of national wealth and the division of national housing across households and other sectors. I find that adopting the SNA2008 has no relevant consequences for aggregate macro wealth or for the net-of-depreciation capital share. However, gross-of-depreciation capital shares are higher, likely due to the inclusion of R&D as investment in the new system of accounts. Overall, new series reveal that average private wealth to national income ratios have been steadily increasing in recent years with capital-labor shares remaining relatively constant at their 2010 values. ; La présente thèse analyse l'évolution et l'accumulation de la richesse nationale dans une perspective transnationale. Il est composé de trois chapitres différents. Dans le premier chapitre, avec Miguel Artola Blanco et Clara Martínez-Toledano, nous reconstruisons la richesse nationale de l'Espagne de 1900 à 2017. En combinant de nouvelles sources avec des comptes existants, nous estimons la richesse des secteurs privé et gouvernemental et utilisons une nouvelle décomposition spécifique à un actif. l'accumulation à long terme de la richesse. Nous trouvons que le ratio de la richesse nationale sur le revenu était relativement étroit au cours du 20ème siècle - entre 400 et 600% - jusqu'à ce que le boom immobilier du début des années 2000 conduise à une augmentation sans précédent de 800% en 2007. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance de la terre, des gains en capital liés au logement et des flux de capitaux internationaux en tant qu'éléments clés de l'accumulation de la richesse. Le deuxième chapitre étudie le lien qui existe entre l'augmentation spectaculaire des ratios nationaux entre le logement et le revenu national enregistrés par les pays riches au cours des dernières décennies avec la transformation du système de production: de la fabrication aux services. Il explore deux facteurs: l'accroissement de la concentration spatiale de l'activité économique dans les pays et les chocs négatifs sur les régions manufacturières. Pour explorer le premier facteur, je présente de nouvelles séries de richesse immobilière et de concentration spatiale de l'activité économique dans sept économies développées: la France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie, le Japon, l'Espagne, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis. Les résultats montrent que la richesse croissante du logement est la conséquence de la hausse de la valeur des terrains urbains, cette augmentation étant étroitement liée à la concentration accrue de services orientés vers le marché. Le deuxième facteur est étudié à l'aide de données urbaines en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, analysant ainsi la manière dont les tendances macro-économiques des ratios de revenus des maisons émergent du niveau local. Je trouve que la hausse des valeurs nationales est en grande partie le résultat d'une plus grande dispersion des prix de l'immobilier local, mais pas du revenu par habitant. Le meilleur prédicteur de l'évolution des prix de l'immobilier est la spécialisation du système de production au niveau de la ville. J'estime qu'un quart de la dispersion des prix locaux de l'habitation s'explique par le déclin de la production manufacturière au niveau national. Un modèle théorique simple est utilisé pour rationaliser ces deux facteurs. Le troisième chapitre présente les séries actualisées de parts de revenus de la richesse nationale et du capital des huit pays couverts par Piketty et Zucman (2014a): Australie, Canada, France, Allemagne, Italie, Japon, Royaume-Uni et États-Unis. Il aborde l'adaptation des séries du SCN93 au SCN 2008, l'inclusion du capital naturel (terres forestières, ressources minérales et énergétiques) dans le concept de la richesse nationale et la répartition des logements nationaux entre les ménages et d'autres secteurs. Je conclus que l'adoption du SCN de 2008 n'a pas de conséquence significative sur la richesse macroéconomique globale ni sur la part du capital après amortissement. Toutefois, les parts de capital en brut d'amortissement sont plus élevées, probablement en raison de l'inclusion de la RD en tant qu'investissement dans le nouveau système de comptes. Dans l'ensemble, de nouvelles séries révèlent que les ratios moyens de la richesse privée par rapport au revenu national ont régulièrement augmenté au cours des dernières années, la part capital-travail restant relativement constante à leurs valeurs de 2010.

Розглянуто можливі порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та відповідальність за їх вчинення. Проаналізовано законодавство України, що регу­лює діяльність, пов'язану з розробкою озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійс­ненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, стосовно забезпечення охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зазначено важливість охорони інтелектуальної власності та необхідність удосконалення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань охорони інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. ; Рассмотрено возможные наруше­ния прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере и ответственность за их совершение. Проведен анализ законодательства Украины, регулирующего деятельность, связанную с разработкой вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществлением международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относи­тельно обеспечения охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Обращено внима­ние на важность охраны интеллектуальной собственности и необходимость усо­вершенствовать законодательство относительно урегулирования вопросов охраны интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. ; Possible violations of intellectual property rights in the de­fense sector and responsibility for their implementation are considered. The legisla­tion of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the protection of intellectual property, is analyzed. The im­portance of intellectual property protection and the necessity to improve the legisla­tion on the regulation of issues of intellectual property protection in the defense sphere are noted. Ukrainian legislation theoretically allows you to protect the rights of intellectual property owners. In the case of violation of intellectual property rights, its protection is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by adminis­trative, civil and criminal law.However, all these norms do not protect against possible violations of intellectual property rights, and all subjects involved in the development of armaments and mili­tary equipment — central executive authorities, acting as customers of the state defense order, enterprises and organizations that are developing (modernizing) of arma­ment and military equipment, and employees of these enterprises, which themselves create objects of intellectual property rights.Responsibility of the customer for a number of violations of intellectual property rights in the development of weapons and military equipment is not defined.For violation of the conditions of the state contract, the parties' liability is stipulated. But the turn if in these conditions are not defined or not clearly defined, requirements for carrying out measures concerning the protection of intellectual property is not pro­vided for liability. As a result, the customer may receive an example of armament and military equipment that is already morally obsolete and also with material claims.The foregoing results in the fact that when the customer executes the control over the execution of the state defense order, namely, measures to protect intellectual prop­erty, the availability of patent documentation for products and technology for its pro­duction are not verified, and moreover, the use of intellectual property created (used) in the course of execution the state contract, is carried out without a separate contract with the definition of the rights of the customer.The law also does not specify the responsibility of the executor for non-compliance with the requirements related to the protection of intellectual property rights in the ex­ecution of a state contract for state defense orders and the further use of intellectual property rights objects.This situation leads to the «leakage» of intellectual property rights from the legal market of goods, to the so-called "shadow" circulation of objects of intellectual property rights.The grounds for possible violations are laid down in the statutory documents of the developer, in particular the absence of a collective contract stacked in the organizations executing the state defense order, the provisions of the protection of intellectual proper­ty rights: (the exclusive property right for a service object of intellectual property rights belongs to the employer, and non-property rights belong to the authors who are paid the author's reward, the size, terms and procedure for payment of which are determined by an employment contract (contract) between the author and the employer). This contract in most cases doesn't set up, or there are no position of the size and procedure for pay­ment of the author's remuneration for a service object of intellectual property rights.Uncertainty in collective and labor contract provisions regarding the observance of in­tellectual property rights leads to the loss of property rights, as well as non-proprietary rights to intellectual property rights, by authors, and non-remuneration for their use.However, the authors themselves may also violate the requirements of the law. Par­ticularly, these violations are notable to the development of weapons and military equipment, as they can lead to the damage of the national interests of Ukraine. To date, the legislation does not define the responsibility of the authors of the service objects of intellectual property rights for the implementation of such violations.Thus, the issue of intellectual property protection, in particular regarding the defini­tion of responsibility for the commission of offenses concerning the use of intellectual property rights in the defense sector, has been paid insufficient attention by our legisla­tors, who have not been able (or not wanted) to solve existing problems in this area. And this is the most fundamental violation for which central (central and executive) central executive authorities responsible for developing state policy in the field of defense and ensuring its implementation, as well as specific officials of these central executive bodies, should be held accountable. After all, the lack of legislative regulation of the problems of intellectual property protection in the development of weapons and military equipment and in the process of military-technical cooperation leads to a number of violations. This is due to only one — the lack of attention and interest from the central executive author­ities in ensuring the rights of the state and other entities in relation to objects of intellec­tual property rights, as is the case in the advanced countries of the world.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all the subjects involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights that are created when performing the state defense order, including (especially) the implementation of military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vio­lation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.In order to warn and prevent violations of intellectual property rights, it is necessary to improve the legislative and normative-legal basis for the regulation of issues of intel­lectual property protection in the defense sphere.

The participation of free men in the movements led by rebellious slaves sets a complex problem in terms of the importance of the freedom/slavery antinomy in the thinking of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The chattel-slaves, defined as things, were represented as foreigners. The slaves served as the 'Others' against which all citizens, from the rich slave owners to the poor artisans and peasants, defined themselves as a unity. The contrast between the slave and the citizen made it possible to shade, from an ideological point of view, the relations of exploitation and the differences of wealth between the citizens. This tended to suppress the social conflict between them. Despite the significant legal and political differences between the free and the enslaved, and the ideological representation that was made of it, the sources narrate that some free men not only did not repress the rebel slaves in the great servile revolts, in solidarity with their rich fellow citizens, but they plundered these last ones or joined the fugitives. In the present work, we study the participation of impoverished free men (aporoi) in the late-republican servile wars and the relationship they established with the rebel slaves, a problem that has sometimes been neglected by the historiography or only partially treated. Some historiographical currents neglected the participation of the aporoi in the servile wars, and others overestimate it. In opposition, we revalue a line of investigation that, on the one hand, maintains the servile nature of the insurrections, since, the main role was apparently of the rebel slaves, but on the other hand affirms that the participation of free men was an important element. We believe that this point of view is the most appropriate for the testimonies of the sources and we contribute elements to rethink it. Those elements include: to focus the study within the framework of the classic democratic imaginary that will tend to promote the citizen solidarity facing the servile threat; to analyse each revolt individually to evaluate the relationship between the subaltern sectors; and understand the participation of the aporoi, either its parallel rebellion or its inflow to the rebel ranks, as the symptom of tensions within the citizen body that can be defined in terms of stáseis (civil discords), of which the servile revolts nurtured from the beginning. Therefore, the participation of the aporoi is a factor, among others, that helped the growth of the servile revolts. In the case of the first Sicilian revoit and the revoit of Spartacus, we maintain the existence of a conjunctural alliance between the rebellious slaves and the aporoi .In contrast, in the second Sicilian revoit, we defend the interpretative line that supports the idea that there was no relationship between the two groups, but rather two parallel revolts: the free poor simply took advantage of the opportunity in the servile revoit to plunder the properties of the rich. Our work attempts to nuance the most rigid theoretical views that affirm the absolute incommunicability between plebeians and slaves. There were occasions, albeit unusual, where the abyss that separated the free man from the slave did not seem to be so great, at least not to the aporoi, who ignored the imaginary that pitted them against the dishonored social dead. The servile wars were one of those cases. ; Compte tenu de l'importance de l'antinomie esclavage/liberté dans la pensée des Grecs et des Romains à l'époque classique, la participation de quelques hommes libres aux mouvements dirigés par des esclaves révoltés renvoie à un problème complexe. Les esclaves-marchandises, définis comme « choses », étaient représentés comme des étrangers, comme les « autres » contre lesquels tous les citoyens (autant les riches propriétaires d'esclaves que les pauvres paysans et artisans) se sont définis eux-mêmes comme unité. La dichotomie esclave/citoyen servait à nuancer d'un point de vue idéologique les rapports d'exploitation et les différences de richesse entre les citoyens. Malgré les différences juridiques, politiques, idéologiques et sociales qui séparaient les hommes libres des esclaves, les sources narratives nous disent que certains hommes libres n'ont pas réprimé les esclaves rebelles comme ils auraient dû le faire en solidarité avec les riches, mais ont participé, au contraire, au pillage des biens de ces derniers ou se sont joints aux esclaves dans les révoltes. Dans ce travail nous étudions la participation de quelques hommes libres et pauvres (aporoi) aux guerres serviles sous la République romaine et leur relation avec les esclaves révoltés, problématique parfois négligée par l'historiographie. Face au courant historiographique qui néglige la participation des libres et celui qui la surestime, nous revalorisons une ligne de recherche qui atteste le caractère servile des insurrections (puisqu'il semble que le rôle principal de ces révoltes ait été tenu par les esclaves, tant du point de vue qualitatif que quantitatif) en affirmant parallèlement que la participation des hommes libres en fut un élément important. Nous croyons que cette lecture est la plus fidèle aux témoignages de nos sources et que nous apportons quelques éléments pour la repenser en abordant son étude dans le cadre de l'imaginaire démocratique classique qui tendait à encourager la solidarité citoyenne face à la menace servile, en analysant chaque révolte séparément afin d'évaluer la relation établie entre les couches inférieures de la société et en dégageant la participation des aporoi par leur révolte parallèle ou par leur intégration dans les rangs rebelles comme des symptômes des fortes tensions civiles à l'intérieur du corps citoyen que nous définissons en termes de staseis (discordes civiles) dont les révoltes serviles se sont nourries. C'est pourquoi nous croyons que la participation des aporoi fut au moins un facteur parmi d'autres favorisant les insurrections serviles. Dans le cas de la première guerre sicilienne et dans celui de la guerre des gladiateurs, nous soutenons l'idée de l'existence d'une alliance conjoncturelle entre les esclaves révoltés et les aporoi. En revanche, dans le cas de la seconde guerre servile, nous défendons l'interprétation selon laquelle les libres pauvres ont profité de l'occasion pour piller les propriétés des riches. Notre analyse vise à nuancer les visions théoriques les plus inflexibles qui en fonction de l'importance des barrières juridiques et idéologiques entre les hommes libres et les esclaves affirment l'absolue incommunicabilité entre les deux groupes. Il y eu des exceptions, comme par exemple dans les guerres serviles où un secteur des masses plébéiennes et libres a ignoré les constructions idéologiques qui représentaient les esclaves comme leur strict contraire.

El Bisfenol A (BPA) es uno de los productos químicos producido en mayor volumen en el mundo. Es comúnmente utilizado como un componente de plásticos y envases de alimentos, y puede actuar como xenoestrógeno en animales y humanos. Posee actividad endocrina, lo que hace que sea capaz de desencadenar, en células diana, una respuesta semejante a la de las hormonas endógenas, o de inhibir esta respuesta ejerciendo un efecto antagónico. Debido al riesgo de exposición al BPA desde el medio ambiente y la dieta, y principalmente como contaminante acuático, nuestro objetivo ha sido el de evaluar los efectos del BPA en la regulación iónica mediante el estudio histopatológico y morfométrico de las células cloro y las células prolactínicas en pez cebra (Danio rerio) como modelo experimental.Para este estudio se utilizaron 60 machos de pez cebra (Danio rerio), que fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (n=12/grupo), un grupo control, y cuatro grupos tratados, expuestos a concentraciones graduales de 1, 10, 100 y 1000 μg/l de BPA, respectivamente. Tras dos semanas, los animales fueron sacrificados y se tomaron muestras de branquias e hipófisis para su posterior análisis histopatológico, así como, para la determinación de los niveles de BPA presentes en los animales. Al analizar las muestras observamos una acumulación del BPA en los tejidos, existiendo una correlación entre estos niveles de BPA, y la concentración de BPA a la que los animales estuvieron expuestos. En el estudio estructural y ultraestructural de la hipófisis, observamos como el grupo que fue expuesto a 10 μg/l de BPA mostró ciertas modificaciones con respecto al grupo control, observándose una activación de las células prolactínicas con un incremento de los gránulos de secreción. Los grupos de mayor concentración de exposición (100 y 1000 μg/l), esta activación fue más marcada y estuvo acompañada de la aparición de autofagosomas que podría hacer pensar en la autodestrucción celular, apareciendo signos evidentes de degeneración. Al analizar las branquias se observó cómo, a partir del grupo de 10 μg/l ya empiezan a aparecer modificaciones histológicas, con la mayoría de los capilares hiperémicos e incrementándose tanto en tamaño como en número las células de cloro, siendo estas modificaciones más severas en los grupos de 100 μg/l y 1000 μg/l. En conclusión, nuestros resultados indican que la exposición al BPA produce modificaciones en las células de cloro que desencadenan una serie de alteraciones en las células prolactínicas. Estas alteraciones intentarían compensar la hipofuncionalidad de las células de cloro, para tratar de mantener un funcionamiento branquial adecuado y garantizar así la regulación iónica. Las alteraciones encontradas, fueron tan severas en los grupos de mayor concentración, que fue imposible su compensación por parte de las células prolactínicas, siendo esta la principal causa de la involución funcional de estas células hipofisarias. Deduciéndose, por tanto, que el BPA afectaría al sistema branquial de una forma tan severa que, al no poder ser compensada su acción a nivel hipofisario, la regulación iónica se podría ver afectada. ; Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical being produced in very large quantities in the world because it is commonly used as a component of plastics and food packaging. It has been shown that BPA can act as a xenoestrogen in humans and other animals. It has activity as an endocrine disruptor, interfering with the functions of endogenous hormones, which can trigger a similar response in the target cells, or inhibit this response by exerting an antagonistic effect. In June 2017, the European Union included BPA within their list of highly worrisome chemicals and for March 1, 2018 all manufacturers, importers and suppliers of BPA must classify and label all chemical mixtures containing BPA as a category 1B toxic for reproduction, In light of the risk of exposure to it from the environment, diet, and as a basic water pollutant, the objective of our study was to assess possible effects on ionic regulation after exposure to BPA by means of a histopathological and morphometric study of the chloride and prolactin cells using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. For this study 60 male zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used. These were randomly allocated into 5 study groups (n = 12 / group), a control group, and four treated groups, exposed to increasing concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/l of BPA, respectively. After two weeks, the animals were sacrificed and samples of their gills and pituitary glands were immediately taken for further histopathological analysis, as well as, for the determination of BPA levels present in their tissues. When analyzing the samples, we observed an accumulation of BPA in the tissues. There was an increasing concentration of BPA in the tissue as the concentration of exposure increased. Therefore there was a direct correlation between the levels of BPA and the concentration of BPA to which the animals were exposed. In the structural and ultrastructural study of the pituitary gland, we observed certain modifications with respect to the control group. On the group exposed to 10 μg/l of BPA we observed an activation of the prolactin cells with an increase of secretion granules. Whereas in the groups exposed to higher concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/l), this activation was more evident and was accompanied by the development of autophagosomes, which could indicate cell self-destruction, with evident signs of degeneration. When analyzing the gills, we observed how histological modifications appeared, with a large amount of hyperemic capillaries and an increase in both, size and number of chlorine cells, the group exposed to 10 μg/l of BPA. These modifications were more severe in the groups exposed to 100 μg/l and 1000 μg/l, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that exposure to BPA produces changes in chlorine cells that trigger a series of alterations in prolactin cells. These modifications may try to compensate for the hypofunctionality of the chlorine cells, to try to maintain an adequate gill function and thus guarantee ionic regulation. The alterations found were so severe in the groups exposed to higher concentration that it was impossible to compensate for them by the prolactin cells, this being the main cause of the functional involution of these pituitary cells. Therefore it is inferred, that BPA would affect the gill system in such a severe way that, since its action cannot be compensated at the pituitary level, the ionic regulation would be affected.

The PhD thesis "Desarrollo y aplicación de herramientas de valoración de riesgos tecnológicos en centrales nucleares españolas a partir de la técnica de Análisis Probabilista de Seguridad" results from the research projects carried out between the Nuclear Engineering Research group, which belongs to UPC's Divisió d'Enginyeria Nuclear, and one of the operator companies of Spanish nuclear power plants during the period of 2013-2017. Both the Secretaria de Recerca i Universitats of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Ministerio de Econom ía, Industria y Competitividad of the Spanish government are also participants because they have awarded grants for the development of the projects herein presented. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to delve into the field of the risk-informed applications used in nuclear power plants, putting forward, developing, and testing new tools that allow a more detailed awareness and evaluation of nuclear power plants risks so that nuclear power plants can be operation and maintenance safely. For that purpose, the first part of this thesis presents the state of the art of risk-informed applications and their role in the frame of nuclear safety. The second part of the thesis presents the development and results analysis of a pilot probabilistic safety assessment for an independent spent fuel storage installation, which is devoted to store nuclear spent fuel. This assessment, which is pioneer in the Spanish nuclear industry, analyzes the installation's response to abnormal events, and allows to quantify the risk related to the occurrence of an undesired consequence in this installation. Moreover, this part of the thesis presents a novel contribution to the field of human reliability analysis as applied to probabilistic safety assessment in the form of the development of a human reliability analysis methodology applicable to the storage installation handling operations. It is concluded that the contribution of the storage installation to the risk of radionuclide emission of the whole plant is virtually nonexistent. The third part of the thesis presents the development and application of methodologies and tools derived from fire probabilistic safety assessments whose purpose is to introduce the evaluation of the fire induced risk in the decision-making processes devoted to the configuration of systems, structures, and components in nuclear power plants. Historically, the assessment of the fire induced risk had been either carried out qualitatively or belittled mainly because of the late evolution of the fire induced risk quantitative assessment techniques. In consequence, the tools presented in this thesis are a novel contribution to the field of risk-informed decision making since they provide a quantitative evaluation of the fire induced risk by means of a fire probabilistic safety assessment. Two matrix-shaped novel tools are described and applied to the real case of a Spanish nuclear power plant. The use of these tools demonstrates that number of elements who are significant to the fire induced risk of the plant is small. The projects presented in this PhD thesis as well as others developed through the period 2013-2017 have presented in national and international conferences and have been published in international indexed journals. ; La tesi doctoral "Desarrollo y aplicación de herramientas de valoración de riesgos tecnológicos en centrales nucleares españolas a partir de la técnica de Análisis Probabilista de Seguridad" es producte dels projectes d'investigació portats a terme pel Nuclear Engineering Research Group, que pertany a la Divisió d'Enginyeria Nuclear de l'UPC, i una de les empreses operadores de centrals nuclears espanyoles durant el període 2013-2017. També són partícips d'aquesta tesi doctoral tant la Secretaria de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya com el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad del Gobierno de España per prestar financiació per al desenvolupament dels treballs aquí exposats. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el de profunditzar al camp de les aplicacions informades pel risc utilitzades a centrals nuclears, proposant, desenvolupant, i provant noves eines que permetin conèixer i valorar amb més detall els riscos associats a les mateixes per a que les centrals nuclears puguin seguir sent operades i mantingudes de forma segura. Per donar compliment a aquest objectiu, la primera part de la tesi presenta l'estat de l'art de les aplicacions informades pel risc i la seva implicació en el marc de la seguretat nuclear. La segona part de la tesi presenta el desenvolupament i anàlisi de resultats d'un model pilot d'anàlisi probabilista de seguretat d'un magatzem temporal individualitzat, que es tracta d'una instal·lació d'emmagatzematge de combustible nuclear gastat. Aquest model, que es pioner en el marc de la industria nuclear espanyola, permet analitzar la resposta de la instal·lació davant de successos anormals, i permet quantificar el risc associat a la ocurrència d'una conseqüència no desitjada en aquesta instal·lació. A més, en una contribució novell al camp de l'anàlisi de fiabilitat humana per l'anàlisi probabilista de seguretat, aquesta part de la tesi doctoral presenta el desenvolupament d'una metodologia d'anàlisi de fiabilitat humana que és aplicable a les operacions a portar a terme al context concret d'un magatzem temporal individualitzat. En aquesta part de la tesi es conclou que la contribució del risc del magatzem temporal individualitzat al total del risc de la central nuclear és pràcticament nul·la. La tercera part de la tesi presenta el desenvolupament i aplicació de metodologies i eines, generades mitjançant un anàlisi probabilista de seguretat d'incendis, per incorporar el risc induït per incendis a les pràctiques habituals de presa de decisions al respecte de configuracions de sistemes, components, i estructures, a centrals nuclears. Històricament, la valoració del risc induït per incendis s'ha portat a terme mitjançant metodologies qualitatives o s'ha menyspreat a causa de, principalment, l'evolució tardana de les metodologies quantitatives d'anàlisi de riscos induïts per incendis. Per tant, les eines i metodologies presentades són una contribució novell al camp de la presa de decisions informada pel risc doncs proporcionen una valoració quantitativa del risc d'incendis mitjançant l'eina que suposa l'APS d'incendis. Es proposen i descriuen dues eines novells, en forma de matriu, que s'apliquen al cas real d'una central nuclear espanyola. L'aplicació d'aquestes eines ha conclòs que tot element amb impacte sobre el risc induït per incendis d'aquesta central està localitzat en un grup reduït d'equips, sistemes contra incendis, i zones d'incendi. Els treballs presentats en aquesta tesi doctoral, així com altres desenvolupats durant el període 2013-2017, han estat difosos a diversos congressos nacionals e internacionals, i han estat motiu d'articles de revista internacional i indexada. ; Postprint (published version)

The article analyses the possibilities of distributed leadership development in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions. The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical literature and other sources (strategic documents, legal acts, statistical information) and to reveal the possibilities of distributed leadership development in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.Therefore, the following objectives have been set up: to provide the theoretical assumptions of distributed leadership and to analyse the interface between the development of distributed leadership and the context of Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.The article summarizes the scientific approach to distributed leadership. Attention is paid to the fact that the idea of distributed leadership is becoming popular, however, researchers use different definitions and concepts to define this leadership. These differences potentially arise from the different contexts where this form of leadership is analysed. Although there is no one common definition of distributed leadership, researchers identify some active participants (leaders) and emphasize the need for favourable environment (organizational culture) of mutual interaction. Distributed leadership in the organization is often characterized by the following features: each person's professionalism and experience are appreciated and supported; community spirit and atmosphere of trust prevail; attention is paid to pupils' learning experience; community members are continuously learning; everyone is included in decisionmaking; the management structures of the organization are (re)organized; leadership is carried out through (non) formal posts and actions; responsibility and accountability of all participants are important.Researchers acknowledge that distributed leadership is contextual, therefore, they believe that it is necessary to take into consideration the uniqueness of organizations. However, different researchers identify and analyse different contexts which, in their opinion, influence leadership in organizations. Some researchers identify the external and internal contexts of the organization, other researchers identify the institutional context, community context, national-cultural context, economic context, political context, school development context, and personal-specific context.After the comparison of the particularities of pre-school education institutions and general education schools, it is evident that the duration of work of these education institutions and the duration of work of teachers are different. These differences are significant, as distributed leadership is implemented through the interaction of leaders and their followers. Therefore, the more teachers and other employees are involved into the implementation of their direct responsibilities (education and/or care of children), the more it is complicated to find time for mutual interaction. In this respect, the pre-school education institutions are in less favourable situation in order to implement distributed leadership. The differences between pre-school and general education institutions are determined by different age of learners, different nature and intensity of communication with parents and the fact that pre-school education is non-formal education. Therefore, there is a bigger possibility to involve learners' parents into the processes of distributed leadership in the institutions of pre-school education rather than in general education institutions.Differences not only between different types of education institutions (general education institutions and pre-school education institutions), but also between education institutions of the same type are partly determined by the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania (1994), as different municipalities may have different organization and funding of pre-school education institutions, different criteria and procedures of external assessment of institutions. Differences between education institutions of the same type in the same municipality are also possible, as the education system in Lithuania is decentralized and education institutions implementing different educational programs have the possibility to make decisions on the management, curriculum content, and measures. The documents regulating the assessment of activity give considerable power to the communities of institutions, i.e. teachers, employees, learners' parents. Therefore, it is possible to state that the institutional context is quite favourable for the development of distributed leadership in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.According to the statistical data of Lithuania, there are significant disparities among the same type of education institutions in urban and rural areas, which are determined by different contexts of communities. Significant disparities are also observed among communities of different types of education institutions, which are partly determined by the different age and gender of the heads and teachers of education institutions.The studies of cultural dimensions carried out by researchers show that Lithuania is attributed to the countries with high power distance (strong social hierarchy), and this can cause difficulties to develop distributed leadership. Since the statistical sociodemographic data (age, gender, education) of Lithuanian education institutions are quite different from the general statistics of Lithuania, it is appropriate to carry out empirical studies that would assess the cultural dimensions of Lithuanian education institutions (preschool education and general education institutions) as well as power distance (i.e. social hierarchy).The context of the development of Lithuanian schools is favourable for the development of the ideas of distributed leadership both in general education and pre-school education institutions. The favourable context for the implementation of the ideas of leadership is determined by the Lithuanian strategic documents and strategic documents of education policy. Also, the project "Time for Leaders", initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science and which has been implemented for almost a decade, plays a significant role in disseminating the ideas of leadership in Lithuania.According to the theoretical research, it is possible to state that the institutional, school development and personal-specific contexts of Lithuanian pre-school education institutions are favourable for the development of distributed leadership in pre-school education institutions. Meanwhile, the national cultural context, the different contexts of communities of education institutions can pose difficulties to implement the ideas of distributed leadership. The analysis of the theoretical material and legal framework reveals the need to carry out the empirical research of distributed leadership in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions, to reveal the challenges and particularities of its implementation, as well as to reveal good practices. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtros galimybės Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigose. Teorinis tyrimas atskleidė, kad pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtrai yra svarbūs šie ugdymo įstaigų kontekstai: institucinis, bendruomenių, nacionalinis kultūrinis, ekonominis, politinis, mokyklų tobulinimo ir asmeninis specifinis. Remiantis teoriniu tyrimu galima teigti, kad Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų institucinis, mokyklų tobulinimo, asmeninis specifinis kontekstai yra palankūs pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtrai, o nacionalinis kultūrinis kontekstas, skirtingi ugdymo įstaigų bendruomenių kontekstai gali kelti sunkumų pasidalytosios lyderystės idėjų įgyvendinimui. Teorinis tyrimas atskleidė empirinių tyrimų būtinybę ir svarbą toliau tiriant pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtros galimybes Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų kontekste.

Günter Kunert (6 de marzo, 1929, Berlín) es un escritor nacido en la República Democrática de Alemania, donde pasa buena parte de su vida hasta que en 1979 se traslada definitivamente a la Alemania Occidental. De madre judía, tuvo que interrumpir sus estudios debido a la Rassengesetze (Ley racial) impuesta en 1935 por el régimen nacionalsocialista. Debido a estas medidas propias de la ideología antisemita, en 1939 es declarado Wehrunwürdig.[1] En 1943 se emplea durante un tiempo como aprendiz en el comercio textil. Finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en 1946 accede a la Universidad de Artes Aplicadas en el Berlín de la RDA, si bien hubo de abandonar los estudios en 1947. Ese mismo año publica su primer poema, «Un tren pasa de largo» (Ein Zug rollt vorüber) en el diario Berlin am Mittag. Será el principio de una continuada colaboración en revistas y diarios, compaginada con su trabajo creativo para cine, televisión y radio; son los tiempos en los que ya empieza a escribir una poesía marcada por una hostilidad hacia el régimen de su país. Hay que destacar el contenido crítico y carácter de parodia de muchos de sus artículos y escritos. A partir de entonces sus entregas para la revista semanal Frischer Wind y Eulenspiegel, junto a sus poemas para la revista satírica Ulenspiegel, conformarían su actividad de escritor profesional. En 1949 se afilia al SED (Partido de la Unidad Socialista de Alemania), y un año después vería la luz su primer poemario, Letreros de muros y caminos (Wegschild und Mauerinschrift), que merecerá la atención y apoyo de Johannes R. Becher, poeta y ministro de Cultura de la Alemania Oriental. En la misma época entabla relación con Bertold Brecht, quien señalará también el talento del joven poeta. En 1952 contrae matrimonio, y dos años más tarde ve la luz su libro de relatos cortos, El eterno detective y otros cuentos (Der ewiger Detektive und andere Geschichten). Su segundo libro de poemas aparecería en 1955, Bajo este cielo (Unter diesem Himmel), que recibiría el Premio Heinrich Mann en 1962. A este le seguirían los poemarios Obras del día (Tagwerke, 1960) y Recuerdo de un planeta (Eriennerungen an einen Planeten, 1963). El comprometido escritor expresará su preocupación por el retraso en la publicación de este último libro de poemas, publicado finalmente en la República Federal de Alemania, siendo así el primer volumen que vería la luz en ese país. A partir de ahí aumentarán las críticas hacia él en los debates políticosociales de la RDA, hecho que lo lleva a adoptar una postura más crítica y definida ante el Gobierno. Son los momentos en que empiezan a aparecer por primera vez sus textos poéticos en la Alemania Occidental, como por ejemplo Recuerdo de un planeta o Soñar despierto (Tagträume, 1964). Estas publicaciones conceden al autor una popularidad internacional. Pero será con el próximo volumen de cuentos, El funeral se llevará a cabo en silencio (Die Beerdigung findet in aller Stille statt,1968), cuando alcance ya una repercusión más notable. Su postura cada vez más crítica hacia el socialismo en la RDA provocará el recelo de los funcionarios que vigilan el área de la cultura. Sin embargo, Günter Kunert será uno de los privilegiados que obtiene visado para cruzar las fronteras. De esa manera asistirá como docente invitado durante 1972 y 1973 a la Universidad de Texas, en Austin, donde imparte clases de Literatura Alemana de la RDA. Ese viaje sería el origen de su posterior estudio, El otro planeta (Der andere Planet), un manifiesto de crítica social basado en sus experiencias por los EE. UU. Poco después, en 1974 será invitado como escritor residente en la Universidad de Warwick, Inglaterra. Durante esa época se dedica a la serie de poemarios, Poesía inglesa (Englische Gedichte, 1975), y Diario inglés (Ein englisches Tagebuch, 1978). De nuevo en su ciudad, ingresa como miembro de la Escuela de Artes de Berlín Oriental en 1976, y ese mismo año será uno de los primeros en firmar el manifiesto contra la expatriación del compositor Wolf Biermann, por lo que es expulsado de dicha institución. En 1977, cuando también es expulsado del SED, surgirán sus piezas radiofónicas de teatro, que saldrán reunidas bajo el título Otro K (Ein anderer K). Para realizarlas se inspirará en las figuras de Albrecht Dürer, Heinrich Heine y Heinrich von Kleist. Dos años después, en 1979, abandona la RDA para instalarse definitivamente en Kaisborstel, localidad del Land de Schleswig-Holzstein, situada en la parte occidental de Alemania. En 1980 realiza el poemario Procedimientos de mortificación (Abtötungsverfahren), compaginando en la misma época la vida académica en la J. W. Goethe Universidad de Fráncfort del Meno donde imparte lecciones de Poética. 1983 será una fecha especialmente productiva; aparece su libro Stilleben, y también concluye su primer drama, Futuronautas (Futuronauten), con estreno en el Teatro Nacional de Hannover, en el Land de Nieder-Sachsen. En 1985, continuando su labor docente, realizará sus conocidas conferencias sobre poesía en Fráncfort. A lo largo de la misma década el autor se dedica activamente a la producción pictórica y gráfica, ilustrando él mismo alguno de sus libros, y en 1987 presenta en Düsseldorf su primera exposición de pintura. A partir de entonces Günter Kunert es visto como un consolidado artista multifacético, que cultiva la escritura en diversas facetas, además del dibujo y la pintura. Este escritor de vertiente polifacética, en su abundante actividad literaria escribe ensayo, cuento, relatos de viajes, guiones de cine, y libretos de ópera. Cuenta en su haber además con una novela. Ha sido galardonado con prestigiosos premios, como el Heinrich Heine de la Ciudad de Düsseldorf (1980), el Friederich Hölderlin de la Ciudad Bad Homburg (1991), o el Premio de Poesía Georg Trakl (1997). Desde 1981 es miembro de la Academia Alemana de Lengua y Poesía, y en 2005 empieza a ejercer como Presidente de la Junta Directiva del Centro de Autores de Lengua Alemana en el Extranjero (PEN). [1] Wehrunwürdig, difícilmente traducible, es un término jurídico-militar; eximía del servicio militar a aquellos que eran considerados indignos para ello, quedando de esta manera bajo un tipo de libertad condicional; el ciudadano así designado no estaba amparado por los derechos civiles.

The degree work arises from the need to contribute on the public resources investment effectiveness with the purpose of achieving the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo goals and existing sector policies, along with the available financing of each fiscal validity, to which the existence of management tools is precise to help achieve this goal. The investigation is done with a qualitative and descriptive focus, preceded with the literature revision, interviews and expert judgement. Results from the literature revision are combined with the derived information from the interviews in order to characterize the portfolio, determine the indicator matrix and the DATIC existing organizational actives. Various organizations dedicated to promote project management good practices are revised and the ones that have the portfolio standard are studied between the project management practices. Selection criteria is fixed and the two that permit a comparison are chosen. Once compared, the portfolio standard is chosen from the Project Management Institute by being the one that best applies to DATIC, taking advantage of the organizational actives that are founded Being DATIC a MinTIC area and by consequence from the public sector, the public investment context in Colombia is analyzed, as well as the planning framework with which the DATIC portfolio life cycle is immersed on the Presupuesto General de la Nación planning cycle, and to which extent it is dependent from the TIC sector policies and the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. The process maps for the phases of the initiation, planning, execution and portfolio optimization are designed, in which the critical monitoring and control points are fixed in order to improve the portfolio management process. Additionally, a description of the activities that are realized in each process its made, as well as a table with the entries, tools, techniques and exits is made. The union of all the elements gives origin to the design of the methodological guide to the monitoring and control of the portfolio of the "Dirección de la Apropiación de TIC del Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones", that constitutes the product of the degree work project. The validation process from the guide with the advisory team, DATIC component leaders and a TIC expert is done. With positive perception all the made recommendations are welcomed and all the recommended adjustments are made and finally, the expert validates the document. From the realized work, it is concluded that only a few portfolio monitoring and control studies in the public sector exist; that the portfolio benefits are perceived when the ex - post evaluation is made, which is a good practice that is eventually realized and not with the periodicity that is required to evidence the results from the portfolio management; that a future job to promote the culture of the management of public portfolios needs to be done; moreover, that the DATIC portfolio is prioritized according to the public policies, the government policies and the policies that are fixed on the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. ; El trabajo de grado surge de la necesidad de contribuir en la efectividad de la inversión de recursos públicos a fin el lograr las metas de Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y las políticas sectoriales existentes, con la financiación disponible en cada vigencia fiscal, para lo cual es preciso la existencia herramientas de gestión que ayuden a alcanzar este propósito. La investigación que se realiza es de enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo, procedente de la revisión de literatura, entrevistas y juicio de expertos. Se combinan los resultados de la revisión de literatura con los de la información derivada de las entrevistas para caracterizar el portafolio, determinar la matriz de indicadores y activos organizaciones existentes en la Dirección de Apropiación de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones . Se revisan organizaciones dedicadas a promover las buenas prácticas en la gestión de proyectos y dentro de ellas se estudia cuáles tienen estándar de portafolio; se fijan los criterios de selección y se eligen dos que permitan grado de comparación y una vez comparadas se escoge el estándar de portafolio del Project Management Institute por ser el que mejor aplica a DATIC aprovechando los activos organizacionales encontrados. Por ser la Dirección de Apropiación de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones es una área del Ministerio de Tecnologías de la información y las Comunicaciones y por ende sector público, se analiza el contexto de la inversión pública en Colombia, así como también el marco de la planeación con lo cual se determina que el ciclo de vida del portafolio de Dirección de Apropiación de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, el cual está inmerso en el ciclo de la planeación del Presupuesto General de la Nación y dependiente de las políticas sectoriales TIC y del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Se diseñan los mapas de proceso para las fases de iniciación, planeación, ejecución y optimización del portafolio, donde se fijan puntos críticos de monitoreo y control para mejorar el proceso de gestión del portafolio. Adicionalmente hace una descripción de las actividades que se realizan en cada proceso, así como también se hace una tabla con las entradas, herramientas, técnicas y salidas. La unión de todos elementos da origen al diseño de la guía metodológica para el monitoreo y control del portafolio de la Dirección de Apropiación de TIC del Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, que constituye el producto del proyecto del Trabajo de Grado. Se efectúa el proceso de validación de la guía con el equipo asesor, líderes de componentes DATIC, y un experto TIC. Se acogen con percepción positiva todas las recomendaciones hechas y se realizan los ajustes recomendados y finalmente el experto valida el documento. Se concluye del trabajo realizado que existen pocos estudios de monitoreo y control de portafolios en el sector público; que los beneficios del portafolio se perciben cuando se realiza la evaluación ex – post, la cual es una buena práctica que se realiza eventualmente y no con la periodicidad que se requiere para evidenciar los resultados de la gestión del portafolio; que se debe haber un trabajo futuro para fomentar la cultura de gestión de portafolios públicos; que el portafolio DATIC se prioriza de acuerdo las políticas públicas, las políticas de gobierno y las fijadas en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Desarrollo y Gerencia Integral de Proyectos

The present thesis analyses the evolution and accumulation of national wealth, from a cross-country perspective. It is composed of three different chapters. In chapter one, together with Miguel Artola Blanco and Clara Martínez-Toledano, we reconstruct Spain's national wealth from 1900 to 2017. Combining new sources with existing accounts, we estimate the wealth of both private and government sectors and use a new asset-specific decomposition of the long-run accumulation of wealth. We find that the national wealth to income ratio stood during the 20th century in a relatively close range -between 400 and 600%- until the housing boom of the early 2000s led to an unprecedented rise to 800% in 2007. Our results highlight the importance of land, housing capital gains and international capital flows as key elements in the accumulation of wealth. The second chapter investigates the connection between the striking rise of national housing-to-national income ratios experienced by rich countries over the last decades with the transformation of the productive system: from manufacturing to services. It explores two factors: the increase in countries' spatial concentration of economic activity and the negative shocks to manufacturing-specialized regions. To explore the first factor, I present new series of housing wealth and of spatial concentration of economic activity in seven developed economies: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, UK and USA. Results show that rising housing wealth is the consequence of higher urban land values, with this increase being tightly connected with larger concentration of market-oriented services. The second factor is investigated using urban-level data in England and Wales, thus analyzing how macro trends in house-income ratios emerge from the local level. I find that rising national values are largely the result of higher dispersion of local house prices, but not of incomes per capita. The best predictor of how house prices changed is the city-level specialization of the productive system. I estimate that one quarter of the dispersion in local house prices is explained by manufacturing output declining at the national level. A simple theoretical model is used to rationalize these two factors. The third chapter, presents updated series of national wealth and capital shares of income for the eight countries covered by Piketty and Zucman (2014a): Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the USA. It discusses the adaptation of the series from the SNA93 to the SNA2008, the inclusion of natural capital (i.e. forestry land, mineral and energy resources) within the concept of national wealth and the division of national housing across households and other sectors. I find that adopting the SNA2008 has no relevant consequences for aggregate macro wealth or for the net-of-depreciation capital share. However, gross-of-depreciation capital shares are higher, likely due to the inclusion of R&D as investment in the new system of accounts. Overall, new series reveal that average private wealth to national income ratios have been steadily increasing in recent years with capital-labor shares remaining relatively constant at their 2010 values. ; La présente thèse analyse l'évolution et l'accumulation de la richesse nationale dans une perspective transnationale. Il est composé de trois chapitres différents. Dans le premier chapitre, avec Miguel Artola Blanco et Clara Martínez-Toledano, nous reconstruisons la richesse nationale de l'Espagne de 1900 à 2017. En combinant de nouvelles sources avec des comptes existants, nous estimons la richesse des secteurs privé et gouvernemental et utilisons une nouvelle décomposition spécifique à un actif. l'accumulation à long terme de la richesse. Nous trouvons que le ratio de la richesse nationale sur le revenu était relativement étroit au cours du 20ème siècle - entre 400 et 600% - jusqu'à ce que le boom immobilier du début des années 2000 conduise à une augmentation sans précédent de 800% en 2007. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance de la terre, des gains en capital liés au logement et des flux de capitaux internationaux en tant qu'éléments clés de l'accumulation de la richesse. Le deuxième chapitre étudie le lien qui existe entre l'augmentation spectaculaire des ratios nationaux entre le logement et le revenu national enregistrés par les pays riches au cours des dernières décennies avec la transformation du système de production: de la fabrication aux services. Il explore deux facteurs: l'accroissement de la concentration spatiale de l'activité économique dans les pays et les chocs négatifs sur les régions manufacturières. Pour explorer le premier facteur, je présente de nouvelles séries de richesse immobilière et de concentration spatiale de l'activité économique dans sept économies développées: la France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie, le Japon, l'Espagne, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis. Les résultats montrent que la richesse croissante du logement est la conséquence de la hausse de la valeur des terrains urbains, cette augmentation étant étroitement liée à la concentration accrue de services orientés vers le marché. Le deuxième facteur est étudié à l'aide de données urbaines en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, analysant ainsi la manière dont les tendances macro-économiques des ratios de revenus des maisons émergent du niveau local. Je trouve que la hausse des valeurs nationales est en grande partie le résultat d'une plus grande dispersion des prix de l'immobilier local, mais pas du revenu par habitant. Le meilleur prédicteur de l'évolution des prix de l'immobilier est la spécialisation du système de production au niveau de la ville. J'estime qu'un quart de la dispersion des prix locaux de l'habitation s'explique par le déclin de la production manufacturière au niveau national. Un modèle théorique simple est utilisé pour rationaliser ces deux facteurs. Le troisième chapitre présente les séries actualisées de parts de revenus de la richesse nationale et du capital des huit pays couverts par Piketty et Zucman (2014a): Australie, Canada, France, Allemagne, Italie, Japon, Royaume-Uni et États-Unis. Il aborde l'adaptation des séries du SCN93 au SCN 2008, l'inclusion du capital naturel (terres forestières, ressources minérales et énergétiques) dans le concept de la richesse nationale et la répartition des logements nationaux entre les ménages et d'autres secteurs. Je conclus que l'adoption du SCN de 2008 n'a pas de conséquence significative sur la richesse macroéconomique globale ni sur la part du capital après amortissement. Toutefois, les parts de capital en brut d'amortissement sont plus élevées, probablement en raison de l'inclusion de la RD en tant qu'investissement dans le nouveau système de comptes. Dans l'ensemble, de nouvelles séries révèlent que les ratios moyens de la richesse privée par rapport au revenu national ont régulièrement augmenté au cours des dernières années, la part capital-travail restant relativement constante à leurs valeurs de 2010.