Suchergebnisse

Large-scale refugee flows, typically occurring in developing countries, inspire the formation of transnational networks that pose new issues of policy making, direction, execution, & legitimacy. Institutional responses to the presence of refugees, often in the poorest & least well-administered areas on earth, comprise reactions at the local, national, & transnational levels, including both intergovernmental & voluntary organizations. These responses produce ad hoc organizational entities to deal with unanticipated difficulties. Even after news of a refugee flow has spread, governments can still adopt an isolating policy, but more likely will be forced to turn to such transnational networks for help. In a widely felt political disturbance, the positions of the great powers will have a substantial conditioning effect on the handling of refugees. Whatever the pattern of response, refugees tend to involve the asylum state in transnational networks in order to cope with local repercussions as well as care of those in flight. Later, the emphasis may well shift from emergency to diplomatic networks, as efforts are made to find a means of liquidating refugee incidents. The character of these networks is shifting & unpredictable, conditioned by specific circumstances. Nevertheless, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees & other intergovernmental bodies serve as natural nuclei for expansion. More integrated modes of organization currently are of doubtful utility. HA.

Despite the large amounts of human and financial resources invested to foster democratic governance in developing countries, statistics show that the majority of these countries have not yet achieved significant improvements in living standards. While some regions make strides towards improving the living conditions of their citizens, Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, is still trapped in poverty with more than 40% of its 600 million people living below the internationally recognized absolute poverty line of one US dollar per day. Poor governance and corruption should be highlighted as the most important systemic factors contributing to poverty in developing countries. As a result the institutional foundations of these countries are weakened, public funds are misappropriated, and policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty and fostering sustainable economic growth are undermined. It is therefore not surprising that a 2008 Transparency International report found a direct link between corruption and the failure of the societal institutions designed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the majority of developing countries. This book investigates the problems of democratic governance, particularly as they relate to corruption, and also whether democracy should be based on universal principles or local context and historical factors. It also analyses the rule of law, in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption and if governmental, non-governmental organizations, and civil societies are effective in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption. This book will go beyond identifying the challenges and offer plausible solutions that could be adapted to various developing countries. It is premised on the importance of bridging theory and practice, which has been lacking in most local and international development publications, making of interest to scholars and policy-makers alike concerned with public administration in developing countries.

En el marco de la protección de datos personales en el entorno digital de la Unión Europea, el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las bases legales para el tratamiento de los datos personales, en especial, el consentimiento. Respecto de éste, se apuntarán algunas controversias que han surgido en torno a su aplicación en Internet (¿cómo cumplir con los requisitos en la práctica? ¿datos personales como "contraprestación" en contratos digitales?) y se pondrá de relieve la tendencia a la protección de datos personales desde el diseño y por defecto, como mecanismo para una mayor garantía de seguridad. ; En el marco de la protección de datos personales en el entorno digital de la Unión Europea, el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las bases legales para el tratamiento de los datos personales, en especial, el consentimiento. Respecto de éste, se apuntarán algunas controversias que han surgido en torno a su aplicación en Internet (¿cómo cumplir con los requisitos en la práctica? ¿datos personales como "contraprestación" en contratos digitales?) y se pondrá de relieve la tendencia a la protección de datos personales desde el diseño y por defecto, como mecanismo para una mayor garantía de seguridad. ; Within the framework of the European Union personal data protection in the digital environment, the objective of this paper is to expose the legal bases of the personal data processing, focusing on consent. Regarding the latter, on the one hand, some controversies that have arisen linked to its application on the Internet will be pointed out (how to comply with the requirements in practice? Personal data as "counter-parter" in digital contracts?). On the other hand, the paper provides a quick overview about the trend towards personal data protection by design and by default, as a mechanism for a greater guarantee of security.

The article is devoted to analyzing the parameters and peculiarities of the correlation between the stability of governments and political systems and the effectiveness of governments and governance systems at the example of Eastern European countries. The author recognized that stability and effectiveness of governments are not always directly proportional or mutually determined. Instead, they depend on internal and external factors of governments, governance systems and political systems.

The original text of the Treaties establishing the three European communities did not include any reference to the protection of fundamental rights. The original EU law was intended to be more of a "bill of powers" than a "bill of rights". It was understood that, that wasn't the subject of the founding treaties of communities, they were on the one hand, on the constitutions of Member States and on the other as part of the attributions of the Council of Europe.

AbstractIn this article, we contribute to the debate on research design and causal analysis in European integration studies by considering the sub‐field of Europeanization. First, we examine the awareness of research design issues in the literature on Europeanization through a review of the debate on causality, concept formation and methods. Second, we analyse how much of the discussion of the trade‐offs in causal analysis in mainstream political science has percolated into Europeanization studies. We therefore construct a sample of the Europeanization literature, comparing it to a control group of highly cited articles on European integration. This enables us to control if some patterns are specific to the Europeanization literature or reflect a more general trend in European integration. We then look at trade‐offs in the Europeanization sample and in the control group. Our findings indicate that awareness of research design is still low. Europeanization articles differ from the control group in the focus on mechanisms (rather than variables) and the qualitative aspects of time in politics. Complex notions of causality prevail in Europeanization but not in the control group and the cause‐of‐effects approach is preferred to effects‐of‐causes in the control group but not in Europeanization – in both cases, however, the difference is slight. We conclude by explaining differences and similarities and make proposals for future research.

To meet their Kyoto targets under the Burden Sharing Agreement, most European countries plan to make use of the flexible project mechanisms "Clean Development Mechanism" (CDM) and "Joint Implementation" (JI). In addition, CDM and JI credits can be used by installations to fulfil their obligations in the upcoming European emissions trading scheme. This paper compiles information from a variety of sources to give an overview over the different options to acquire CDM and JI credits and the extent to which European governments and companies plan to make use of these options.