Suchergebnisse

The number of English-medium international schools implementing a second language acquisition instructional model using push-in language support is increasing. With the escalation of push-in comes increased interaction between English language learner (ELL) teachers and classroom teachers. This quantitative survey-based study aimed to explore ELL push-in support in the early and primary years in international schools. Within the construct of English-medium international schools, the researchers sought to investigate teacher expectations during push-in. Areas explored include language policy and the specification of teacher roles, availability of planning time, in-class expectations for ELL teachers, and teacher satisfaction with push-in. The study results revealed that slightly less than half of the participants reported having a school language policy that defined teacher roles, and approximately one-third of the participants in schools using push-in were not provided with planning time. The researchers also found statistically significant differences in the rankings of ELL teacher roles during push-in between ELL and classroom teachers. Further, the study revealed no statistically significant difference in the reported level of satisfaction with push-in between the two groups; however, when the two groups were combined, only about half of the participants reported that teachers were satisfied with push-in ELL support in their school.

The territorial sovereignty over Alaska, the Arctic islands of the Soviet Union, Svalbard, Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago poses no problem, but the continental shelf off those territories and islands has yet to be delimited between the five Arctic States: Alaska, the Soviet Union, Norway, Denmark and Canada. Beyond the continental shelf, the mineral resources of the deep sea-bed should normally form part of the common heritage of mankind, but their presence has not yet been determined. The Arctic Ocean, in spite of the permanent presence of ice, is subject to the freedoms of the seas. The straits of the Northeast Passage are internal waters of the Soviet Union, at least since the establishment of straight baselines in 1985 (presumably, under the Territorial Sea Convention to which the USSR is a Party) and, possibly before, by way of historic title. Under the Convention, a right of innocent passage would exist but not if they are historic waters. The waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada since their enclosure by straight baselines in 1985, under customary international law, and no right of passage exists. The sovereignty of Arctic States extends to the air space above their territory, internal waters and territorial sea. There is no right of over flight above those areas, outside of the I.C.A.O. Conventions. The Arctic Ocean being a semi-enclosed sea, bordering States should cooperate under the new Law of the Sea Convention in the exploitation of the living resources, the protection of the marine environment and the conduct of scientific research. This cooperation could best be attained by the creation of an Arctic Basin Council composed of all Arctic States and, possibly, the Nordic countries.

International audience ; Within the framework of the potentialities opened up by domestic and international law, including European law, and sometimes beyond this framework, the French overseas territories corresponding to twelve nonsovereign territories, spread over three major geographic regions (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic and West Indies, Indian Ocean and Antarctic), are in a very variable situation with regard to their participation in regional international organizations. Some do not participate in any organization, others simply have observer status, some participate as an associate member and sometimes as a member. This situation is the result of a combination of legal and especially political factors, whether from the will of the territories themselves, the will of the French State or the members of the regional organizations concerned. ; Dans le cadre des potentialités ouvertes par le droit interne et le droit international, y compris le droit européen, et parfois au-delà de ce cadre, les outre-mer français correspondant à douze territoires non souverains, répartis dans trois grandes régions géographiques (océan Pacifique, Atlantique et Antilles, océan Indien et Antarctique), sont dans une situation très variable au regard de leur participation aux organisations internationales régionales. Certains ne participent à aucune organisation, d'autres ont simplement un statut d'observateur, quelques-uns participent en qualité de membre associé et parfois de membre. Cette situation résulte d'une combinaison de facteurs juridiques et surtout politiques qu'il s'agisse de la volonté des territoires eux-mêmes, de celle de l'État français ou des membres des organisations régionales concernées.

International audience ; Within the framework of the potentialities opened up by domestic and international law, including European law, and sometimes beyond this framework, the French overseas territories corresponding to twelve nonsovereign territories, spread over three major geographic regions (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic and West Indies, Indian Ocean and Antarctic), are in a very variable situation with regard to their participation in regional international organizations. Some do not participate in any organization, others simply have observer status, some participate as an associate member and sometimes as a member. This situation is the result of a combination of legal and especially political factors, whether from the will of the territories themselves, the will of the French State or the members of the regional organizations concerned. ; Dans le cadre des potentialités ouvertes par le droit interne et le droit international, y compris le droit européen, et parfois au-delà de ce cadre, les outre-mer français correspondant à douze territoires non souverains, répartis dans trois grandes régions géographiques (océan Pacifique, Atlantique et Antilles, océan Indien et Antarctique), sont dans une situation très variable au regard de leur participation aux organisations internationales régionales. Certains ne participent à aucune organisation, d'autres ont simplement un statut d'observateur, quelques-uns participent en qualité de membre associé et parfois de membre. Cette situation résulte d'une combinaison de facteurs juridiques et surtout politiques qu'il s'agisse de la volonté des territoires eux-mêmes, de celle de l'État français ou des membres des organisations régionales concernées.

International audience ; Within the framework of the potentialities opened up by domestic and international law, including European law, and sometimes beyond this framework, the French overseas territories corresponding to twelve nonsovereign territories, spread over three major geographic regions (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic and West Indies, Indian Ocean and Antarctic), are in a very variable situation with regard to their participation in regional international organizations. Some do not participate in any organization, others simply have observer status, some participate as an associate member and sometimes as a member. This situation is the result of a combination of legal and especially political factors, whether from the will of the territories themselves, the will of the French State or the members of the regional organizations concerned. ; Dans le cadre des potentialités ouvertes par le droit interne et le droit international, y compris le droit européen, et parfois au-delà de ce cadre, les outre-mer français correspondant à douze territoires non souverains, répartis dans trois grandes régions géographiques (océan Pacifique, Atlantique et Antilles, océan Indien et Antarctique), sont dans une situation très variable au regard de leur participation aux organisations internationales régionales. Certains ne participent à aucune organisation, d'autres ont simplement un statut d'observateur, quelques-uns participent en qualité de membre associé et parfois de membre. Cette situation résulte d'une combinaison de facteurs juridiques et surtout politiques qu'il s'agisse de la volonté des territoires eux-mêmes, de celle de l'État français ou des membres des organisations régionales concernées.

In a recent issue of the Journal, one finds a largely theoretical discussion of a question that potentially implicates quite serious legal policies and consequences: "May the President violate customary international law?" Despite professorial conjecture, the answer to such a question, which can be documented in actual trends in legal decision, emphatically has been no (i.e., the President is bound by and may not lawfully violate international law).

In this chapter I will briefly outline, by means of example and for the purpose of comparison, the integration of women in the international military. This outline is not intended to be an exhaustive history. It focuses primarily on the British and American experience since the end of the second world war. I have chosen the British and American armies as they are those armies with which the PDF has had most contact in terms of training and cultural exchange. In the first section of this chapter, I briefly examine the roles of women in a number of major and regional conventional conflicts, in uniform, as regular members of standing military formations. In the second section, I briefly examine the role of women in terrorism and low intensity conflict, or non conventional operations. The purpose of this outline is to provide well-documented examples of the actual combat experience of women. This provides a corrective to that construct of combat as an exclusively male or 'masculine' activity as discussed in the introduction and theoretical outline. It also provides a basis of comparison for the following chapters on the integration of female personnel to the PDF. The purpose of this chapter is two-fold: It is intended to establish beyond doubt for the reader the precedent of female combatants – in uniform – as a widespread phenomenon. It is also intended that this chapter serve as a context setter for the following chapters on the PDF giving them a wider perspective.