Suchergebnisse

Țările din întreaga lume se confruntă cu impedimente legale atunci când se ocupă cu recuperarea bunurilor infracționale - în special țările în curs de dezvoltare care nu au resursele necesare pentru a se confrunta cu abilitățile și creativitatea infractorilor. Amploarea problemei crește și ne demonstrează că este nevoie de o abordare mai eficientă pentru recuperarea fondurilor furate. Există percepția că "cooperarea internațională" în cadrul unei anchete și cazuri de recuperare a activelor se referă la asistența juridică internațională - procesul formal de solicitare a asistenței de la o jurisdicție străină. Cu toate acestea, în practică, există un pas care ar trebui să fie mai înainte în proces, care este adesea ignorat sau uitat și care este la fel de important, dacă nu chiar mai mult. Aceasta este asistență administrativă reciprocă, adesea descrisă doar ca "asistență informală" . Aproape toate cazurile de corupție și delapidare au o dimensiune internațională semnificativă, indiferent dacă este vorba de conturi bancare străine și rezidențe în străinătate sau un lanț de tranzacții care circulă prin mai multe jurisdicții. Pentru a începe cooperarea internațională informală, tot ce este necesar este ca un ofițer sau un procuror să ridice telefonul sau să-i trimită prin e-mail omologului său dintr-o altă jurisdicție pentru a solicita asistență în verificarea informațiilor pentru a sprijini o anchetă penală în curs. Această cooperare informală ajută echipa de anchetă să dezvolte o imagine mai bună și mai completă a cazului. Îi ajută să identifice probele oficiale care ar putea fi necesare din străinătate pentru a aduce cu succes urmărirea penală și, în cele din urmă, pentru a recupera orice bunuri infracționale cu resurse limitate la îndemână.

Internaționalizarea educației este o cerință a supraviețuirii și adaptării instituțiilor de învățământ superior la condițiile globalizării. Internaționalizarea programelor educaționale implică atragerea și formarea studenților din afara frontierelor statelor naționale; elaborarea și implementarea programelor de mobilitate academică pentru profesori și studenți; organizarea manifestărilor științifice, academice, la care are loc schimbul de bune practice - caracterizează posibilitățile de formare a studenților și absolvenților instituțiilor de învățământ superior care ar putea lucra în condițiile mobilității profesionale și migrației forței de muncă. Autorii în acest studiu își propun să descrie unele politici educaționale, practicate de țările dezvoltate au sisteme internaționale de învățământ superior, bazate pe modele inovatoare.

În articol este cercetată vulnerabilitatea comerțului exterior al Republicii Moldova, pe baza elaborării și analizei unui model gravitațional, pentru a determina și a cuantifica factorii ce afectează comerțul exterior. Distanța și mărimea economică a partenerilor comerciali stau la baza modelului gravitațional, și modelul creat de autor confirmă aceste ipoteze. Alt factor analizat pe baza modelului elaborat, utilizând diferența PIB per capita dintre Republica Moldova și partenerii comerciali ca variabilă independentă, confirmă relevanța modelului lui Ricardo. Analiza demonstrează că acordurile de liber schimb au un efect pozitiv asupra comerțului exterior, de asemenea efectul "Brussels" are un impact pozitiv și semnificativ asupra acestuia. În cercetare este analizat modelul gravitațional pentru Republica Moldova cu 20 de parteneri comerciali prin metoda econometrică panel dată regresie.

The protection and storage of personal data are clearly related to the right to respect for privacy, as guaranteed by art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The latter provision protects a whole range of rights, namely the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. The principle is that art. 8 protects personal information in respect of which an individual can legitimately hope that it will not be published or used without his or her consent. The study aims to break into the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the main objective being to identify decisions that have a fundamental impact on the doctrine and practice of personal data collection. We are aware that multiple regulations in the field of personal data collection can be deduced from the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). However, given the direct impact of ECtHR decisions on the Republic of Moldova, we found it appropriate to summarize only this aspect. However, in subsequent studies we will address the issue of personal data protection by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The basic idea, derived from that study, is that the Moldovan authorities should adjust their legislation and practices to the standards set out by the ECtHR and thus avoid possible convictions by the European Court.

La un interval de aproximativ trei decenii de la stabilirea relaţiilor diplomatice dintre România şi Republica Moldova, subiectul cu referire la relațiile moldo-române rămâne a fi unul prezent atât în discursul politicienilor, cât și în cercetările reprezentanților comunității academice. Primul stat care a recunoscut independenţa Republicii Moldova a fost România. În contextul analizei relațiilor moldo-române prezentul articol este axat pe cercetarea specificului colaborării Republicii Moldova cu România pe dimensiunea economică. Astfel, sunt reliefate principalele aspecte ale relațiilor politice, comercial-economice și sociale moldo-române din perioada anilor 2009-2021.

В статье рассматриваются понятие нелегальной миграции, проблемы изучения миграционных процессов. Перечислены наиболее важные причины существования незаконной миграции. Кроме того в статье проанализированы возможные угрозы и последствия данного процесса для республики Азербайджан. Так же в статье проведен обзор законов, регулирующих миграционную политику в Азербайджане.

As competition between China and the United States intensifies, crisis management is becoming a central issue between the two countries and their militaries. However, though both sides demonstrate strong will to strengthen crisis management, progress has been slow. As to the reason for this, previous academic studies mostly focus on the unit level and officials just engage in finger-pointing. This paper analyzes systemic obstacles to Sino–US crisis management and discusses the significance of these systemic factors for Sino–US crisis management approaches and methods. On this basis, this paper argues that the particularity of Sino–US military competition is unprecedented; the military competitions between other great power dyads in history, such as that between the United States and the Soviet Union, are not comparable. Thus, in the context of general peace among major powers, both China and the US must switch from building mutual confidence and removing mutual distrust to managing and controlling competition trends and surpass the efforts made by the US and the Soviet Union in the past.

By now, it should be obvious to just about everyone that goods whose availability we once took for granted are in short supply. Blame COVID-19 lockdowns affecting countries where these goods are being produced, a breakdown in air/sea/land transport logistics, and so on. The pre-COVID-19 world was built on distributing manufacturing facilities where things could be made most efficiently, assuming fairly inexpensive shipping even across vast distances. Is that world now gone? We'll have to wait and see if and when the pandemic subsides. In the meantime, here's another not-quite-amusing example for those encountering these shortages: A few days ago, I noticed that my supplies for the exercise supplement creatine monohydrate were running low. I experienced sticker shock while scanning current selling prices. Briefly, what creatine does is replenish the body's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels muscle contractions such as while performing resistance training. It turns out that most of creatine's precursors come from (surprise!) China. As many of you are probably aware, China has taken a zero tolerance approach to confronting COVID-19 outbreaks. With production centers and major port cities not immune to these recurrent lockdowns, creatine supplies have taken a hit. Here is a detailed and enlightening discussion of the ongoing creatine shortage from the Natural Products Insider:Strict export regulations and regional COVID-related limitations are
slowing China-originating supply chains for two top sports nutrition
energy ingredients, caffeine and creatine. Outside of China, suppliers
and manufacturers are clamoring to beef up inventories of these
increasingly hard-to-find materials but face steeply rising prices for
whatever supply they can secure [...] Similarly, the price of creatine has risen from its consistent $4 per kilo to between $10 and $14/kg.There is more good detail: More unique to the sports nutrition industry is creatine, which
factors into energy production in the body and is popular with core
market users, namely bodybuilders and athletes looking to boost muscle,
performance and recovery. "There is a worldwide creatine shortage," confirmed Jeff Golini,
Ph.D., executive scientist for All American Pharmaceutical, who
confirmed all the raw material to manufacture creatine comes out of
China, meaning this shortage impacts all forms of creatine, from
monohydrate to hydrochloride (HCl).

Thus, while suppliers such as AlzChem Trostberg GmBh (Creapure) and
All American Pharmaceutical (Kre-Alkalyn) make their ingredients in
Germany and Montana, respectively, their starter materials come out of
China, placing even these suppliers in the impact zone. What's behind the shortage is not quite clear and asking different
"insiders" results in varying answers, including lots of guesswork and
perspectives.

Vitajoy sells both caffeine and creatine, and Crane said as far as he
can tell the shortage is related to the pandemic. His sources suggested
COVID-related issues in the northern area of China, where most creatine
factories reside, caused production facility closures. "I believe that
is what might have started the ball rolling," he reasoned. "From there
it was reported that there were some starting material issues and,
before you knew it, any availability in creatine was gone."

Worse yet, the US-China trade conflict seems to be worsening availability:  Golini attributed the shortage to changing world politics, including
the recent U.S. presidential administration transition, and the ongoing
global power struggle involving trade. "China now is saying we have a
shortage of everything in order to re-control the world market, create
demand and raise pricing," he said. "From creatine to resins to make
plastics to pipe to erythritol to you name it."

"Creatine is $14/kg if you can find it," Kneller lamented. Crane noted pricing went from around $4 to more than $8/kg in a
matter of months. "We feel like we might be seeing some daylight
regarding supply in the coming months, but it's hard to pinpoint exactly
when," he reasoned. Golini sees a longer struggle. "This shortage for creatine—as a
matter of fact, there is none [available]—will continue this entire
year, and you will see pricing go through the roof," he warned.Then there are the aforementioned regional shutdowns for COVID-19 containment--including areas crucial for creatine supply chains. These include Wuhan itself:

Creatine producers appear
concentrated in the northeastern province of Hebei, near the Yellow Sea
separating China from both Koreas and Japan [...] In January 2021, Chinese officials locked down the city of Shijiazhuang,
the capital Hebei, and other areas of the province due to a COVID
outbreak. Hebei Hangwang Import and Export Trading Co. Ltd., Sure
Chemical Co. Ltd. Shijiazhuang and other creatine producers are located
in this city. However, this restriction was lifted March 25, leaving only the city of Wuhan, Hebei, still under a lockdown that was lifted April 7. According to Made in China, several creatine suppliers are located in Wuhan, where COVID was first detected in China.

The bottom line is supply chain disruptions have become more common
and rolling over the past several years due, among several reasons, to
trade wars and the pandemic. Many supplement companies have grown to
accept this fact, take steps to be better prepared and hope situations
improve. "We expect global supply chain disruptions to follow COVID," Titlow
summarized. "The better COVID is managed (e.g. vaccines), the better the
supply chain."There's even an amusing video online about bodybuilders regarding the creatine shortage as a harrowing event of enormous proportions. These are not quite the best of times for global supply chains; that much is clear.

AbstractHip fracture in older adults is associated with poor prognosis. We tested the hypothesis that a single standardized measure, pre-fracture mobility, can be used as an early indicator of patients at high health risk after a hip fracture. Analysis of prospectively collected data of older adults admitted with a hip fracture between April-2009 and June-2019 in a single NHS hospital, UK. Pre-fracture mobility status (freely mobile, mobilising outdoors with one aid or with two aids, and limited to indoors), was used to predict length of stay (LOS) and mortality in hospital, and discharge destination. Among 3073 (2231 women, 842 men) admitted from their own home (mean ± SD age = 82.7 ± 9.3 yr), 159 died and 2914 survived to discharge: 1834 back to their home, 772 to rehabilitation, 66 to residential care, 141 to nursing care and 101 to unknown destinations. Compared with LOS of 15.9 ± 15.6 days in patients who mobilised freely before fracture (reference), those who were able to mobilise outdoors with one aid stayed 3.5 days, and those with two aids or confined to indoor mobility stayed one week longer in hospital. In-patient mortality was increased among patients who mobilised outdoors with two aids: OR = 2.1 (95%CI = 1.3–3.3), and those limited to indoors: OR = 2.1 (1.3–1.5). Finally, a change in residence on discharge was more likely in those who mobilised outdoors with two aids (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.2–2.6), and those limited to indoors (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.2–2.9). In conclusion, pre-fracture mobility may be a useful early indicator for identifying patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes after an acute hip fracture.

There are all sorts of unexpected but fairly amusing shortages occurring worldwide given supply chain snarls that are happening as the world deals with the ongoing pandemic. It seems that spreading out manufacturing and sourcing locations to far-flung areas of the globe makes less sense when logistical hurdles arise due to lockdowns as COVID-19 surges pop up again and again in various key countries. Take, for instance, ethoxydiglycol. This chemical sourced from places
like (surprise!) China are in short supply in Europe. Without it, a lot
of formulations for cosmetics cannot function properly. Ever wonder how
UK celebrities maintain that year-round glow despite the onset of
winter? Well, their beauty secrets may be unraveling real soon unless
these supply chain issues are worked out:The UK could be on the cusp of a cosmetics shortage as prices balloon
for a vital chemical used in many eczema creams, fake tans and
shampoos. A chemical called ethoxydiglycol has been described as
the "unsung hero" of cosmetics. It is part of the formula that improves
the way cosmetics are applied to the skin. Without it, many cosmetic
products as we know them would be unusable.Ethoxydiglycol is
widely used in cosmetic products because it is soluble in both oil and
water-based products, such as propylene glycol, water, vegetable oil and
ethanol. The shortage, which is expected to hit UK and European
cosmetics manufacturing in the next few weeks, has already seen a near
ten-fold price hike. While price hikes have become necessary in light of what's happening, they may rise yet further:Ethoxydiglycol prices have increased from £12.10 ($16.50) to £103 per
kg in recent weeks. Many suppliers are now completely out of stock. Minimum
order quantities set by many suppliers have also increased from 24kg to
1,000kg. This means that the minimum order to purchase Ethoxydigylcol
is £103,000, which will halt production for many smaller businesses who
cannot afford to purchase in those quantities.In keeping with the concept of economies of scale, it's often the little guys who get hurt the most.

 There's an interesting article in Fortune on the true environmental costs of using Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to replace cash, debit cards, credit cards, and other commonly-used payment methods. Given the enormous amounts of electricity needed for bitcoin mining, it is perhaps no surprise that estimates on the high end find it to be an unsustainable proposition. So much for using Bitcoin for everyday transactions?The [MoneySuperMarket] report states that each Bitcoin transaction consumes 1,173 kilowatt
hours of electricity. That's the volume of energy that could "power the
typical American home for six weeks," the authors add. The Bitcoin
mining that enables a purchase, sale or transfer, it posits, uses a slug
of electricity that costs $176. That number is based on an average
worldwide cost per kWh of 9.0 cents over the past 12 months.What it we lower the estimated price per kilowatt hour to 5.0 cents? Some argue that figure is more in line with global energy costs. I am afraid that does little to make Bitcoin any more sensible as a means to transact given the costs of generating these coins still:So let's reduce the MoneySuperMarket number from 9 cents per kWh to the 5
cents favored by de Vries. That would put the average cost of producing
a coin at around $19,000, which looks reasonable (and underscores the
industry's gigantic profitability as price hovers at over three times
that level). At 5 cents, the electricity cost per transaction would fall
from $176 to roughly $100.For every transaction you make with Bitcoin, that's what you would be paying in electricity costs. When the likes of Visa and Mastercard can process these sorts of transactions for cents, it puts Bitcoin's true costs into sharp relief. The argument that ever-lower cost locations for mining these coins is a solution has its limits too, with these destinations now discouraging Bitcoin mining as power outages arise as a result.  The global movement of Bitcoin miners eventually becoming persona non grata is a very interesting story in itself, but I digress...Bitcoin's drawback is that electricity is finite, and what Bitcoin uses,
a family or a business can't use. In several nations, Bitcoin mining is
imposing severe stress on the grid. Kazakhstan, one of world's leading
crypto mining hubs and a top destination for producers displaced by the
Chinese lockdown, is suffering blackouts caused by the industry's sudden
explosion within its borders. Its government is limiting producers to a
fraction of the electricity they're now deploying. Iran has also
suffered severe shortages that's led to ejecting producers, and tiny
Abkhazia is raiding mines––many of them illegal––to forestall an energy
crisis.The bottom line is that Bitcoin mining in its current form is unsustainable, and so is its use as a medium of exchange.