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The researcher analyzes the conceptual approaches and practical changes in the system of government (the participation of women in politics and public life) during the period (from the Antiquity to the twentieth century). This article raises questions related to the theoretical views of the philosophers of antiquity on the role of women in social activity. The principle of androgyny in Gnosticism, heretical movement and occultism are an era of complete "oppression" of women in both social and political life. The epoch of the Early Renaissance, where one of the first concepts of equality of articles is formed, is studied. The views of philosophers of the modern age on the participation of women in politics and government are analyzed. Arguments of philosophers regarding the participation of women in civil society as a necessary part of it. Gender asymmetry as a factor in the formation of traditional western culture. The beginning of the XVIII century - an era of new approaches to assess the principle of gender differentiation (liberal philosophy and the concept of civil rights). An overview of the philosophical views of Marxism in relation to the social and political participation of women (attention is paid to the aspect of gender differentiation of society). Educational and socialist ideas about the equality of women and men. The concept of the twentieth century concerning the role of women in political and social life (the age of gender identity) is explored. Robert Stoller Gender Identification and Gender Socialization. Study of the theory of gender socialization Tolkot Parsons. An alternative preliminary conception of Simon de Beauvoir regarding the participation of women in political life is analyzed. The issue of gender inequality as a political phenomenon in Pierre Bourdieu's Man's Domination is explored, where the concept of "habitus" reveals mechanisms that ensure the resilience of traditional gender dispositions in the political field. ; В статье рассматриваются теоретические взгляды философов античности относительно роли женщин в политике и общественной деятельности, принцип андрогинности в гностицизме, еретическое движение и оккультизм – эпоха полного подавления «женского», раннее Возрождение как эпоха первых теорий равенства полов. Взгляды философов нового времени на участие женщин в политике и управлении государством. Гендерная асимметрия как фактор формирования традиционной западной культуры. Просветительские и социалистические идеи о равноправии женщин и мужчин. ХХ век – век гендерного самосознания. ; У статті розглядаються теоретичні погляди філософів античності відносно ролі жінок у політиці та суспільній діяльності, принцип андрогінності у гностицизмі, єретичний рух та окультизм – епоха повного пригнічення «жіночого», раннє Відродження як епоха перших теорій рівності статей. Погляди філософів нового часу щодо участі жінок в політиці та управлінні державою. Гендерна асиметрія як чинник формування традиційної західної культури. Просвітницькі та соціалістичні ідеї про рівноправ'я жінок та чоловіків. ХХ століття – століття гендерної самосвідомості.

This work addresses the Ecuadorian situation in its economic relations with the Republic of China from a critical approach frame in theories that have had impact in the last six decades, and still have remain validity with a constant discussion from different perspectives. These theories are the dependency theory and unequal exchange. The new reality and evolution of the Asian giant have denotated an exponential and representative economic growth in the last thirty years, above all. This evolution has been caused by its political, economic, and social transformation which has given excellent results contributing to the positive evolution and growth of the worldwide gross domestic product. On the contrary, the incidences in the Latin American and Caribbean region and the Ecuadorian case particularly, have left no so favorable results. China is not only a great market with more than one billion people who represents a large demand source for products, but also China is a competitor for Ecuadorian and Latin-American exports which lack of a high degree of added value in their composition. This added value is gotten by a superior technological infrastructure which enable products to find a bigger space in the global chains of value. In this way a center – periphery model is created. ; La presente investigación aborda la situación del Ecuador en sus relaciones económicas con la República Popular China desde un enfoque crítico enmarcado en teorías que han tenido impacto en las últimas seis décadas, y que aún se mantienen vigentes, en constante discusión desde diferentes perspectivas, como es el caso de la teoría de la dependencia y el intercambio desigual. La realidad y evolución del gigante asiático han denotado un crecimiento económico exponencial y representativo en las últimas tres décadas, sobre todo, evolución generada gracias a su transformación política, económica y social, y que ha dado excelentes resultados contribuyendo a la evolución y el crecimiento del producto interno bruto mundial. Al contrario, las incidencias en la región de América Latina y el Caribe y en el caso ecuatoriano en particular, han dejado resultados no tan favorables, China se presenta no solamente como un amplio mercado con más de mil millones de habitantes generando una gran demanda de productos, sino que a su vez es un competidor para las exportaciones de Ecuador y de toda la región para productos que necesiten un mayor grado de valor agregado, conseguido con una infraestructura tecnológica superior, de tal forma que sean capaces de encontrar mayor espacio en las cadenas globales de valor. De esta forma se acentúa un modelo de carácter centro - periferia.

This study aims to discuss Seno Gumira Ajidarma's political and aesthetic disensus efforts towards the representative regime of the Utan Kayu Community and the Soeharto ethical regime through the short story "Saksi Mata". Seno's census efforts were displayed through the short story "Saksi Mata" seen from class migration and author's ideology, socio-political conditions, and narrative aesthetics at the time so as to destabilize the police hierarchy and establishment of the regime. Departing from this, how "Saksi Mata" offers an aesthetic form through the census of political and aesthetic structures, with the migration of its authors to shake the power of both regimes. This research uses the census theory of Jacques Rancière. Data collection is done by referring and dialectically. The results showed that, first, "Saksi Mata" responded to the New Order's authoritarian political structure that mobilized censorship, confining the freedom of opinion and work. Second, Seno's aesthetic movement also undermines the conventions of ethical regimes and representative regimes. From there the census of the Seno movement with "Saksi Mata" which offered aesthetics that were not trapped in communal imagination. ; Abstrak: Tulisan ini menelusuri upaya Seno Gumira Ajidarma dalam cerpen Saksi Mata untuk terlepas dari rezim representatif Komunitas Utan Kayu dan rezim etis Soeharto. Pisau analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah gagasan Jacques Rancière tentang disensus yang secara khusus pada migrasi yang mengasumsikan bahwa pengarang yang sadar kesetaraannya di dalam lingkup hierarki police bergerak dari satu kelas ke kelas lain, dari ideologi ke ideologi lain, dan dari tekstual ke tekstual lainnya. Rancière melihat karya sastra juga bersikap politis tepat di dalam interpretasi ruang publik yang begitu beragam yang akhirnya mengubah perspektif publik. Berangkat dari hal ini, bagaimana Saksi Mata menawarkan bentuk estetika melalui disensus terhadap struktur politik maupun estetik, dengan migrasinya guna mengguncang kekuasaan kedua rezim? Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, Saksi Mata merespon struktur politik otoriter Orde Baru yang memobilisasi sensor, mengungkung kebebasan berpendapat dan berkarya melalui jalan migrasi Seno dari ideologi Jakarta Jakarta yang pro-orba ke ideologi oposisional Harian Pembaruan dan juga migrasi Seno dari jurnalis, pengangangguran lalu ke sastrawan. Kedua, pergerakan estetika Seno juga merongrong konvensi estetis dari rezim representatif Komunitas Utan Kayu dan Bengkel Teater Rendra dan sekaligus rezim etis orba, perpanjangan tangan Manikebu yang melihat sastra untuk sastra. Dari sana disensus pergerakan Seno untuk menampilkan pula suara part-of-no-part kembali ke dalam politik sehingga perbincangan soal itu dapat diambil alih oleh publik sendiri. Dari sanalah Saksi Mata menawarkan estetika yang tidak terjebak pada imajinasi komunal.Kata kunci: Disensus, Migrasi, Politik, Estetik, Seno

Ideologies and the party-state system are key to understanding the transformation of sports policies and systems in Communist China, as they impact significantly on the manner and role of government in developing sport and sports policies. This thesis seeks to analyse the extent to which dominant ideology impacted upon sports policies and systems in China. It also explores the changes in sports policies under dominant ideologies between the Mao and post-Mao era from 1949 to 1989. Gramsci's contextualised theory of cultural hegemony and Weber's revised classification provide a critical perspective for analysing the relationship between dominant ideology and sports, enabling us to decipher the relationship between State-Party and sports throughout the shift of political legitimacy from 1949 to post-Mao China (1977–1989). This research has adopted an interpretive perspective to elucidate social construction and changes in political ideology that impacted upon the development of sports policies and systems in Communist China between 1949 and 1989. The transformation of China's state sports policy is treated as a synthesis of historical narrative, blended with interpretation and reflection of policy documents and interviews, in which key themes are fully explored. Data was collected from a number of sources, including official government documents, news media, and a series of 13 interviews with Chinese officials, scholars and people who experienced this transformation. The analysis reveals that Maoism in practice had a greater influence on sports policies than Communism in China. A contribution made by this thesis is its analysis of the relationship between the components of Mao Zedong Thought or Maoism, including the mass line, and sports policies after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), especially in relation to the early years of the PRC. Secondly, compared with the Maoist era, sports policies in the 1980s were less affected by ideological requirements, as political ideology in the Party and government policy began to transition into economic pragmatism. This transition fostered the growth of pragmatic and performance-based features in sports policies, which constitutes another contribution of this thesis to the existing research. Thirdly, the party-state system that was formed and developed in the Maoist era remained fundamentally the same during the next era, from 1977 to 1989. However, the launch of market-oriented reform affected more and more aspects of Chinese society, including the sports system. This led to the following contradictions: political and ideological requirements under the party-state system shaped the development of sports policy and system, while post-Maoist market-oriented reform played a profound, irrefutable role in the shaping of sports policy and system by promoting the modernisation of Chinese sports.

Стаття присвячена вивченню дискурсивних практик заперечення в міжкультурній комунікації як різновид дискурсивної соціальної практики. Багатосторонній характер міжкультурної комунікації визначає комплексність проблем вивчення міжкультурного спілкування з точки зору культурології, лінгвістики, соціології, філософії, етнології, прагматики, теорії масової комунікації, політології та державного управління. Дослідження прагматичного аспекту міжкультурної комунікації є актуальним з точки зору комплексного підходу, що сприяє виявленню картини світу народу, його способу життя, а соціокультурна обумовленість мови дозволяє встановити факти культури народу, що в міжкультурному діалозі сприяє кращому взаєморозумінню. У статті зазначено, що є істотна відмінність між соціокультурним простором та часом й мультикультурним простором.З нашої точки зору, сучасна ситуація вимагає розробки нових стратегій міжкультурних комунікацій, орієнтованих на активізацію не лише національно-культурних потенціалів суспільства, але й ментальних, духовних внутрішньо особистісних ресурсів кожної людини. ; Статья посвящена изучению дискурсивных практик межкультурной коммуникации как разновидность дискурсивной социальной практики. Многосторонний характер межкультурной коммуникации определяет комплексность проблем изучения межкультурного общения с точки зрения культурологии, лингвистики, социологии, философии, этнологии, прагматики, теории массовой коммуникации, политологии и государственного управления. Исследование прагматического аспекта межкультурной коммуникации является актуальным с точки зрения комплексного подхода, способствует выявлению картины мира народа, его образа жизни, а социокультурная обусловленность языка позволяет установить факты культуры народа, в межкультурном диалоге способствует лучшему взаимопониманию. В статье отмечено, что есть существенное различие между социокультурным пространством и временем и мультикультурным пространством.С нашей точки зрения, современная ситуация требует разработки новых стратегий межкультурных коммуникаций, ориентированных на активизацию не только национально-культурных потенциалов общества, но и ментальных, духовных внутренне личностных ресурсов каждого человека. ; The article is devoted to the study of discursive practices of denial in intercultural communication as a kind of discursive social practice. The multidimensional nature of intercultural communication determines the complexity of the problems of studying intercultural communication from the point of view of culture studies, linguistics, sociology, philosophy, ethnology, pragmatics, the theory of mass communication, political science and public administration. The study of the pragmatic aspect of intercultural communication is relevant from the point of view of the integrated approach that helps to reveal the picture of the world of the people, its way of life, and the socio-cultural conditionality of the language allows us to establish the facts of the culture of the people, which contributes to better mutual understanding in the intercultural dialogue. The article noted that there is a significant difference between sociocultural space and time and multicultural space.From our point of view, the current situation of the development of new strategies of cultural communities that are active in activism is not deprived of the national and cultural potential of the society, a lot of mental and spiritual growth, and there is no new pattern of new growth.

Досліджено питання, що виникають із можливості включення «продакт плейсменту» в аудіовізуальні твори, а також вивчено законодавче підґрунтя та основні нормативно-правові акти, що врегульовують використання цього виду реклами на територіїУкраїни. Автор наголошує на необхідності вдосконалення законодавства України шляхом порівняльного аналізу законодавства України та Франції. Практичне значення отриманих результатів пов'язане з можливістю використання їх у законодавчійдіяльності України, що відповідає сучасній потребі у нових нормативно-правових актах, присвячених досліджуваним проблемам та подальшому вдосконаленню законодавчої системи України, пов'язаній із включенням терміна «розміщення продукції»до аудіовізуальних творів. ; Автор исследует вопросы, которые возникают в связи с возможностью включения «продакт плейсмента» в аудиовизуальные произведения, а также изучает законодательную основу и основные нормативно-правовые акты, регулирующие использование данного вида рекламы на территории Украины. Автор отмечает необходимость усовершенствования украинского законодательства в результатесовершенного сравнительного анализа законодательства Украины и Франции. ; With appearance of audiovisual works and development of cinema production, we have got a new kind of commercial messages.«Product placement» is among them. Its amount of inclusion to audiovisual works and its budgets, spent for such kinds of messages, increase yearly all over the world.The author investigates the issues that arise with inclusion of «product placement» to audiovisual works, studies the legislative base and main legal acts which regulate the usage of such kinds of messages on the territory of Ukraine.This term is not defined by the legislation of Ukraine, comparatively with the European Union's legislation.Legal practice has shaped different approaches to incorporating «product placement» into audiovisual works from those existing in the theory of intellectual property rights. Therefore, there is a need, for the solid analysis of Ukrainian legislation and the law of practice, as well as the legislation of EU countries, in particular France, to investigate topical issues regarding the implementation of the relevantlegislative norms to the legislation of Ukraine based on comparative analysis of lthe legislation of France.The author highlights the necessity to improve Ukrainian legislation and make it corresponding to the legislative system of European Union. Such comparison is important for definition of «product placement», its borders of usage, necessity to inform the viewers about the presence of «product placement» in audiovisual works with help of pictograms, were included to the legal acts of European Union and started to be included to the national legislation of states-members since 2007.The author emphasizes on the necessity to improve Ukrainian legislation by performing a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and French legislation. Practical importance of given results is connected with opportunity to use them in legislative activity of Ukraine corresponding to current need for new legal acts dedicated to researched problems and further improvement of Ukrainian legislative system connected with inclusion of the term «product placement» to audiovisual works.

Previous studies have shown that factors such as the size of the company, the leverage, investment decisions, and the ownership structure influence the tax burden borne by companies. In this study, we analyzed the determinants of the tax burden of Ecuadorian companies, for which a sample of 27 877 firms were selected in the 2014-2017 period. As a proxy of the tax burden it was selected the effective tax rate. We analyzed how the size of the company, the leverage, the investment decisions, the profitability and operations abroad can affect the effective tax rate. The results shown that the effective tax rate has a negative relationship with the variable size, supporting the theory of political power, that is, that larger companies have less fiscal pressure, likewise it was observed that the variable profitability had a negative and significant relationship with the effective tax rate indicating that companies with higher profitability bear less tax burden. On the other hand, there is evidence that of a positive relationship with the variable leverage, which means that the most leveraged companies support a greater fiscal pressure. The variables capital intensity, inventory intensity and operations abroad are not significant, so it can be concluded that they are not determinants of the tax burden. ; Estudios previos han demostrado que los factores empresariales como el tamaño de la empresa, el nivel de apalancamiento, las decisiones de inversión, la estructura de propiedad, inciden en la presión fiscal que soportan las empresas. En este estudio, se intenta dar luces de los determinantes de la carga fiscal de las empresas ecuatorianas, para lo cual, se seleccionó una muestra de 27 877 empresas en el periodo 2014-2017. Como proxi de la carga fiscal se tomó a la tasa impositiva efectiva. Dentro de los factores analizados se seleccionaron: el tamaño de la empresa, el nivel de apalancamiento, las decisiones de inversión, la rentabilidad económica y las operaciones en el extranjero. Los resultados muestran que la tasa impositiva efectiva tiene una relación negativa con la variable tamaño, soportando la teoría del poder político, es decir, que las empresas más grandes tienen menor presión que fiscal, así mismo la variable rendimiento económico tiene una relación negativa y significativa con la (TIE), indicando que las empresas con mayor rentabilidad soportan menor carga fiscal. Por otro lado, se evidencia una relación positiva con la variable apalancamiento, lo que significa que las empresas más endeudadas soportan una mayor presión fiscal. Las variables intensidad del capital, intensidad del inventario y operaciones en el exterior no son significativas por lo cual se puede concluir que no son determinantes de la carga fiscal en las empresas ecuatorianas.

The article analyzes the main reasons for the slow adoption of blockchain technology, in particular, in the financial sector. The authors critically analyzed the main declared properties of blockchain technologies: trust, security, decentralization, immutable data storage, lack of intermediaries, hardware protection against attacks, and openness. The aim of the study are to show that these blockchain properties are overestimated, the expectations of its adoption are inflated, and the delays in its adaptation outside of cryptocurrencies, in particular, in the financial sector, are natural. The article is based on a methodology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific publications and statistical sources on the blockchain adaptation from the perspective of the theory of diffusion of innovations, the conditions and the specifics of economic and sociological approaches for consensus-building. The study resulted in the following new systemic findings. Blockchain and distributed ledgers are not fundamentally new technologies. In general, they do not have the properties of the immutable data storage, trust, anonymity, low transaction and adoption costs. All current consensus technologies have fundamental faults. Cryptocurrency technology is original, but it was a private experimental solution to a specific ideological problem of the libertarian political agenda. Consensus does not provide trust. Delayed blockchain adoption, in particular in traditional financial institutions, is natural, since the technology does not show better results than current digital solutions, and traditional economic institutions have greater public trust. The practical implications of the findings are that they may be used by investors. ; В статье исследуются причины медленного внедрения технологии блокчейна в финансовой сфере. Авторы критически проанализировали основные декларируемые свойства блокчейн технологий: доверие, безопасность, децентрализация, неизменность хранения данных, отсутствие посредников, встроенная защита от атак, открытость. Цель исследования — показать, что декларируемые свойства блокчейна переоценены, ожидания от внедрения завышены, а задержки его адаптации за пределами криптовалют, в частности в финансовой сфере, закономерны. В основу статьи положена методология качественного и количественного анализа научных публикаций и статистических источников, посвященных адаптации блокчейна с позиции теории диффузии инноваций, условий достижения консесуса и особенностей реализации экономико-социологических подходов к достижению консенсуса. В результате исследования сделаны следующие новые системные выводы. Блокчейн и распределенные реестры не являются принципиально новыми технологиями и в целом не обладают приписываемыми им свойствами неизменности хранения данных, достижения доверия, анонимности, низкой стоимости транзакций и дешевизной внедрения. Все существующие технологии консенсуса обладают фундаментальными недостатками. Технология криптовалют оригинальна, но была частным экспериментальным решением конкретной идеологической проблемы либертарианской политической повестки. Консенсус не обеспечивает доверия. Задержка внедрения блокчейна в традиционных финансовых институтах закономерна, поскольку технология не показывает результатов лучше, чем текущие цифровые решения, а традиционные экономические институты имеют большее общественное доверие. Практическая значимость выводов исследования заключается в том, что они могут быть использованы инвесторами.

The history of Ukraine has got many examples of how different personalities were able to unite and direct their efforts in meaningful way for higher purpose. One of such interesting pages is an activity of Ukrainian Art movement (UAM) –unification of Ukrainian writers in emigration, who after the end of World War II turned up in camps for displaced persons in Germany and Austria. The leadership of union helped to create such climate in the organization that would maximize imaginative work and minimize confrontational points among its members. The peculiar quality check of the organization and its ability to withstand the devastating tendencies was a debate in UAM about relevant problems of searching for ways of development Ukrainian culture in emigration conditions. Its starting point was Y. Shevelov`s report «The styles of contemporary Ukrainian literature in emigration» (1945), which he pronounced at the First congress of organization. The reviewer proclaimed the mission of new organization - to create a nationwide and a sub-region writing, which can reach worldwide recognition. The main direction of its development Y. Shevelov determined the creation of deeply peculiar Ukrainian literary style. The idea of national-organic style has caused mixed reactions and criticism in the Ukrainian emigration environment. The national-organic style does not anticipate a forced imposition on his writers. This style does not mean an isolation of narrow national limits and departure from European influences and traditions. It includes only blind copying borrowed samples. Supplemented the concept of Y. Shevelov with his ideas such persons as I. Bagryany, Y. Kosach, I.Kosteckii and other representatives of UAM`s, who defended national origin in literature. The most irreconcilable opponent of Y. Shevelov and his theory of national-organic style became a literary scholar, critic, translator V. Derzhavin. There were several reasons for the conflict between these creative personalities among which, in particular, differences between generations, to which they belong. In the modern scientific literature one can come across for approval that a deepening conflict between Y. Shevelov and V. Derzhavin led to the split and termination of the organization activity. Such an estimate is untrue, because the real reason for the termination of the organization was hold at the 1948 a monetary reform in Germany and mass departure of Ukrainian emigrants from displaced persons camps to the other countries of the world. Well, conflicts, which took place in the history of Ukrainian Art Movement, did not lead to the division of the organization into hostile camps, as its members were united by the common purpose of creating new Ukrainian literature, that would take a worthy place in the world culture.

The article focuses on the consideration of ontological aspects of harmonious individual and social being and their realization in the space of the individual existential nature. Internal conflict, the individual confrontation, unfolds mainly in the field of ethical knowledge around the concepts of the «good and evil». Both metaphysical principles of «good» and «evil» reproduce the binary opposition of «being / nothingness», «creation / destruction», «conflict / harmony». In the space of human existence, the internal conflict, arises to the problem of misunderstanding between good and evil. Therefore, the internal solution of the conflict and the overcoming of the internal evil presupposes the existence of good as an absolute ethical universality, which is revealed to man only in the process of self-knowledge. It is revealed, that unlike to the cognition of environment, the principles of self-cognition are metaphysical. These principles open themselves in the knowledge of heart, which is able to penetrate into the very essence of human existence and to reveal its uniqueness. In other words, knowing oneself does not imply the knowledge accumulation that provides the possession of knowledge and their usage for own purposes. In the format of self knowledge, «knowing» good means «being» its bearer, letting it in and bringing it into the world. Therefore, in the process of self-knowledge, the meanings are acquired only by knowing the good ethics, and understanding the difference between good and evil. However, even these ethical principles gain value only when they are transformed from the sphere of theory into practice, that is, the human experience of life is its virtues. Thus, to know oneself means to know in oneself that creative potential, a gift that makes a person unique and valuable. Therefore, through knowing and overcoming the negativity (flaws, sins, desires, illusions), one can come to yourself as real and sincere. On the path from evil to good man discovers knowledge of himself, the only center of which is his heart. It is it that teaches us to accept our neighbor, to treat ourselves from the standpoint of help, support, non-competition, envy, aggression. Thus, the potential of the cognitive capacity of the heart to convert evil into good is the most optimal. Because it involves elements of higher, sacral spheres in the knowledge structure. This is the difference between cardiac and rational cognition, work-related brain apparatus, characterized primarily by the processing of information transmitted by external senses. It is a perspective of research that is revealed in contemporary philosophical discourse as the knowledge of the heart that overcomes the boundaries of self-dictates.

This article analyzes multi-shift schooling and its effect on the quality of education in the city of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. Highlighted are the features, advantages and shortcomings of multi-shift schooling, achievements of middle-school pupils, satisfaction of parents and pupils with the quality and accessibility of education. Also evaluated are opinions on multi-shift schooling. After the downfall of socialism and a transition towards a free market, multiple migratory flows from provinces to the country's capital city have led to a specific increase of the population, and as a result of government policy to admit all 6-year old children into schools, as well as an increased strain on account of transitioning from a 10-year education system to a new 12-year one, schools have encountered a lack of funds, as well as a shortage of teachers and equipment. In an attempt to solve these issues, some schools have increased the amount of pupils attending one class to 45 or more, while also instituting a third shift, which has become common practice among many of Ulaanbaatar's middle-schools. Within the framework of a 2016 research project, the Mongolian State University's department of sociology and social work has conducted research and evaluated the multi-shift schooling system, while utilizing various research methods (survey, interview, observation, content analysis). Under the guise of a study called "Multiple shifts in Ulaanbaatar's secondary schools and the quality of education", conducted in 2016-2017, scientific approaches were used such as structural functionalism, phenomenology and exchange theory in order to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. A multi-shift schooling system, especially one with three shifts, creates some serious problems. Based on our research, the main parties concerned (teachers, parents and pupils) for the most part see it as detrimental to the quality of education, and as a liability when it comes to pupils' opportunity to enroll into the highest tier universities, given that those who go to schools working three shifts receive 20% less learning hours compared to schools working two shifts. Three shifts were introduced mainly in schools attended by children from vulnerable social groups. Such a practice creates social discrimination and violates children's rights to an equal and quality education. 17.9% of respondents who took part in our study receive an income of less than 185,000 tugriks a month (which is less than 80 USD), while 5.4% have no income at all. A three shift system of schooling has a negative effect on health and safety in the school environment, with an increase in the disease rate among children and the number of absences.

Introduction. The article examines the nature and essence of patriotism and friendship of peoples, their crucial role for the life of the Russian Federation. Over the past decades, radical changes have taken place in the political system of Russia, its social and ethnic structure, and a heterogeneous ethno-confessional society has been formed. The author shows that patriotism and friendship of peoples are the most important determinants, specific properties necessary for the integration of our multinational federation ensuring order and stability in the country, its sustainable and dynamic development, the gradual formation of new supra-ethnic and supra-confessional values, and general cultural identity.

Methods. The combination of applying methods and approaches is the key to studying the theory and practice of patriotism, recognizing its procedural nature, unity and opposition in the activities of the state and society, the interests of the government, political parties and social groups. The use of the polyparadigmatic methodology in studying the nature and essence of patriotism, in particular, the activity and civilizational approaches, the synergetic method, dialectic categories made it possible to determine the complexity and continuity of the formation of patriotism and patriotic work, to reveal dynamism and conflict, general and special features in them.

Analysis. Studying the real state of Russian society points to the weakness of systemic activities of patriotic education, preserving and strengthening the unity and friendship between nations. The lack of a common goal problematizes the search for a common patriotic idea, new foundations for Russian civilization, the common existence of nations, the construction of a welfare state and a harmonious society.

Results. The article reveals inadequacy of the declared ideas of patriotism and friendship of peoples to the policy and practice of implementing neoliberal values and the priority of individualism. The author shows that the process of further fragmentation and stratification, alienation and separation of people according to racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, confessional, generational, professional and other characteristics continues in society. The transition of already atomized individuals from the ethnic mentality and national behavioral stereotypes to a single patriotic goal – the all-Russian identity – is formal. Today, the activity on the formation of patriotism and patriotic attitudes of consciousness does not affect the deep, essential foundations of society, is of a festival and manipulative nature, and in many respects concerns only the military sphere, tourism and sports. The notes mentioned create significant difficulties in understanding the idea of the common welfare, genuine and false in patriotism, the definition of objective interests of the state, authority and society, social groups and individual elites. Modern globalization inevitably involves taking into account the national interests of Russia, the search for optimal forms of interconnection of civilizational and universal principles.

O artigo tem como finalidade abordar a expansão da política externa da Rússia na Ásia Central, com método dedutivo e estudo de caso na Organização para Cooperação de Xangai (OCX), tomando esta como uma Instituição cujo objetivo é a segurança coletiva dos seus países membros. Partindo do momento em que Vladimir Putin assume o poder já no início do século XXI até o ano de 2015, visto que são os anos cruciais em que o país inicia sua reascensão no cenário internacional, a Rússia, bem como a China, atores mais importantes dentro da (OCX), atuam juntos contra o terrorismo, movimentos separatistas, conflitos de fronteiras, tráfico de drogas, migração, dentre outras temáticas de segurança. Diante disto, por meio da Teoria dos Complexos Regionais de Segurança, será discutido como a Rússia tem feito sua expansão de política externa no âmbito de segurança na região da Ásia Central e como a Organização é fundamental neste processo, visto que a Rússia opta por ser um Estado forte e centralizador em seus assuntos de política externa e a sua participação na Organização é um instrumento internacional importante de atuação, com o seguinte problema de pesquisa: Diante da reascensão da Rússia no cenário internacional no século XXI, como o país consegue impor sua agenda de política externa em segurança na Ásia Central, por meio da Organização para Cooperação de Xangai?


Abstract: This paper aims to address and expand Russia's foreign policy in Central Asia, with deductive method and study of case in Organization for collective security of its members called the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), starting from the moment that Vladimir Putin assumes power no longer the beginning of the 21st century, since it is one of the crucial moments in which Russia begins its re-emergence on the international stage. As the main focus of the Organization and a collective security, a Russia, as well as a China, major actors within the International Organization, (OCX), act together against terrorism, separatist movements, border conflicts, drug trafficking, migration, among other security topics. Moreover, by means of the Regional Security Complex Theory, it will be discussed how Russia has made its foreign policy expansion in the Central Asian region and how the Organization is fundamental in this process, since Russia chooses to be a strong and centered on its foreign policy issues and its role in the Organization is an important international instrument of action, with the following research problem: Facing Russia's re-emergence on the international stage in the 21st century, which extent the country manages to impose its security agenda in Central Asia, through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?
Keywords: Russia; Security; Regional Complex; Foreign Policy.


Recebido em: Agosto/2018.
Aprovado em: Outubro/2018.

O Programa Jovem Aprendiz oportuniza a formação de jovens em determinada profissão, expandindo seus conhecimentos, por mais limitada que seja a formação profissional. A pesquisa qualitativa descritiva em andamento discute as coerções estruturais emergentes das práticas pedagógicas e dos discursos empregados por instituições formadoras dos aprendizes-trabalhadores, Camp e CIEE, parceiras de uma indústria automotiva de São Bernardo do Campo na preparação destes jovens para e no trabalho. Objetivando saber se a formação profissional no trabalho auxiliou um grupo de aprendizes, próximos a concluírem a aprendizagem, a se identificarem com as profissões escolhidas e se o tema acidente do trabalho foi suficientemente abordado, utilizou-se as técnicas de observação direta e dinâmica de grupo guiada por Roteiro de Entrevista. A interlocução sobre as falas dos aprendizes-trabalhadores quanto às suas identificações entre a teoria abordada pelas instituições formadoras e a práxis desenvolvida na indústria automotiva, e o sentido do tema Acidente do Trabalho, é mediada pela sociologia reflexiva de Anthony Giddens (2002). Os resultados apontam que para boa parte dos aprendizes não há correlação entre a parte teórica e a práxis laboral, sentem-se à parte da cultura organizacional da fábrica, reclamam que a disciplina da segurança do trabalho não considera os fatores psicossociais, e preferem ter um emprego ao acertar na escolha da profissão. AbstractThe Young Apprentice Program allows the training of young people in a given profession, expanding their knowledge, however limited vocational formation. The descriptive qualitative research underway discusses the emerging structural constraints of pedagogical practices and discourses employed by apprentices-workers training institutions, Camp and CIEE, partners of an automotive industry in São Bernardo do Campo in the preparation of these young for and at work. In order to know if the vocational training in the work helped a group of apprentices, to conclude the learning, to identify themselves with the professions chosen and if the subject of work accident was sufficiently approached, the techniques of direct observation and group dynamics were used guided by Interview Script. The interlocution of the learner-worker speeches as to their identifications between the theory approached by the training institutions and the praxis developed in the automotive industry, and the meaning of the Work Accident theme, is mediated by the reflective sociology of Anthony Giddens (2002). The results show that for most of the apprentices there is no correlation between the theoretical part and the labor praxis, they feel apart from the organizational culture of the factory, they complain that the discipline of work safety does not consider psychosocial factors, and prefer to have to employment in choosing the profession.

AbstractContemporaneous banking theories appear to understand financial institutions as intermediaries, relegating bank money creation through money multiplication outside the core of banking activity. This article takes a different systemic perspective, pointing to the dynamic and collective features that generate a banking system within and across financial institutions. Classic features such as bank credit creation, as well as classic issues such as bank runs, are reconsidered under the notion of a 'banking system' requiring coordination over time and circumstances.Our conceptual framework develops a heuristic model of the basic mechanisms on which bank money creation lays upon. This model disentangles the link between functional and institutional dimensions of the money system, aiming to include minimal institutions in economic theory and economic analysis of money. These basic mechanisms include: monetary financial institutions (bank entities) issue claims which function as money; they facilitate payments across agents in the economy over time and space; they increase the money base through credit creation; they hold fractional reserves and lend to each other. Ongoing bank activity involves cash and non-cash (accrual) processes occurring within each bank entity and across them. Each bank keeps currency money in bank deposits on behalf of other agents. But the bank activity is further characterised by the capacity or privilege to use these deposits, although the latter remain available for payment and redemption at will and at par. Moreover, the bank can create deposit by granting a loan to, or buy a security from a borrower. This bank capacity or privilege involves money generation that enables the bank credit manufacturing process. In this way, all the banks become interdependent on the flow of payments that are performed across them, generating the 'banking system'. Since each bank is structurally unbalanced due to money generation, inter-bank coordination is required to maintain the banking system in operation over time and circumstances. Both inter-bank clearing and credit arrangements provide this coordination at the inter-bank level, which is effectuated through central bank intervention, clearing houses and the money market.From this systemic perspective, 'systemic risk' and 'macro-prudential' management and regulation are new labels for recurrent concerns of systemic coordination. A careful combination of design and policy is therefore required to reach coordination in view to prevent or respond to local and systemic crises. Drawing upon this conceptual framework, this article develops institutional economic analysis and implications for shadow banking; systemic risk, interdependency and interconnectedness; the relationship between money and credit and the real economy; and the systemic consistency between functions and institutions in monetary regimes.