Suchergebnisse

В статье проводится анализ особенностей воздействия на общественные коммуникации и, в частности, на формирование в обществе субъект-объектных отношений, такого феномена, как «мягкая сила». В социально-исторической ретроспективе автор показывает особенности процесса возникновения различных её форм и объективных обстоятельств применения в разных эпохах и культурах прошлого. ; Management always been an essential attribute of living together in any community, and always varies in shape for its different members. This allows me to assert the soft power phenomenon was formed throughout the history of the state, so I considered the history of soft power using in ancient and medieval states as an object of my research. Using comparative-historical, political and legal analysis, I analyze features of soft power impact on public communication in Ancient Egypt, Sumer, Babylon, Old-Testament Jewish State, Cartage, and medieval Europe, and, in particular, on the formation of social subject-object relations in these regions. I pay special attention assessing the effectiveness of soft power in the context of religious, legal, institutional and educational practices. For development of advanced systems of 'soft' governance in the European countries the formation of cultural and educational centers has acquired particular importance, along with religion already in the Middle Ages Soft power has contributed to the maturing of the conditions for the emergence of early democratic mechanisms of social order through education and science, and this formed the basis for a public representatives' intellectual participation in the administration and government. Comparing the experience of the past with the present political situation, I conclude on the relevance of soft power in contemporary international communications, where it dictates the need to carry out relations in the international community through a search for compromise, the ability to hear the side of the opponents, to avoid unnecessary risks, etc.

The recent developments regarding a possible Grexit have raised concerns about the resistance of the Euro area to negative shocks. One way to assess financial stability of an entity consists in observing whether bad news impacting an asset market are later transmitted to other assets market. The study of stock-bond correlation is obviously central to this approach. Other uses of stock-bond return comovements include applications to risk management and asset allocation. The aim of this thesis is, on one hand, to explain the level of stock-bond return relation in periods of market stress in order to find whether there has been transmission of negative shocks in Europe and the United States. By further analysing the drivers of the correlation coefficient, we intend to deeply understand how it can be influenced and hence to obtain accurate forecasts. In the end, the emphasis is given to a way of handling stock-bond comovements in order to mitigate the risk exposure of a portfolio composed of equities and government bonds. Through our study of stock-bond correlation, we find the occurrence of various Flights-To-Quality and of a likely Flight-To-Liquidity, justifying the low levels it has been at lately. The analysis of the drivers indicates that the correlation coefficient is mainly influenced by investors' sentiment. A set of explaining factors having an explicit relation with it is obtained and then applied to manage to make projections of the value in the future. Finally, forecasts of the covariance matrix are applied to efficiently reduce the Value-at-Risk of a portfolio. ; Master [120] en Ingénieur de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2015

Katras demokrātiskas valsts uzdevums ir radīt sistēmu, kurā sabiedrības un interešu grupu iesaistīšana valsts un pašvaldības lēmumu pieņemšanas procesā ir pamatota uz vienlīdzības, atklātuma un caurspīdīguma principiem. Darbā autors aplūko situāciju Latvijā saistībā ar šādas sistēmas izveidošanu, jo īpaši, attiecībā uz normatīvā regulējuma ieviešanu saistībā ar lobēšanas aktivitātēm. Darba galvenie uzdevumi: izprast lobēšanas jēdziena būtību un nozīmi; analizēt citu valstu un organizāciju pieredzi lobēšanas tiesiskā regulējuma ieviešanā;aplūkot Latvijas Republikā esošo situāciju saistībā ar lobēšanas tiesiko regulējumu. Pētījumā autors secina, ka,lai arī nav pieņemts speciāls lobēšanas likums, tomēr pastāv samērā izvērsts un detalizēts regulējums saistībā ar atsevišķiem lobēšanas elementiem. Lai pilnveidotu sistēmu, autors piedāvā uzlabot normatīvā regulējuma ieviešanas kontroli un veikt grozījumus atsevišķos normatīvajos aktos. ; Every democratic country task is to create a system in which the public and interest groups involment in state and local government decision-making process is based on the principles of equality, openness and transparency principles. In this paper author clarifies how Latvia has succeeded in creating such a system, especially with regard to the implementation of the regulatory framework in relation to lobbying activities. Main tasks of this paper: to understand the concept of the essence and importance of lobbying; to analys other countries and organizations lobbying experience in implementing the regulatory framework; inspect situation of Latvian Republic with regard to lobbying legal framework. In this paper author concludes that, although there is no special lobbying law adopted, there are quite extended and detailed regulation in relation to certain elements of lobbying in other legislative acts. In addition, to improve system author offers to improve the regulatory framework and the introduction of amendments to certain laws and regulations.

The recent developments regarding a possible Grexit have raised concerns about the resistance of the Euro area to negative shocks. One way to assess financial stability of an entity consists in observing whether bad news impacting an asset market are later transmitted to other assets market. The study of stock-bond correlation is obviously central to this approach. Other uses of stock-bond return comovements include applications to risk management and asset allocation. The aim of this thesis is, on one hand, to explain the level of stock-bond return relation in periods of market stress in order to find whether there has been transmission of negative shocks in Europe and the United States. By further analysing the drivers of the correlation coefficient, we intend to deeply understand how it can be influenced and hence to obtain accurate forecasts. In the end, the emphasis is given to a way of handling stock-bond comovements in order to mitigate the risk exposure of a portfolio composed of equities and government bonds. Through our study of stock-bond correlation, we find the occurrence of various Flights-To-Quality and of a likely Flight-To-Liquidity, justifying the low levels it has been at lately. The analysis of the drivers indicates that the correlation coefficient is mainly influenced by investors' sentiment. A set of explaining factors having an explicit relation with it is obtained and then applied to manage to make projections of the value in the future. Finally, forecasts of the covariance matrix are applied to efficiently reduce the Value-at-Risk of a portfolio. ; Master [120] en Ingénieur de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2015

In this dissertation, I offer institutional pathologies as a conceptual framework to analyse the seemingly intractable problems in water governance, and relate it to urban water access, using the case study of Jakarta. In this context, access to water refers to ease of accessibility to water sources in terms of quantity, quality, continuity and affordability. Institutional pathologies imply persistent institutional deviants and dysfunctional behaviours in water governance as shared by multiple actors. Specifically I develop three concepts of institutional pathologies: patrimonialism, confidentiality and informality. Patrimonialism refers to the pattern of bureaucracy that is heavily centred on central government and a central figure(s). Confidentiality denotes the style of bureaucracy that tends to maintain secrecy of public information in the name of national stability and security. Informality, refers to meta-rules that shape the habits of actors. To study the relationship between institutional pathologies and urban water access, I trace the development of Jakarta water governance from the public era of 1977-1997 to the private era of 1998-2014. Using qualitative methodology and under the influence of institutional ethnography as the fieldwork research paradigm, the fieldwork chielfy employed in-depth interviews and documentary analysis as data collection methods to investigate the ruling relations. It is suggested that rather than merely being sourced from internal bureaucratic culture of specific organisations, that is public or private, institutional pathologies are produced by the ruling relations between multiple actors. Therefore institutional pathologies can be useful as a conceptual framework that allows for an advanced and pragmatic analysis, beyond the narrow debate of privatisation. It is suggested as well that institutional pathologies can be used to analyse other southern cities, which may experience similar problems with Jakarta.

The Ethno‑politics and the Status of the Sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The underlying aim of the article is to contribute to the understanding the relation between ethnic claims and policies which determine social relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the debate on the current constitutional crisis in this country. The present ethno‑political regime heavily depends on the perpetual crisis as the primary source of political articulation and action. Though the Dayton Accords ended war and established peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the agreement did not create a functional central government, lacking the capacity to undertake the reforms needed to meet the terms of accession to the European Union. The peace treaty designed future state structures around the very ethnic‑based power struggles that shaped the conflict. As a result, ethnic‑based politics continued to dominate political space. These politics, combined with high levels of international oversight have distorted the state building process, and reduced democratization efforts. Today, Bosnia's future is still uncertain. Political squabbles have seriously detracted from Bosnia's ability to engage in reforms needed to boost its economy and move closer to the EU. Conflicting ambitions of national party leaders is an important factor in this failure. Representatives of an ethnic group can veto any decision that they feel does not accord with their interests. This means in effect that all major decisions have to be made by consensus among the main ethnic parties, which is often very difficult since they have fundamentally different views on Bosnia's future. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently not in danger of being dismembered, awareness that the country cannot survive without multi‑ethnic collaboration should remain one of the guiding principles for Bosnia's ruling ethnically‑based political parties.

Abstract. Over recent decades there have been moves away from traditional forms of government towards broader practices of "governance". These moves are as relevant to the handling of natural hazards as they are to other societal concerns. Key characteristics of such changes include the emergence of multi-level governance processes, shifts away from the exercise of centralised authority towards the involvement and collaboration of a multiplicity of actors, the creation of new forms of authority and control, and changing distributions of responsibilities between the state and other actors. However, the extent to which these shifts have taken place across the varied national contexts in Europe and can be observed specifically in relation to the governance of natural hazards is not at all clear. Such developments may also be evaluated in different ways; where some might see progressive reforms, others might see damaging undermining of established arrangements. In this paper, we propose a risk governance profiling framework that can be used to draw out the key characteristics of the ways in which natural hazards are governed in a particular governance setting. The framework can be flexibly applied in relation to a specific hazard and national, regional or local context, and enables qualitative profiling across a spectrum of eight key governance characteristics. Past trends and likely future changes can also be represented. We discuss the formulation of this framework as well as giving examples of profiles for different hazards in different parts of Europe. We suggest ways in which comparisons can be made between governance profiles, providing a stimulus and focus for debate and discussion around the trends of change in governance practice that have been, and are continuing, to take place.

The decisive importance of Science on the development of modern societies gives Science Education a role of special impact. Society sets the requirements rules and procedures of Education defining what concepts and competencies citizens must learn and how this learning should take place. Educational policies set by governments, elected and or imposed, not always reflects the will and ruling of Society. The School as pivotal element of our modern educational system must look behind and beyond imposed rules and regulations and persistently seek a permanent and open relation with Society, in all its dimensions, assuming and defending its crucial role on the development of Society and humankind. Aiming to contribute to an effective implementation of a sound widespread scientific literacy and effective Science Education in our Schools and Society at large, the Hands-on Science Network promotes a number of meetings and conferences open to the widest range of contributions on different pedagogic approaches with the common goal of promoting an effective learning of Science. This book gathers a number of interesting works presented at the 11th International Conference on Hands-on Science held in Aveiro, Portugal, July 21 to 25, 2014. The different chapters covers a wide range of topics including different strategies on connecting school' science education with society and on synergetic relations between Society and Science Education, reports on good practices on formal as well as non-formal or informal science education, ICT tools, IBSE, active learning and hands-on pedagogy. We believe that the materials herein are a rather useful tool to assist teachers and educators as well as all interested in Science Education and its impact on the development of our ...

Over recent decades there have been moves away from traditional forms of government towards broader practices of "governance". These moves are as relevant to the handling of natural hazards as they are to other societal concerns. Key characteristics of such changes include the emergence of multi-level governance processes, shifts away from the exercise of centralised authority towards the involvement and collaboration of a multiplicity of actors, the creation of new forms of authority and control, and changing distributions of responsibilities between the state and other actors. However, the extent to which these shifts have taken place across the varied national contexts in Europe and can be observed specifically in relation to the governance of natural hazards is not at all clear. Such developments may also be evaluated in different ways; where some might see progressive reforms, others might see damaging undermining of established arrangements. In this paper, we propose a risk governance profiling framework that can be used to draw out the key characteristics of the ways in which natural hazards are governed in a particular governance setting. The framework can be flexibly applied in relation to a specific hazard and national, regional or local context, and enables qualitative profiling across a spectrum of eight key governance characteristics. Past trends and likely future changes can also be represented. We discuss the formulation of this framework as well as giving examples of profiles for different hazards in different parts of Europe. We suggest ways in which comparisons can be made between governance profiles, providing a stimulus and focus for debate and discussion around the trends of change in governance practice that have been, and are continuing, to take place.

La vigencia del modelo minero extractivo-exportador, desarrollado en Argentina a la luz de las políticas neoliberales en la década de 1990, es resistida por diversas comunidades locales, quienes cuestionan tanto las narrativas hegemónicas del discurso neodesarrollista actual, como las representaciones gubernamentales y empresariales existentes en torno al uso y explotación del territorio y medio ambiente. Desde la perspectiva de la Antropología Social el presente artículo reflexiona respecto a la conflictividad social generada en dos ciudades medias de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Tandil y Olavarría) en relación a la explotación minera canteril del Sistema Serrano de Tandilia. Al mismo tiempo posibilita debatir, por un lado, el lugar diferencial que el medio ambiente, específicamente las sierras, ocupa en los diferentes proyectos de ciudad y, por el otro, los cruces y articulaciones específicas entre procesos globales, el posicionamiento de los gobiernos nacionales y las resistencias locales. ; The effects of extractive mining-exporter model, developed in Argentina in the light of neoliberal policies in the 1990s, is resisted by different local communities, who question both hegemonic narratives neo-development speech, as the existing governmental and business representations regarding the use and exploitation of the territory and environment. From a socio-anthropological perspective this article reflects on the social conflict generated in two middle-sized cities of the province of Buenos Aires (Tandil and Olavarría) in relation to the canteril exploitation of Tandilia´s mountain system. At the same time, it allows the debate about the differential place of the environment, specifically the mountains, which occupies in different city projects and, for the other one, on specific linkages and relations among global processes, the positioning of national governments and local resistance.

В статье рассматривается процесс изменения правового положения легальных общественных организаций дореволюционной России, основные этапы законного порядка создания общественной организации (непрофессиональной, некоммерческой), проблемы и решения, появившиеся в административной практике. Раскрываются основные этапы формирования административного порядка открытия общественной организации на Дальнем Востоке, региональные особенности реализации законоположений, регулирующих создание и деятельность обществ, а также механизм действий дальневосточного чиновничества в отношении общественной инициативы. ; The article studies the process of changing the juridical status of legal public organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia, the main stages of legal order in establishing public organizations (non-professional, non-profit), as well as problems and solutions in the scope of administrative practice. The author reveals the main stages of administrative order formation in the process of establishing a public organization in the Far East, the regional peculiarities of implementing the legal provisions which regulate the creation and activity of associations, as well as the mechanism of officials' activity in the Far East with regard to public initiatives. The author emphasizes the following problems in administrative practice: the absence of clearly defined principle of legality due to the absence of corresponding statute, the contradictory relations between government and legislative bodies, excessive strictness of the pre-revolutionary law. The author makes conclusion that the process of unions' freedom realization is characterized by non-Oriental features and represents the attempt to create a new model of relations between the state and public organizations, aimed at solving social problems by relying on the support of local population. The foundations of forming the modern state policy provide a framework of legal and state associations. The article material is of interest to those who study the history of state and law in Russia and the history of public organizations in the Far East.

В статье рассматривается процесс изменения правового положения легальных общественных организаций дореволюционной России, основные этапы законного порядка создания общественной организации (непрофессиональной, некоммерческой), проблемы и решения, появившиеся в административной практике. Раскрываются основные этапы формирования административного порядка открытия общественной организации на Дальнем Востоке, региональные особенности реализации законоположений, регулирующих создание и деятельность обществ, а также механизм действий дальневосточного чиновничества в отношении общественной инициативы. ; The article studies the process of changing the juridical status of legal public organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia, the main stages of legal order in establishing public organizations (non-professional, non-profit), as well as problems and solutions in the scope of administrative practice. The author reveals the main stages of administrative order formation in the process of establishing a public organization in the Far East, the regional peculiarities of implementing the legal provisions which regulate the creation and activity of associations, as well as the mechanism of officials' activity in the Far East with regard to public initiatives. The author emphasizes the following problems in administrative practice: the absence of clearly defined principle of legality due to the absence of corresponding statute, the contradictory relations between government and legislative bodies, excessive strictness of the pre-revolutionary law. The author makes conclusion that the process of unions' freedom realization is characterized by non-Oriental features and represents the attempt to create a new model of relations between the state and public organizations, aimed at solving social problems by relying on the support of local population. The foundations of forming the modern state policy provide a framework of legal and state associations. The article material is of interest to those who study the history of state and law in Russia and the history of public organizations in the Far East.

This dissertation interprets gender-differentiated vulnerability to drought within a rural community located in the dry zone, la zona seca, of Nicaragua, a region that has been identified by the government and NGO sector as suffering from prolonged and, since the 1970s, more frequent droughts. A combination of gender, capitals, and vulnerability demonstrates the value in using a multidimensional perspective to look at the socioeconomic and cultural contexts that form the capacity individuals have had to reduce their long-term vulnerability to drought in Nicaragua. Due to the place-based characteristics of gender as well as vulnerability the analysis is mainly based on people's stories about the history of their lives. Based on these stories a local level picture is created of the households' situation over time, how their work strategies and management of resources have varied, and how they perceived changes in capacity and vulnerability in relation to continuity and change in the climate. The issue of adaptive capacity, which currently is less covered in research on gender and vulnerability and recognized in the literature as in need of more attention, and how it distinguishes itself from coping capacity in relation to vulnerability, is placed at the center of analysis. In an additional analysis of how Nicaragua's hazard management policies look upon the role and importance of interaction among societal levels and actors in reducing hazard vulnerability I show how the discourse has moved from emergency response to risk management with an increased emphasis on capacity building. However, the recognition to differentiated vulnerability is lacking which risks hampering a successful vulnerability reduction. ; At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 3: Manuscript.

Over recent decades there have been moves away from traditional forms of government towards broader practices of "governance". These moves are as relevant to the handling of natural hazards as they are to other societal concerns. Key characteristics of such changes include the emergence of multi-level governance processes, shifts away from the exercise of centralised authority towards the involvement and collaboration of a multiplicity of actors, the creation of new forms of authority and control, and changing distributions of responsibilities between the state and other actors. However, the extent to which these shifts have taken place across the varied national contexts in Europe and can be observed specifically in relation to the governance of natural hazards is not at all clear. Such developments may also be evaluated in different ways; where some might see progressive reforms, others might see damaging undermining of established arrangements. In this paper, we propose a risk governance profiling framework that can be used to draw out the key characteristics of the ways in which natural hazards are governed in a particular governance setting. The framework can be flexibly applied in relation to a specific hazard and national, regional or local context, and enables qualitative profiling across a spectrum of eight key governance characteristics. Past trends and likely future changes can also be represented. We discuss the formulation of this framework as well as giving examples of profiles for different hazards in different parts of Europe. We suggest ways in which comparisons can be made between governance profiles, providing a stimulus and focus for debate and discussion around the trends of change in governance practice that have been, and are continuing, to take place.

Исследованы методологические основы распределения рисков между участниками проекта ГЧП. Представлена авторская методология обоснования распределения несистематических рисков между участниками проекта ГЧП, преимуществами которой являются следующие: 1) она универсальна и может применяться к любым проектам, реализуемых на принципах ГЧП; 2) позволяет сформировать объективное по отношению к участникам проекта мнение относительно распределения рисков. Кроме того есть возможность определения в стоимостных измерителях степени риска проекта и рассчитать долю потенциальных потерь, которая должна приходиться на каждого из партнеров проекта ГЧП. Воздействуя на размер государственных гарантий, предоставляемой правительством частным участникам проекта ГЧП, а следовательно и на уровень рисков частных партнеров, государство может формировать политику стимулирования прихода в инфраструктурные отрасли частных инвестиций. ; The theoretical aspects of forming a financial mechanism the Methodological bases of distribution of risks are investigational between the participants of project PPP. Authorial methodology of ground of distribution of unsystematic risks is presented between the participants of project PPP, advantages of that it is been: 1) she is universal and can be used to any projects that will be realized on principles of PPP; 2) gives an opportunity to form the unprejudiced conclusions taken in relation to the participants of project in relation to distribution of risks. In addition, there is possibility of determination in the cost measuring devices of degree of risk of project and calculation of part of potential losses, that must be on each of partners of project PPP. Influencing on the size of the state guarantees given by a government to the private participants of project PPP, and consequently and on the level of risks of private partners, the state can form politics of stimulation of arrival in infrastructural industries of private investments.