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THE AMERICAN VOTER MOST OFTEN EXISTS IN A TWO CANDIDATE ELECTORAL ENVIRONMENT. WITHIN THIS CONTEXT VOTERS HAVE ONLY TO RELY ON PREFERENCE RANKINGS IN DECIDING WHICH CANDIDATE TO VOTE FOR. WHEN MORE THAN TWO CANDIDATES ARE PRESENT. THE VOTER HAS NEW OPTIONS TO EXERCISE AND THUS MODIFIES HIS PREFERENCE-BASED DECISION-MAKING APPROACH TO AN EVALUATIVE ONE, WHERE HE CONSIDERS OTHER CAMPAIGN INFORMATION BEFORE REACHING A FINAL DECISION. IN A LIMITED INFORMATION CAMPAIGN, WHERE ONLY CANDIDATES POSITIONS AND POLL RESULTS ARE AVAILABLE, VOTERS EXHIBIT SUCH EVALUATIVE BEHAVIOR, INDICATED BY SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF FIRST PREFERENCE'S CHANCE OF WINNING AND BY VOTE TRANSFER TO THE SECOND PREFERENCE. VOTERS ALSO DISPLAY AN AWARENESS OF THE TIME FRAME WITHIN WHICH AN ELECTION TAKES PLACE, CONFORMING MORE CLOSELY TO THE HYPOTHESIS OF EVALUATIVE BEHAVIOR TOWARD THE END OF AN ELECTION SIMULATION THAN AT ITS BEGINNING.

Das Institut für gesellschaftswissenschaftliche Information (INION) in Moskau besteht seit 1969. Es bearbeitet Literatur auf den Gebieten wissenschaftlicher Kommunismus, Philosophie, Ökonomie, Geschichte, Rechtswissenschaft. Seine Arbeit umfaßt bibliographische Erfassung, Erstellung von Referateblättern und "retrospektiven Informationspublikationen" entsprechend den Hauptforschungsrichtungen. Herausgabe eines Bulletins internationaler Kongresse und Veranstaltung sozialwissenschaftlicher Tagungen. Dem Institut angeschlossen ist die seit 1918 bestehende "gesellschaftswissenschaftliche Fundamentalbibliothek der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR". (WZ)

Supplemental material files: supporting information: online appendix; replication file ; This article examines how political conflict shapes ethnonational identities in contexts where a national group coexists with territorially concentrated ethnic minorities and qualifies the view that conflict polarizes identities. An often overlooked fact is that large numbers of citizens in these contexts identify simultaneously with both groups. Based on the research about cross-pressures, we claim that dual identifiers react differently to conflict than exclusive identifiers. We predict that political disputes harden and polarize identities, but only among citizens at the extremes. Heightened conflict should not alter the identity of dual identifiers, but lead them to withdraw from politics. The setting of our study is Catalonia, a territory with numerous dual identifiers and an intense nonviolent political conflict. Results from two survey experiments, qualitative interviews, and public opinion surveys confirm that heightened political conflict only produces polarization at the extremes, but dual identifiers do not exhibit this reaction. Our findings have implications for policy interventions, as they suggest that strengthening dual identities may assuage the polarizing effects of conflict. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement n° 334054 (PCIG12-GA-2012-334054) and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under the CSO2010-1853 (2010-2013) grant.