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"A brief reading list": p. 371-372. ; Mode of access: Internet.

We analyze development trajectories of early civilizations where population size and technology are endogenous, and derive conditions under which such societies optimally "switch" from anarchy to hierarchy – when it is optimal to elect and support a ruler. The ruler provides an efficient level of law and order, but creams off part of society's surplus for his own consumption. Switching to hierarchy occurs if the state of technology exceeds a threshold value, but societies may also be "trapped" at lower levels of technology – perpetuating conditions of anarchy. We present empirical evidence based on the Standard Cross Cultural Sample that support the model's main predictions

Cross-national research on cultural differences across space and time intersects multiple disciplines but the prominence of concepts varies by academic fields. Hofstede's dimensional concept of culture, to begin with, dominates in cross-cultural psychology and international management. Inglehart's dynamic concept of culture, by contrast, prevails in sociology and political science. We argue that this disciplinary division is unfortunate because the two concepts are complementary, for which reason a synthesis rectifies their mutual weaknesses. Indeed, while Hofstede's dimensional concept neglects cultural dynamics, Inglehart's dynamic concept is dimensionally reductionist. We demonstrate empirically that combining these two concepts leads to an improved understanding of cultural differences. Inspired by Hofstede's cultural dimensions, we use data from the European Value Studies and World Values Surveys for 495,011 individuals born between 1900 and 1999 in 110 countries and then show that change on these dimensions proceeds as Inglehart and his collaborators suggest. Most notably, younger generations have become more individualistic and more joyous. But even though economic development and generational replacement drive this cultural change, roughly half of the variation in national cultural orientations is unique to each country, due to lasting intercept differences in developmental trajectories that trace back to remote historic drivers. We discuss the implications for cross-national cultural research.

Combining salary data for permanent non-emeritus faculty at seven departments of political science within the University of California system with lifetime citation counts and other individual level data from the Masuoka, Grofman and Feld (2007) study of faculty at Ph.D. granting political science departments in the United States, we analyze determinants of faculty salaries. For the full data set our main finding are that (1) base salaries of UC political science faculty are slightly more strongly correlated to citation rates (annualized or total lifetime citations) as a measure of research visibility than they are to seniority measured by years since receipt of the Ph.D; and (2) that gender differences and subfield differences in salary essentially vanish once we take into account both year of Ph.D. and research visibility (as measured by annualized citation counts), while gender inequities would appear to exist if we did not control for both variables and thus may appear in the kinds of simpler gender equity comparisons commonly done within the UC system that lack any performance control variable. Also (3) looking across the seven campuses, despite the philosophy of common academic personnel standards across campuses, we find differences in average compensation levels even after we control for cross-campus difference in seniority and faculty research visibility. In particular, the three nationally highest ranked UC political science departments (UCB, UCLA and UCSD) collectively attach considerably less relative weight to seniority relative to citation record in determining faculty salaries than do the other four UC departments, have greater salary variation among those roughly the same time past Ph.D., and, on average, pay higher salaries even after seniority and citations are controlled.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to the evaluation of the existing management control systems within Southwest Texas State University and identifying both strengths and opportunities for improvement.

Starting in 1969, the Irish Defence Forces began to send its officers to attend civilian university in University College Galway as part of their professional formation, through the University Service Administrative Complement (USAC) scheme. Using a conceptual framework that combines role theory with James C. Scott's concept of 'infrapolitics', this paper interrogates how or whether full time, commissioned officers negotiate role tensions while attending civilian higher education as part of their professional military formation. Role theory would suggest that those who are expected to maintain two roles simultaneously, i.e. as student and military officer, would be expected to experience 'role strain'. This paper illustrates instead that student officers deploy a variety of infrapolitical tactics and strategies, thus creating an alternative route to negotiating role tensions and anxiety.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Whether creating rights and obligations for individuals — Constitution of the Netherlands, Articles 93 and 94 — Provisions allowing for direct effect of treaties — ScopeHuman rights — Employment — Right to equal pay — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 7(a)(i) — Criteria for determining whether treaty provision creating rights for individualsTreaties — Effect in municipal law — Direct effect of treaties — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 7(a)(i) — Whether having direct effect in national law — The law of the Netherlands

In dieser von Anfang Januar 1990 datierenden Analyse, in der er Rumänien bereits "sichtlich auf dem Weg zu staatlich-wirtschaftlicher Normalität" sieht, referiert und interpretiert der Autor die in den ersten Wochen nach dem Sturz und der Hinrichtung Ceausescus sich abzeichnenden programmatischen Intentionen und Politischen Weichenstellungen der an die Spitze des rumänischen Machtapparats getretenen "Front zur nationalen Rettung" bzw. des "Rats der Front zur nationalen Rettung" und der Führungsquadriga Iliescu/Roman/Brucan/Mazilu. Im Blickpunkt steht neben den innen-, außen- und wirtschaftpolitischen Absichtserklärungen der Front u.a. auch das "Gesetz-Dekret über Konstituierung, Organisation und Funktion des Rats der Front der nationalen Rettung und der Gebietsräte der Front der nationalen Rettung". (BIOst-hml)

Parmi les événements qui contribuent à la dynamique démographique, les migrations internationales sont les plus difficiles à appréhender. La plupart des pays du monde ne disposent pas d'instruments permettant de produire des statistiques régulières. D'un pays à l'autre, les définitions et les méthodes de mesure peuvent varier. Depuis le début des années 2000, les organisations internationales, comme les Nations Unies ou l'Union européenne, promeuvent des approches plus standardisées qui permettent de réaliser des comparaisons. Quel que soit l'indicateur retenu, la France apparaît en Europe de l'Ouest comme l'un des pays où l'immigration est la plus faible.

This study examined the teaching profession as the revolving power for national capacity building. No nation can fully develop in isolation of the teaching profession, just like the common saying that no nation is above her quality of education. The teaching profession is the pillar of education from where other disciplines steam. It is the medium through which the human and natural resources are developed and harnessed for national growth, development, and sustainability. Unfortunately, this noble and notable profession that revolves around all aspects of mankind has always been neglected and relegated to the background, due to the value placed on it by society. This has invariably contributed to a loss of motivation and commitment of the teacher to duty, thereby posing difficulty on quality delivery as such the achievement of the educational goal is hampered. This paper, therefore, reviewed the functions of the teaching profession in the society and ways to redeem its image to a cherished and enviable height.

This paper analyses the role of the Slovenian National Party (SNS) within the context of Slovenian political system and Slovenian nationalism and national identity. The development of the party is described and its politics is analysed. Special attention is paid to the issue of the so-called "erased" people (citizens from other former republics of Yugoslavia with permanent residence in Slovenia without Slovenian citizenship), which represents an important mobilisation theme of the SNS. The position of the SNS within the Slovenian and international extreme-right spectrum is explained.