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International audience A mechanistic physiological model of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica has been built to represent its three feeding processes (filtration, ingestion and assimilation). The mathematical formulation of these processes is based on laboratory observations from the literature, and tests different hypotheses. This model accounts for house formation dynamics, the food storage capacity of the house and the gut throughput dynamics. The half-saturation coefficient for ingestion resulting from model simulations is approximately 28 mgCl-1 and is independent of the weight of the organism. The maximum food intake for ingestion is also a property of the model and depends on the weight of the organism. Both are in accordance with data from the literature. The model also provides a realistic representation of carbon accumulation within the house. The modelled half-saturation coefficient for assimilation is approximately 15 mgC l-1 and is also independent of the weight of the organism. Modelled gut throughput dynamics are based on faecal pellet formation by gut compaction. Model outputs showed that below a food concentration of 30 mgCl-1, the faecal pellet weight should represent a lower proportion of the body weight of the organism, meaning that the faecal pellet formation is not driven by gut filling. Simulations using fluctuating environmental food availability show that food depletion is not immediately experienced by the organism but that it occurs after a lag time because of house and gut buffering abilities. This lag time duration lasts at least 30 minutes and can reach more than 2 hours, depending on when the food depletion occurs during the house lifespan.

Libya can manage a relatively peaceful and effective transition because part of the logic and institutions of the Libyan Jamahiriya paradoxically survived the 2011 revolution. The country must nevertheless decide on major reforms, settle the unitary state/federal state debate, profoundly reshape its political institutions, and create a new relationship of trust with its security forces. Only the latter could lead to the disarmament of militias. (Politique étrangère (Paris) / SWP)

What should be seen in pornography? Reproduction and recognition of gender representation. The criticism and willingness to limit the dissemination of pornographic representations has long been dominated by the respect of a certain moral view of 'morality', this criticism has for many years been taken up from a feminist and progressive perspective. It is therefore essentially a question of considering that those representations reproduce a certain amount of violence against women and of denouncing the gendered game and distribution of sexual roles represented in that way, in so far as they prevent effective civic equality for men and women, and thus correspond to sexuality deemed degrading and morally condemned in that regard. In the United States, where the First Amendment allows any opinion to be expressed unless it amounts to a violent act, the challenge is to show that violent representations are in themselves a degradation of women. In France, where the Penal Code condemns incitement to violence, the challenge is to show that exposure to these representations causes a certain propensity to act in a degrading manner towards women. Such tactics are intended to induce and found a prohibition on pornographic representations in so far as they necessarily mean that they are degrading. Against such a view, which prohibits any reinvestment or re-ownership of these performances by their viewers, Judith Butler proposes a different perspective: disrupt their media reception in order to make them mean other than as trade marks of a ; International audience ; What should be seen in pornography? Reproduction and recognition of gender representation. The criticism and willingness to limit the dissemination of pornographic representations has long been dominated by the respect of a certain moral view of 'morality', this criticism has for many years been taken up from a feminist and progressive perspective. It is therefore essentially a question of considering that those representations reproduce a certain amount of ...

In La Femme inloyal, an epistolary novel published in 1786, a Retive of La Bretonne transposes his own conjugal dears, revealing in a very critical way the supposed private life of his wife. That study wonders about the moral and social assumptions justifying the conviction of the 'unfaithful woman' and, referring to the factors which have, from the outset, hampered or even shocked part of the readership of that novel, analyses the ways in which the retive representation is offered by the partner privity. ; International audience ; In La Femme inloyal, an epistolary novel published in 1786, a Retive of La Bretonne transposes his own conjugal dears, revealing in a very critical way the supposed private life of his wife. That study wonders about the moral and social assumptions justifying the conviction of the 'unfaithful woman' and, referring to the factors which have, from the outset, hampered or even shocked part of the readership of that novel, analyses the ways in which the retive representation is offered by the partner privity. ; Dans La Femme infidèle, un roman épistolaire publié en 1786, Rétif de La Bretonne transpose ses propres déboires conjugaux, dévoilant de manière très critique la vie privée supposée de son épouse. Cette étude s'interroge sur les présupposés moraux et sociaux justifiant la condamnation de la « femme infidèle » et, revenant sur les facteurs qui ont, d'emblée, gêné, voire choqué une partie du lectorat de ce roman, analyse les modalités de la représentation que Rétif propose l'intimité conjugale.

This article focuses on gender issues in post-election protests in Iran in 2009, and more generally the place of women and feminists in power protest movements. Their significant representation in these movements lies in the gap between their gains in terms of access to public, material or virtual space, and citizenship, and their exclusion from the institutional political space. ; International audience ; This article focuses on gender issues in post-election protests in Iran in 2009, and more generally the place of women and feminists in power protest movements. Their significant representation in these movements lies in the gap between their gains in terms of access to public, material or virtual space, and citizenship, and their exclusion from the institutional political space. ; Cet article porte sur les enjeux de genre dans les manifestations post-électorales en Iran en 2009, et plus généralement la place des femmes et des féministes dans les mouvements de contestation du pouvoir. Leur représentation importante dans ces mouvements tient à l'écart entre leurs gains en termes d'accès à l'espace public, matériel ou virtuel, et de citoyenneté, et leur exclusion de l'espace politique institutionnel.