Search results

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Introduction -- 1 Triumphant Heroes: Between Gods and Humans -- The social construction of heroes -- Heroes as triumphant subjectivity -- The sacrificial core of heroism -- Rituals of remembrance -- Relics: The places of heroes -- Monuments: The face of the hero -- Classics: the voice of the hero -- The Hero's Dress for Everybody: Historicism -- Places without heroes: The evanescence of the sacred -- Notes -- 2 Victims: Neither subjects nor objects -- The social construction of victims -- Victims, perpetrators and the public perspective -- At the fringe of moral communities -- Remembering victims -- Before guilt and innocence: Victims as sacred objects -- Personal compassion: The victim as the inferior subject -- Impartial justice: The construction of perpetrators -- The discourse of civil society: The construction of victimhood -- Claims and recognitions in a strong public sphere -- Concluding remarks -- Notes -- 3 The Tragic Hero: The Decapitation of the King: Triumph and Trauma in the Transfer of Political Charisma -- Introduction -- Reversing the perspective on the center: The master narrative of modern society -- Personal charisma: Linking the king's two bodies -- The rule of the law: Accusing the king -- The public sphere of civil society: Scandal at the center -- The public space of the people: Scapegoating the center -- The publicity of the media: Dissolving the center -- Concluding remarks -- Notes -- 4 The Trauma of Perpetrators: The Holocaust as the Traumatic Reference of German National Identity -- Introduction -- Lost paradises: Germany as Naturnation -- Failed revolutions: Democracy without a triumphant myth -- The denial of the trauma -- Changing sides: Public conflicts and rituals of confession.

AbstractEconomically feasible approaches are needed for wastewater treatment. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical treatment method that removes various pollutants from wastewater. It has grown in popularity over conventional treatment methods, especially in industrial wastewater, due to its high performance and the ability to remove toxic compounds. However, it is crucial to reduce the costs associated with EC for widespread implementation. It is also important to decrease nickel (Ni) concentrations in wastewater to prevent potential health and environmental problems. Therefore, this study investigates Ni removal from synthetic and real wastewater using electrocoagulation. Zinc, as a novel electrode, was used as the sacrificial anode. Several operating conditions were assessed, including current density, initial pH, electrolysis time, and spacing between electrodes. The maximum Ni removal efficiency, after 90 min, reached 99.9% at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 when the pH was 9.2 and the gap distance was 4 cm. The Ni removal rate reached 94.4% and 94.9% at a 2- and 6-cm spacing, respectively, after 90 min. Anode morphology, kinetic modeling, electrical energy consumption, and cost analysis were also investigated. The type of corrosion was uniform, which is easily predicted compared to pitting corrosion. The comparison between chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation was also reported. Experimental results indicated that the maximum Ni removal rates reached 99.89% after 90 min. The optimum spacing between electrodes was 4 cm, and the optimum current density was 10 mA/cm2. Additionally, the kinetic data were best represented through the second-order Lagergren model. The results demonstrated that the electrocoagulation performance was better than that of chemical coagulation for Ni removal. The maximum electrical energy consumption was 23.79 KWh/m3 for Ni removal.

The article describes pagan objects of Ryazan Finns found on the ancient fortified
settlement of Old Ryazan. The first of them is located on the Northern Cape of the
settlement and represents the remains of a circular sanctuary with a repeatedly used
central sacrificial pit, several altars and pillar pits. The dating of the sanctuary is
narrowed to 8th—10th centuries. The article also publishes new materials obtained during
the study of the neighboring site — the Northern fortified settlement, where the remains
of a burial ground with cremations in urns were found under ancient Russian layers. It
has been established that the burial ground is culturally and chronologically linked to
the sanctuary on the Northern Cape. Thus, a new type of late I millennium AD Middle Oka
archeological sites has been identified. Previously, ritual structures were known only
on burial grounds, but the complex of the sanctuary and the burial ground located nearby
is revealed for the first time. Also, the nearby object of the first half of the 12th
century — the altar next to the foundation of the Old Russian Spassky Cathedral, studied
at the end of the 19th century, is re-examined. The authors examined finds from the
altar, including the image of an anthropomorphic idol. The current selection of its
analogues is given, its connection with the steppe zone antiquities of the 8th—10th
centuries is established. The comparison of the data allows the authors to hypothesize
about the possible origin of the idol from the sanctuary on the Northern Cape.

Introduction. The historic episode of the evacuation of 4,000 Basque children to Great Britain after the bombing of Guernica was a striking and dramatic event in the Spanish Civil War. Despite a forty-year period of oblivion, since the 1980s after Spain's transition to democracy, there has been a surge in interest in this topic, which has not subsided in foreign studies until this moment. Methods and materials. This article uses a problematic approach to select the most interesting and relevant research on such a specific topic as the evacuation of Basque children to Great Britain in May 1937. Moreover, such general scientific theoretical methods as: analysis, comparison, generalization and forecasting are used. Analysis. In the course of the analysis, the article investigates both the main directions of modern research on this topic and the approaches on which these publications are based. The most interesting author's conclusions and ideas are considered, a comparative analysis of publications is carried out, and promising topics for future research are proposed. Results. One of the characteristic features of modern publications on the evacuation of Basque children to the UK is their emphasis on the psychological component and cognitive aspects, but each publication does this differently. The authors pay great attention to the issue of identity and find many interesting explanations why, in the end, the self-designation of oneself as "Basque children" played a key role in the formation and maintenance of collective identity. All publications to one degree or another touch upon such an aspect as the formation of a sacrificial image of Basque children in the media, which pursued certain political goals.

The article analyzes the evidence on the role of dogs in the funeral rite of the Murongs — one of the Xianbei tribes which inhabited Southern Manchuria in the 3rd—5th centuries AD. It has been established that despite the reports of Chinese written sources on burning the sacrificial animals during the funeral ritual, the early Xianbi also had a practice of accompanying burials of dogs (whole bodies or heads). According to the evidence from the burials of the late 3rd — early 5 th centuries, dogs continued to play an important role in the Murong funerary rituals. The most representative complex is the tomb of Feng Sufu's wife (415) in Beipiao County in Chaoyang Municipality of Liaoning Province, which contained the accompanying burial of two dogs as well as images of dogs in wall paintings. The burial of dog's head and paws was also discovered in tomb 74AGM154, dated to the late 3rd — mid 4th centuries AD, near Xiaomingtun village in Anyang Municipality of Henan Province. The image of a dog made in extremely similar style to the murals from the tomb of Feng Sufu's wife, was found in the elite tomb No. 1 near Beimiao village, west of Chaoyang City in Liaoning Province. It has been shown that burials according to the traditional rite of the Murong Xianbei were also typical for the representatives of other ethnic groups, including the Northern Yan aristocrat Feng Sufu. He came from a noble Chinese (Han) clan which was under strong cultural influence of the Murong Xianbei. The funeral rite of the Murongs also underwent transformations associated with influence of the Chinese (Han) culture, which found its expression in the spread of tomb murals.

AbstractThrough engaging with everyday practices among student activists in contemporary Indian campus politics, this ethnographic study examines the breadcrumb trail between the left and self-fashioning. It focuses on a performative modality of political representation in Indian democracy by tracing the formation of biographical reconfigurations that implement subject-oriented techniques. The article charts their relevance in producing political legitimacy. It engages with the way in which personal reconfigurations are mobilized to recruit and appeal to both subaltern and privileged communities, thus generating universalistic representative claims and political efficacy.The study discusses self-presentations among leading left activists who are members of five contending Marxist student organizations that are active in Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University campus. It shows that reconfigurations are a hallmark of practices of social 'downlift' which echo the notion ofdeclassifying, a concept developed by philosopher Jacques Rancière. While embracing secularism and the legacy of political martyrs, the analysis illustrates how self-fashioning attempts to erase signs and habits attached to economic and social privileges through subverting and engaging creatively with sacrificial and ascetic tropes. Conversely, such practices find themselves critically questioned by activists at the bottom of the social ladder who aspire to social upliftment, including members of lower castes and impoverished Muslim communities. I find that the biographical effects of left activism are both long-lasting and renegotiable, shaping campus lives and subsequent professional careers. While such reconfigurations are not inspired by world renouncers of the Hindu mendicant tradition, these practices of the self might exemplify the historical cross-fertilization between long-standing cultural idioms and the Indian Marxist praxis.

This article belongs to the special cluster, "Family, Gender and (dis)Abled Bodies after 1953", guest-edited by Maike Lehmann and Alexandra Oberländer. My article "Violent Inclusion: Disability and the Nation in Polish 1950s and 1960s Young Adult Literature" analyzes representations of physical and sensory disability in some of the most popular young adult novels published in 1950s and 1960s Poland written by Krystyna Siesicka, Jadwiga Korczakowska, Irena Krzywicka, Jadwiga Ruth-Charlewska, and Hanna Mortkowicz-Olczakowa. It argues that the recurring trope that connects the novels—the overcoming of disability—serves as a synecdoche for the Polish nation overcoming the catastrophe of World War II. Moreover, it shows that compulsory rehabilitation functions as a way of including disabled subjects into a Polish post-war society. At the same time, participation in the "rehabilitative regime" constitutes a patriotic duty for a disabled Polish child or teenager and paves a way to a socialist citizenship. Rehabilitation is always successful and culminates with a child or teenager transforming into an able-bodied socialist citizen reminding of a successful, yet sacrificial, reconstruction process of Poland. My article focuses on the sites of the overcoming of disability showing that Polish nature, whether it is a sea or woods, is crucial to the healing of a disabled subject. This way, the writers accentuate the connection between Polish nature and land and a "healthy" body, thus reconsolidating their fantasy of "Polishness." What the novels ultimately testify to is the emergence of an embodied socialist subjectivity constructed through the corporeal rehabilitative practices and internalization of socialist values.

The new generation of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to be developed presents a great challenge related to the increase in maximum operating temperature since molten salt CSP technologies require alternative salt chemistries such as chloride. The cathodic protection strategy involves the addition of a sacrificial metal to prevent corrosion of the alloy tested as container material in a CSP plant. In this paper, aluminum (Al) metal was analyzed as a corrosion inhibitor in OCT and HR224 alloys, obtaining corrosion rates of 4.37 and 0.27 mm/y, respectively. It has been confirmed that the use of Al metal can reduce the anodic current which is directly related to the corrosion rate. The formation of protective alumina scales (Al2O3) was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the corrosion model results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy monitoring tests. ; Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia. This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018‐093849‐B‐C31 ‐ MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades ‐ AgencHia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, RED2018‐102431‐T). This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (GREiA 2017 SGR 1537).

During the waves of neoliberal governments in the global North, disabled women and men have been greatly affected by austerity measures. Drawing on feminist disability theory and recent discussions of debility, I argue that neoliberalism and its austerity practices are evident in recent Canadian policies. In particular, feminist analysis of fitting/misfitting, debility, and capacity help us to understand the particular impacts on women with disabilities of these policy changes. In addition, building on Wendy Brown's (2016) concept of sacrificial citizenship under neoliberalism, I illustrate the pervasive neoliberal tendencies at work in ongoing Canadian discussions of physician-assisted dying. These challenge and extend our understandings of the interplay between gender and disability in austere times. Résumé Durant les vagues de gouvernements néo-libéraux dans l'hémisphère Nord, les femmes et les hommes handicapés ont été gravement touchés par les mesures d'austérité. En m'appuyant sur la théorie féministe de l'invalidité et les récentes discussions sur la débilité, je soutiens que le néo-libéralisme et ses pratiques d'austérité sont en évidence dans les récentes politiques canadiennes. En particulier, l'analyse féministe de l'adaptation/inadaptation, de la débilité et de la capacité nous aide à comprendre les impacts particuliers de ces changements de politique sur les femmes handicapées. De plus, à partir du concept de citoyenneté sacrificielle sous le néo-libéralisme de Wendy Brown (2016), j'illustre les tendances néo-libérales omniprésentes qui sont en jeu dans les discussions canadiennes en cours sur la mort assistée par un médecin. Cela défie et élargit notre compréhension de l'interaction entre le genre et l'invalidité dans les périodes d'austérité.

Electrical and fibre optic cable connector assemblies are often required to operate under the very harsh environmental conditions experienced in the offshore oil and gas industry and on ships, autonomous underwater vehicles and remotely operated systems. These assemblies are frequently the source of failure and so must be sealed, mostly at the metal connector-to-cable interface. This is normally achieved using a polyurethane (PU) encapsulant system that bonds at the interface between the metal connector back-shell and the cable. In environments where sacrificial anodes are used, however, cable connector assemblies are prone to cathodic delamination (CD, oxygen reduction increasing OHconcentration at the PU/metal interface), which can compromise PU-to-metal bonds causing failure. Materials that are resistant to CD failure are therefore highly desirable. New EC REACH legislation has further regulated the use of hazardous chemicals in the production and use of polymers. New, compliant materials have emerged, although lack well-established performance testing. Hence, in this work, stainless steel 316L, bronze CW451K, titanium Ti6Al4V, PU and commercially available primers (PR24 and PR91) were used to investigate CD failures in cable connector assemblies and galvanic coupling effects. Data obtained from long-term sea raft exposure trials and flowing natural seawater tank tests were used, for the first time, to validate short-term accelerated laboratory salt-spray testing of these materials. The failure rate due to CD was observed to decrease in the order: electrochemical potential > polymeric system > metal substrate, strongly suggesting that electrochemical potential has the most dominant effect on CD failure rates.

This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. ; Flow Channel Inserts (FCIs) are key elements in a DCLL blanket concept for DEMO, since they provide the required thermal insulation between the He cooled structural steel and the hot liquid PbLi flowing at ≈700 °C, and the necessary electrical insulation to minimize MHD effects. In this work a SiC-based sandwich material is proposed for FCIs, consisting of a porous SiC core covered by a dense CVD-SiC layer. A method to produce the porous SiC core is presented, based on combining a starting mixture of SiC powder with a spherical carbonaceous sacrificial phase, which is removed after sintering by oxidation, in such a way that a microstructure of spherical pores is achieved. Following this technique, a porous SiC material with low thermal and electrical conductivities, but enough mechanical strength was produced. Samples were covered by a 200 μm thick CVD-SiC coating to form a SiC-sandwich material. Finally, corrosion tests under static PbLi were performed, showing that such a dense layer offers a reliable protection against static PbLi corrosion. ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 633053; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

This paper focuses on a passage from Euripides? tragedy Troades (415 BC) and
an imagery from an attic vase (cca 430 BC). In the paper I research in what
manner the tragic poet Euripides (for the sake of theatre art) and the
painter of one attic vase (for the sake of visual art), in their
representation of a mythical episode, both use motifs from ritual practice in
order to present their intimate thoughts and thus communicate with those to
whom this art comes in an exceptionally refined way. In the aforementioned
mythical episode, Trojan prophetess Cassandra knows that what follows is a
short life of a personal slave to Greek king Agamemnon and then a violent
death by the hand of Agamemnon?s wife Clytemnestra. The tragic poet diverges
from the inherited tradition and innovates the myth, so his Cassandra
?praises? her marriage with Agamemnon to whom he is actually a slave, even
though she knows that this ?slave marriage? will bring her death. Using
motifs from marriage ritual, Euripides gives to his character the personal
freedom to want the epilogue that follows, thus making her ?agreement?
meaningful. The painter of the represented vase uses the atmosphere of the
sacrificial ritual in order to contextualize the relationship between
Cassandra and the murderess. This paper puts together perpectives of
different academic disciplines that derive from anthropology, classics,
gender studies, theatre studies. Its special value and relevance lies in the
fact that it situatues the textual analysis within the framework of social
and cultural anthropology, considering the current interdisciplinary approach
in humanities in general and in classics in particular.

We have developed a method to alternate porous and dense dielectric films in order to build high refractive index contrast distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) capable of reflecting very efficiently in a targeted spectral range employing a small number of layers in the stack. Porous layers made of SiO2 nanoparticles and compact sol–gel processed TiO2 layers are sequentially deposited. The key to the preservation of porosity of every other layer during the deposition process is the use of a sacrificial layer of polystyrene that prevents the infiltration of the interstitial voids between nanoparticles with the homogeneous solution of TiO2 precursors. Our approach allows preparing a series of DBRs operating along the whole visible spectral range. Reflectance values as high as 90% are achieved from only seven layers. The particular distribution of porosity along one direction gives rise to an interesting interplay between the optical properties of the system and the vapor pressure in the surrounding atmosphere, which we foresee could be put into practice in gas sensing devices ; The research leading to these results received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 307081 (POLIGHT) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grant MAT2014 54852-R. MA is grateful to "La Caixa" Foundation for its financial support. FESEM characterization was performed at CITIUS, and we are grateful for its support. ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

Altres ajuts: Authors appreciate the award to DPD with the support of the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the Co-fund programme of the Marie Curie Actions of the 7th R&D Framework Programme of the European Union" and the award of Humboldt Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH), Germany. ; This work presents a facile reactive template route to prepare polypyrrole (PPy) with a given, chosen nanostructure among three different morphologies (i.e., nanotubes, nanofibers and urchins). This approach exploits the variability of MnO morphologies and its versatility as sacrificial template. The morphological evolution for this template-assisted growth of PPy nanostructures has been briefly explained. These unique architectures significantly enhance the electroactive surface area of the PPy nanostructures, leading to better interfacial/chemical distribution at the nanoscale, fast ion and electron transfer and good strain accommodation. Thus, when used as supercapacitor electrodes, a maximum specific capacitance of 604 F/g at a current density of 1.81 A/g was reached for PPy nanofibers. Even after more than 1000 cycles at 9 A/g, a capacitance of 259 F/g with 91% retention was achieved. Moreover, the same PPy nanofibers can be used as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), showing a capacity of 70.82 mAh/g at a rate of 0.10 C with good cycling stability and rate capability. Our results provide sound evidences that PPy nanostructures can be properly tuned and make the difference for the practical application of these materials in electrochemical energy storage devices.

This study investigates the credibility of the descriptions of pre-Christian cultic leadership and rituals in Snorri Sturluson's Hakonar saga goda. The perspective is one taken from the study of the history of religions. By using a comparative method, one which combines source criticism and philology, ancient ideas may be detected even within Snorri's reconstruction. Scholars have interpreted these ideas by setting them in a wider source context. Here it is argued that several ideas in Snorri's description in Hakonar saga goda may be attested in sources which are closer to the Viking Age, such as Skaldic poetry, runic inscriptions and archaeological finds. For instance, the idea that political leaders such as kings and earls were involved in public cults may be one based on ancient traditions. Snorri, too, was probably on firm ground when he stated that the rulers (at least the king) were supposed to take part in certain rituals while attending sacrificial feasts: rituals such as drinking ceremonies and meal customs perhaps such as the eating of horseflesh. That these ceremonies sometimes took place in some kind of cultic building or banqueting hall, such as described by Snorri, seems also likely. It is emphasized, however, that some elements in his text must be seen as suspect, as Olaf Olsen, Ernst Walter and Klaus Duwel have noted. These elements include certain religious terms, as well as the act of making the sign of the hammer over the horn. Generally, however, it is argued that Hakonar saga goda, if treated with care, may still be used as a source for pre-Christian religion.