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In this age of the overarching globalization and increased public sensitivity, conflict resolution is becoming more and more demanding both in terms of its goals and its techniques. The war has become almost forbidden, and old schemes of justifying wars no longer appear satisfying. Justifying war always seemed to be a hopeless task: at the same time impossible and necessary. Being tragic and often also absurd throughout the history, war is now facing the challenge of a change its very definition. Its nature of unpredictability and irreversibility, its constitutive rules of victory and defeat, seem to be in the process of an extensive change, with new aspects and issues emerging: criminalization of war, new ways of justifying military interventions, and a huge set of instruments of justifying "asymmetric wars", "wars on terror", pre-emptive and preventive wars, peace-making and peace-keeping activities, regime change strategies, etc. Just War Theory and its justificatory capacity is (again) at the crossroad: is it a new chance to further its development, or a sign of its end? These and other issues regarding contemporary debate about the war are worth further exploration from the philosophical point of view.

The paper discusses the basics of international cooperation in the field of combating illicit trafficking in cultural property. The directions of international cooperation in the field of combating illicit trafficking in cultural property and works of art are considered: interaction between international organizations, representatives of governments of UN member states, non-governmental organizations and the private sector

International legal scholars have long recognized the importance of the rules and processes by which states adhere to international legal obligations and "translate" them into their domestic legal systems. Research by political scientists on specific issue areas likewise increasingly recognizes that domestic implementation is crucial to international law compliance and effectiveness. Yet the lack of systematic data makes it difficult to assemble an overall picture of the relationship between international law and domestic law around the world, let alone to document its evolution over time. Recent qualitative surveys of state practice have begun to fill that gap, but provide only a snapshot in time and are limited to relatively few countries. Some quantitative projects cover more countries, but address only a limited number of questions based solely on the text of national constitutions.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: Victim Participation in International Criminal Justice -- Abstract -- 1.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 1.2 A Continuously Developing Field -- 1.3 Structure of the Book -- 1.4 Notes on Terminology -- References -- 2 The Application Process: Procedure and Players -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Players -- 2.2.1 International Criminal Court -- 2.2.2 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia -- 2.2.3 Special Tribunal for Lebanon -- 2.3 First Step of the Procedure: Submission of an Application for Participation to the ICC, the ECCC or the STL -- 2.3.1 Submission of Applications -- 2.3.2 Assistance to Applicants -- 2.3.3 Time Limits in the Application Process -- 2.4 Procedure Once an Application for Participation Has Been Submitted to the ICC, the ECCC or the STL -- 2.4.1 Assessment of Victims' Applications -- 2.4.2 Observations by the Parties -- 2.4.3 Protection of Victim Identities During the Application Process -- 2.4.4 Decisions on Victim Applications -- 2.4.5 Appeals Against Decisions on Victim Applications -- 2.5 Key Points -- Appendix-Steps in the Application Process -- References -- 3 Requirements for Victim Participation -- Abstract -- 3.1 Definition of Victims at ICC, STL, ECCC -- 3.2 Requirements: Tests Applied by the Courts to Grant Participation or Civil Party Status -- 3.2.1 The Identity of the Applicant as a Natural Person Is Established -- 3.2.1.1 The Victim's Identity -- 3.2.1.2 Persons Acting on Behalf of Victims -- 3.2.1.3 Deceased Victims -- 3.2.2 The Applicant Suffered Harm -- 3.2.2.1 Type of Harm -- 3.2.2.2 Direct and Indirect Harm -- 3.2.3 Causal Link Between the Harm Suffered and the Crime(s) Charged -- 3.2.3.1 Link Between the Harm and a Crime Charged Against the Suspect or the Accused