Suchergebnisse

Objective: identification of the influence of socio-cultural factors on the development of external labor migration and development of recommendations for its regulation by means of social and cultural policies. Methods of research: statistic, abstract-logical, structural-functional analysis, theoretical generalization. Results. The growing volume of external labor migration is a problem for economic development of Ukraine. This leads to the loss of part of profits by enterprises and revenues to the budget of Ukraine, the economic insolvency of raising wages to employees and a significant delay in the moment of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. We propose the following directions of social and cultural policies for solving this problem: increasing the share of the middle class in the social structure of the population, developing the brand of Ukraine in the European space, increasing the cultural standard of living of the rural population. Realization of these directions can be carried out by means of the socio-cultural sphere, in particular adduction of education institutions to the modern requirements of the labor market, increasing of prestige of Ukrainian universities, tourism development, improvement of public places, support of sports, intensification of cooperation with the EU in the field of culture, preservation of cultural monuments, promotion of the development of art in small cities, decentralization of management of culture, etc. Conclusion. Means of the socio-cultural sphere have a significant potential for influence on the country's economic development and are especially relevant for the current political changes in the life of Ukrainian society. Further research may be aimed at a detailed study and use of the experience of European countries in the development of the socio-cultural sphere and improvement of the prestige of the country in the world, as well as on the features of Ukrainian culture that can become the basis for forming a unique positive image of Ukraine as a center of ancient and interesting culture. ; Мета: виявлення впливу соціокультурних чинників на розвиток зовнішньої трудової міграції та розробка рекомендацій щодо її регулювання засобами соціальної та культурної політики. Методи досліджень: статистичний, абстрактно- логічний, структурно-функціонального аналізу, теоретичного узагальнення. Результати. Зростаючий обсяг зовнішньої трудової міграції становить проблему для економічного розвитку України. Пропонуємо такі напрями вирішення цієї проблеми: підвищення частки середнього класу в соціальній структурі населення, формування іміджу д розвиток бренду України на європейському просторі, підвищення культурного рівня життя сільського населення. Реалізацію цих напрямів можна здійснити шляхом використання засобів соціокультурної сфери, зокрема адаптацією закладів освіти до сучасних вимог ринку праці, посиленням взаємодії з ЄС у сфері культури, збереженням культурних пам'яток, стимулюванням розвитку мистецтва в невеликих містах тощо. Висновки. Засоби соціокультурної сфери мають значний потенціал впливу на економічний розвиток країни і є особливо актуальними за сучасних політичних змін у житті українського суспільства.

International audience ; Mayotte is the most recent French department and it is prioritizing the French language in order to facilitate its integration into the French republic while helping local youth excel in school. What is at stake is how this island in the process of identity (re)creation, can at once preserve its two native languages (Shimaore and Kibushi) and promote French. Because they are the future teachers, business people, and elected of Mayotte, it is important to know the language attitudes of the undergraduate students at the CUFR of Mayotte. To understand their linguistic attitudes, I carried out a two-part study: a survey with 211 participants followed by 11 interviews with participants from the survey. Results show a significant difference between attitudes toward the French language and those towards the native languages combined. Although participants thought that the three languages were important, they nevertheless laid less emphasis on the written form of their native language. For French, both forms carried equal weight. These results suggest that the role of the written form of Shimaore and Kibushi is not well-defined. The qualitative results confirm an opinion of uncertainty toward written Shimaore and Kibushi. Opinion varied toward the role of the French public education system and the preservation of the native languages, specifically in terms of bilingual schooling. The linguistic and educational situation in other French-speaking islands in the Indian Ocean is discussed. ; Mayotte est un nouveau département français, qui met en avant la langue française pour son intégration dans la République et pour la réussite scolaire de ses jeunes. L'enjeu linguistique est de savoir comment cette île, en pleine (re)création identitaire, pourrait préserver ses deux langues autochtones (le shimaore et le kibushi) et promouvoir le français. Il est fondamental de comprendre les attitudes des acteurs principaux de l'île, tels que les étudiants de premier cycle du CUFR de Mayotte, car ils sont les futurs enseignants, commerçants, et élus. Pour comprendre leurs perceptions envers les lan­ gues, j'ai effectué des questionnaires (211 réponses) et des entretiens (11 auprès d'étudiants ayant participé à l'enquête). Les résultats montrent une différence significative des perceptions de la langue française et des langues maternelles confondues. Les participants pensent que les trois langues sont importantes, mais que la forme écrite de leur langue maternelle a moins de valeur que la forme parlée, alors que pour le français les deux ont le même mérite. Ces résultats suggèrent que le rôle du shimaore et du kibushi écrit n'est pas bien défini. Les résultats qualitatifs confirment des opinions variées vers les formes écrites du kibushi et du shimaore et sur le rôle de l'éducation nationale dans la préservation de ces langues. Les résultats sont comparés aux situations similaires dans les îles francophones de l'océan Indien.

El presente artículo se propone analizar la acción pastoral de Leonidas Eduardo Proaño, designado obispo de la Diócesis de Riobamba en 1954; en un contexto en el que la población indígena fue considerada como hombresobjetos, hombres-mercancías y hombres-monedas de cambio. En la actualidad aún se observa la persistencia, así como una constante emergencia del racismo y opresión en sus muchas facetas que incluyen la marginación de los grupos racializados; peor aún, los ataques públicos a las vidas y dignidad de las personas indígenas. A posteriori, el artículo rastrea en el campo de la Iglesia progresista y de las Escuelas Radiofónicas Populares del Ecuador (ERPE) con base en el diálogo con las cartografías teóricas de los filósofos Achille Mbembe, Michel Foucault y en el del pensador poscolonial Franz Fanon, las múltiples maneras de liberación, lucha y resistencia, concluyendo que ningún poder es infranqueable; donde hay poder hay líneas de fuga. El propósito es evidenciar la manera cómo opera, a la vez, los impactos estructurales y la agencia de una población históricamente oprimida, configurando otras formas de acción política en alianza con el obispo identificado con los hombres del poncho; o sea, con los hombres impedidos de ser hombres. La metodología que contribuye a desarrollar el presente trabajo consiste en la revisión de archivos y literatura especializada, entrevistas e historias de vida a fin de examinar los horizontes de liberación.// This article analyzes the pastoral action of Leonidas Eduardo Proaño, appointed bishop of the Diocese of Riobamba in 1954; in a context in which the indigenous population was considered as men-objects, men-commodities and men-exchange currencies. Presently there is still persistence, as well as a constant emergence of racism and oppression in its many facets that include the marginalization of racialized groups; Worse, public attacks on the lives and dignity of indigenous people. A posteriori, the article traces in the field of the Progressive Church and the Popular Radio Schools of Ecuador (ERPE) based on the dialogue with the theoretical cartographies of the philosophers Achille Mbembe, Michel Foucault and the postcolonial thinker Franz Fanon, The multiple ways of liberation, struggle and resistance, concluding that no power is impassable; Where there is power there are lines of escape. The purpose is to demonstrate how the structural impacts and agency of a historically oppressed population operate, at the same time, forming other forms of political action in alliance with the bishop identified with the men of the poncho; That is to say, with men prevented from being men. The methodology that contributes to the development of the present work consists of the revision of archives and specialized literature, interviews and life histories in order to examine the horizons of liberation.

Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder which arises from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Currently, Brazil's advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP), developed for clinical research and therapeutic purposes, take place in the so-called Cellular Technology Centers (CTC), according to the Resolution nº. 9/2011 of the Collegiate Board of Directors (RDC), enacted by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). Objective: This study was conducted with the main objective of describing and discussing the development of ATMP for T1DM treatment. Method: A qualitative research, narrative review and critical discussion of the literature were under taken. Results: ATMP promote new therapeutic approaches for Diabetes, holding great potential to restore the patients' endogenous insulin secretion, improving their life quality, overcoming the chronic complications of Diabetes and reducing the socioeconomic burden. Nowadays, ATMP in T1DM comprise: a) cell therapy; b) gene therapy products; c) tissue engineering and d) ATMPassociated to biopharmaceutical products. Conclusions: Further research should contribute to stimulate public and private organizations to effectively act towards reducing the impact of Diabetes on individuals and the society as a whole. It is essential that Brazilian legislation closely follows the biotechnological developments, supporting the scientific progress and benefiting T1DM patients with modern and cutting-edge therapies. ; TÍTULO PT: Produtos Medicinais de Terapia Avançada no diabetes mellitus tipo I: desafios tecnológicos e regulatóriosIntrodução: O diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (T1DM) é uma desordem autoimune que culmina na destruição das células β-pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. Atualmente, Produtos Medicinais de Terapia Avançada (ATMP) são desenvolvidos no Brasil, para fins de pesquisa clínica e terapia celular, pelos chamados Centros de Tecnologia Celular (CTC), de acordo com a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 9/2011, emitida pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). Objetivos: Esse estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo principal de descrever e discutir o desenvolvimento de produtos medicinais em terapia avançada (ATMP) para o tratamento de T1DM. Método: Esse estudo foi realizado através de pesquisa qualitativa, revisão narrativa e discussão critica. Resultados: Os ATMP promovem abordagens terapêuticas para o diabetes demonstrando grande potencial para restaurar a secreção endógena de insulina dos pacientes, aumentando sua qualidade de vida, superando as complicações crônicas do Diabetes e reduzindo o impacto socioeconômico desta doença. Atualmente, os ATMP para T1DM compreendem: a) terapia celular; b) terapia gênica; c) engenharia tecidual e d) ATMP associados a produtos biofarmacêuticos. Conclusões: Pesquisas adicionais deverão contribuir para mobilizar governos e organizações para ações que promovam, de forma eficiente, a redução do impacto do diabetes nos indivíduos e na sociedade. Para isso, é essencial que a legislação brasileira acompanhe de perto os desenvolvimentos biotecnológicos, dando suporte para o progresso científico e beneficiando pacientes de T1DM com terapias modernas.

Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang hegemoni yang terjadi pada Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) Dinas Pemerintah Kabupaten Jombang. Kantor Dinas-Dinas serta gedung-gedung sekolah di Kabupaten Jombang juga ikut merasakan kehadiran dari kuningisasi. Hingga seragam khusus batik untuk siswa-siswi SD, SMP, dan SMA Negeri juga diganti menjadi batik kuning dan hijau. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji bagaimana hegemoni dan resistensi dari kuningisasi yang terjadi di Kabupaten Jombang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan hegemoni berhasil masuk ke dalam Dinas-Dinas dan juga Lembaga di Kabupaten Jombang. Hegemoni yang dirasakan berupa kebijakan dan anjuran mengenai kuningisasi. Meskipun anjuran kuningisasi tidak diumumkan secara resmi dari Bupati, perubahan dilakukan secara serempak oleh banyak Dinas-Dinas serta Lembaga di Kabupaten Jombang. Perubahan kuningisasi yang diawali oleh dominasi yang dilakukan oleh pemilik pemerintahan yang sah. Kemudian diciptakan konsensus yang dilakukan antara kepala Dinas dan Bupati atau orang-orang penting sebagai wakil dari Bupati. Dengan adanya dominasi dan konsensus tersebut akan muncul hegemoni. Meskipun Dinas-Dinas serta Lembaga merasakan adanya hegemoni, tetap saja ada beberapa yang melakukan resistensi sebagai bentul penolakan. Meskipun resistensi tidak dilakukan secara langsung di depan masyarakat umum, fenomena kuningisasi juga mengalami resistensi dari beberapa pihak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif serta menggunakan pendekatan analisis wacana kritis. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis wacana kritis sebagai teknik analisis data. Kata Kunci : Dominasi, Konsensus, Resistensi Abstract This study examines the hegemony that occurs in civil servants a.k.a PNS of official institution district Government of Jombang. The official offices and the school buildings in Jombang Regency also felt the presence of Kuningisasi. Moreover, special batik uniforms for students of elementary, junior and senior high school are also changed into yellow and green batik. The purpose of this research to examine how the hegemony and resistance of the kuningisasi that occurred in Jombang. The result of this study indicates hegemony gave influence succesfully to all of official institutions in Jombang. Hegemony appears to give the form of policy or recommendation about Kuningisasi. The recommendation of Kuningisasi was not officially announced by the regent but the changing was made simultaneously by many official institutions in Jombang. Changing Kuningisasi is initiated by the dominance of legitimate government owners. Then, it was created by consensus between the head of the official institutions and the regent or famous people as representatives of the regent. Because there are domination and consensus so it appears Hegemony. Although official institutions and agencies have felt that there is the existence of hegemony, it is not for some people who do resistance as a refusal barrier. The resistance is not done directly in front of general public and the phenomenon of Kuningisasi also get experience of resistance from several parties. This study uses qualitative methods and uses the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis. This research uses critical discourse analysis technique as analysis technique. Keyword : Domination, Consensus, Resistance

Visoka kakovost upravljanja storitev v posamezni občini pomeni zagotavljanje kakovostnega življenjskega okolja za bivanje. Namen naloge je obravnavati kakovost upravljanja v slovenskih občinah in s pomočjo statistične analize ugotoviti morebitno povezanost z indikatorji uspešnosti občin. V okviru raziskovalne naloge sem opravila anketno raziskavo o kakovosti upravljanja v 31 občinah v Sloveniji. Preverjala sem tri javne storitve: izobraževanje, zdravstvo in redarstvo v primerjavi s kakovostjo, nepristranostjo in korupcijo teh storitev. Naredila sem analizo povezanosti kakovosti upravljanja v občinah z indikatorji uspešnosti občin in pri tem uporabila kot statistično metodo za obdelavo podatkov standardizacijo, metodo rangov in Pearsonov koeficient korelacije. Najpomembnejša ugotovitev raziskovalne naloge je, da so občine iz osrednjeslovenske regije dosegle najboljše rezultate v kakovosti raziskovanih storitev in tudi, da je kakovost upravljanja povezana z indikatorji uspešnosti občin. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo na to, da obstajajo velike razlike glede kakovosti upravljanja znotraj države. Več kot polovica obravnavanih občin ima kakovost upravljanja na področjih izobraževanja, zdravstva in redarstva pod povprečjem. Analiza povezanosti kakovosti upravljanja z indikatorji uspešnosti občine je pokazala, da občine, ki so imele visoko kakovost upravljanja, so imele tudi najboljše vrednosti indikatorjev uspešnosti. Moja analiza lahko služi vsaki obravnavani občini za pregled stanja kakovosti storitev na področju izobraževanja, zdravstva in redarstva in pojasnilo kje iskati vzroke za takšne rezultate. ; High quality of service governance in single municipality means providing a quality living environment. The purpose of the research study is to address the quality of governance in slovenian municipalities and to identify, through statistical analysis, a possible connection with the performance indicators of municipalities. As part of the research study, I conducted a survey on the quality of governance in 31 municipalities in Slovenia. I checked three public services: education, health and city constabulary in comparision with the quality, impartiality and corruption of these services. I made an analysis of the correlation between the quality of governance in municipalities with the performance indicators of municipalities. I used as a statistical method for data processing standardization, ranking method and Pearson coefficient of correlation. The most important finding of the research paper is that municipalities from the central slovenian region have achieved the best results in the quality of the services explored, and also that the quality of governance is related to the indicators of the performance of municipalities. The results obtained show that there are big differences in the quality of governance within the country. More than half of the municipalities discussed have the quality of governance in the fields of education, health and city constabulary, below average. The analysis of the connection between the quality of governance and the performance indicators of municipalities showed that municipalities that had high quality governance also had the best values of performance indicators. My analysis can serve every municipality to review the situation of the quality of services in the fields of education, health and city constabulary, and an explanation of where to find the reasons for such results.

El alumnado con altas capacidades demanda una respuesta educativa que responda de forma eficaz a sus necesidades formativas. Se parte de la hipótesis de que si el profesorado conoce las características así como la forma en la que adquiere el conocimiento este colectivo, y además experimenta la metodología propuesta por la comunidad científica para responder a sus necesidades educativas, será capaz no sólo de identificarlo en el aula, sino además de adecuar sus creencias a la realidad de este alumnado y dar una respuesta eficaz a sus expectativas en el marco de una escuela inclusiva, tal y como propone la legislación vigente. Se emplea una metodología de corte cualitativo, basada en la investigación-acción, y se diseñan instrumentos para recopilar las evidencias que responden a este modelo investigativo, como son entrevistas, plantillas que facilitan la observación directa en el aula,cuestionario de reflexión y rúbrica de evaluación. Participan en la muestra 2 colegios, uno público y uno concertado, un total de 100 estudiantes de primer ciclo de Educación Primaria, 5 de ellos previamente diagnosticados con sobredotación intelectual, y 5 maestras. En la línea de estudios anteriores, tanto europeos como latinoamericanos, el análisis de los datos apunta a la necesidad de formar al profesorado de manera específica para que pueda reconocer a este colectivo e implementar en el aula metodologías adecuadas a su forma de aprender, que a su vez y en el marco de una escuela inclusiva, contribuyan a incrementar la calidad de la enseñanza. ; Students with high skills demand an educational response that responds effectively to your training needs. It is based on the hypothesis that if the faculty knows the characteristics as well as the way in which this group acquires knowledge, and also experiences the methodology proposed by the scientific community to respond to their educational needs, will be able not only to identify it in The classroom, but also to adapt their beliefs to the reality of this students and to give an effective response to their expectations in the framework of an inclusive school, as proposed by the current legislation. A qualitative cut-off methodology is used, based on action research, and instruments are designed to collect the evidences that respond to this investigative model, such as interviews, templates that facilitate direct observation in the classroom, reflection questionnaire and rubric of evaluation. There are 2 schools, one public and one concerted, a total of 100 students of the first cycle of Primary Education, 5 of them previously diagnosed with intellectual overdrive, and 5 teachers. In the line of previous studies, both European and Latin American, the analysis of the data points to the need to train teachers in a specific way so that they can recognize this group and implement in the classroom methodologies appropriate to their learning, and in the framework of an inclusive school, contribute to increase the quality of teaching

La evolución y las nuevas lecturas de los riesgos que azotan al mundo obligan a reconfigurar el rol de las instituciones militares y por lo tanto sus funciones de inteligencia. El salto desde la llamada modernidad hacia unas formas que rebasarían los postulados de esta y en la que las sociedades están sometidas a las lógicas del mercado y de la burocracia, las consideraciones sobre los riesgos y la seguridad, no siempre tienen que ver con las condiciones que ponen en peligro la vida humana, sino también con la gobernabilidad, la estabilidad económica, la opinión pública, entre otras problemáticas. Desde la perspectiva de Anthony Giddens y Ulrich Beck, se hará una reflexión sobre las dimensiones que deben tomar en cuenta la inteligencia militar en los ejércitos contemporáneos, ajustadas a realidades en que los "sistemas abstractos" predominan y que exigen desarrollar una inteligencia estratégica que no se constriñe únicamente al ámbito nacional y de soberanía territorial. Para esto se tomará como ejemplo las prioridades actuales de la inteligencia militar en Ecuador y las necesidades de reinventarse cuando se encuentran en unas condiciones de transición de un modelo tradicional hacia uno global, más aún cuando tienen que actuar en este contexto de riesgo, con medios que no se ajustan a esta realidad, toda vez que la capacidad científico-tecnológica y, por tanto, las concepciones doctrinarias de inteligencia, no se inscriben todavía en las dinámicas globalizadoras.


Abstract
Development and new lectures regarding world's current risks compel us to reconfigure the role of military institutions and, therefore, their purpose regarding intelligence. The transition from modernity to new forms that would exceed its postulates , in which societies are summited to the logics of market and bureaucracy, as well as the analysis about risks and security are not always related to the conditions that could be considered a threat to human life, but also to governability, economic stability, public opinion, among other problems. From the perspective of Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck, there will be a reflection about the dimensions that must be considered by military intelligence of contemporary army forces, adjusted to realities where the "abstract systems" dominate and demand the development of a strategic intelligence that doesn't constrict itself to cover national and territorial sovereignty issues only. In order to achieve this there will be an examination of nowadays priorities for the military intelligence of Ecuador and the necessity to reinvent itself during the transition from a traditional to a global outline, moreover, when they have to act in this risk context, with sources that do not adjust to this reality, since the scientific-technological capacity and, therefore, the intelligence doctrinal conceptions, are not still inscribed in the globalizing dynamics.

The war between France and the Spanish Monarchy (1635-1659) brought back the high-scale land war to the Iberian territories after decades of just maritime attacks. That implied that the human and economical burdens for outside wars now increased by the ones of the «war at home». The soldiers set out to Flanders or Milan were now to stay also in the Iberian kingdoms. Thus, a population not accustomed to large accommodations had to lodge thousands of soldiers. The communal living of the later and the local habitants caused clashes between them, which occasionally caused public unrests, as happened in Catalonia in 1640. This paper analyses the accommodation that took place the year before in the west area of the Pyrenees, where one of the first peninsular armies was during the winter of 1638-1639 lodget, the Army of Cantabria, and its consequences. We focus on how the local institutions opposed this decision on the basis of their code of laws and privileges, and some other 'reasons', and how the Crown tried to counteract. To this end, we analyse two main document archives: the documents of the main commands and members of the war administration kept in the General Archive of Simancas, and the minutes of the local institutions, in order to observe their attitudes. ; El conflicto que estalló en 1635 entre Francia y la Monarquía Hispánica convulsionó los territorios ibéricos, pues hacía décadas que estos no padecían una contienda terrestre de tal magnitud. A los costes económicos y humanos que hasta la fecha habían acarreado las guerras exteriores se añadía ahora el sustento de la guerra «en casa». Los soldados antes dirigidos a Milán o Flandes pasarían a establecerse también en los reinos ibéricos. Ello ocasionó que unas poblaciones escasamente acostumbradas a los alojamientos masivos de soldados los padecieran, produciéndose tensiones y enfrentamientos entre estos y los vecinos, y que podían llegar a generar movimientos de descontentos, como sucedió en Cataluña en 1640. En este artículo analizamos lo sucedido apenas un año antes en el otro extremo de los Pirineos, donde hubo que alojar uno de los primeros ejércitos reales en la península ibérica, el de Cantabria, y las consecuencias que tuvo su estancia en el invierno de 1638-1639 sobre las poblaciones locales y los territorios. Prestaremos especial atención a los fueros y privilegios que las instituciones locales y determinados colectivos opusieron a los alojamientos, así como las medidas adoptadas por la Corona para contrarrestarlos. Pero también observaremos que estos no fueron los únicos argumentos que manejaron aquellos para conseguir liberarse de esa pesada carga. Para ello analizaremos la documentación del Archivo General de Simancas generada por los mandos militares y órganos y ministros de la Corona, y las actas de los órganos de gobierno provinciales, que permiten reconstruir las actuaciones y actitudes de los naturales y las instituciones.

Although parole is promoted by international recommendations, by the Penal Enforcement Law of Lithuania, by the Probation Law of Lithuania and by many criminal justice professionals, the application of parole decreases in Lithuanian case law. Jurisprudence parole cases show that in considering parole cases, court decisions are often based on very different criteria, and in some cases the same criteria are interpreted differently. Furthermore, despite more favorable opportunities to evaluate the criminal behavior risk of the convict reaching parole, the courts still tend to rely on slightly different criteria characterizing the convict. What is more, although parole legislation is becoming more liberal, according with the statistics, the recent percentage of paroled persons has been decreasing. Considering recent tendencies of parole application, it is unclear what factors may influence the existing differences of court practice, motives of parole application or declination and the relatively small number of paroled persons. In order to answer these questions, the authors of this study decided to examine the problems of parole application from several different perspectives. Authors conveyed a study that aimed at analyzing the work of parole boards and factors, which influence their parole decisions. Also, during this study, authors examined the peculiarities of judge parole decision-making. The study was intended to cover a wide range of factors that may influence parole application, so the authors did not limit the study to the court practice, but instead looked at the peculiarities of particular parole stages. During the empirical qualitative research, 7 interviews with judges and 8 interviews with the parole board members were performed, in accordance with the principle of the saturation of data. The research results should help both theorists and practitioners see parole from the point of view of judges and the parole board members; they should encourage dialogue as well as collaboration among judges that make decisions, the employees of penitentiary institutions and representatives of the public. In addition, the results should help to discover constructive ways of solving current parole problems and provide recommendations concerning a more fluent way of applying this institute. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama asmenų lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų problematika Lietuvoje. Kokybinio tyrimo metu gilintasi į lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų komisijų darbą, taip pat buvo nagrinėjami teisėjų darbo ir sprendimų priėmimo ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas: atlikus interviu su teisėjais ir lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų komisijų nariais nustatyti pagrindines priežastis, kodėl lygtinio paleidimo taikymas Lietuvos teismų praktikoje nuo 2003 m. iki 2015 m. nuolat mažėjo ir šiuo metu lygtinai paleidžiama mažiau asmenų, nei atlikusių visą bausmę. Straipsnyje pateikiamos išvados turėtų padėti teoretikams ir praktikams pamatyti lygtinį paleidimą teisėjų ir lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų komisijų narių akimis bei paskatinti dialogą tarp sprendimus priimančių teisėjų, pataisos namų darbuotojų, visuomenės atstovų.

La regulación jurídica de las relaciones entre el Estado y las Iglesias, o entre el Estado y el fenómeno religioso, está íntimamente relacionada en los países europeos con la historia nacional de cada país. Por este motivo, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, una jurisdicción necesariamente comprometida con la integración de las diferencias nacionales, ha sido especialmente respetuoso con el «margen de apreciación nacional» de las autoridades estatales a la hora de regular la gestión del pluralismo religioso. Ahora bien, esto no ha impedido la afirmación por parte del TEDH del valor objetivo de la libertad religiosa, ni la asunción de la laicidad del Estado, como un elemento consustancial al sistema democrático, y por lo tanto, como un valor integrante del orden público europeo. El hecho de que la laicidad haya sido erigida en uno de los valores de la Convención exige plantearnos cuáles son los contornos jurídicos de este principio. En definitiva, de qué laicidad estamos hablando. En este artículo, se defenderá que, dentro del ámbito del Convenio, y tomando en consideración la importancia objetiva de la libertad religiosa, la laicidad ha de entenderse como un principio indeclinable dentro del Estado de Derecho, pero también en un sentido de mínimos, y por lo tanto, en ningún caso asimilable, a los concretos perfiles que adquiere este principio en ordenamientos como el francés o el turco, donde, según circunstancias históricas y sociales, el principio de laicidad legitima determinadas ingerencias en la manifestación del derecho a la libertad religiosa. ; In Europe, legal regulation of the relationship between the State and the churches, or between the State and the religious phenomenon, is closely linked to the national history of each country. Therefore, the European Court of Human Rights, a jurisdiction that is necessarily committed to the integration of national disparities, has been especially respectful with the «margin of national appreciation» of State authorities when it comes to regulate the management of religious pluralism. Nonetheless, this has not prevented the ECHR from stating the objective value of religious freedom, and the assumption of State secularism as an inherent element of the democratic system, and thus as a value that integrates the European public order. The fact that secularism has been erected as one of the Convention values calls for a better definition of the juridical outline of this principle, that is, to determine what is meant as secularism. In this article we purport that, within the Convention scope, and considering the objective relevance of religious freedom, secularism should be understood both as a principle inalienable of the State based on the rule of law, and as a minimum threshold, and hence it is inassimilable to the specific profiles of this principle in the French and Turkish legal systems, in which the principle of secularism legitimates certain infringements of the right to religious freedom on historical and social grounds

Customary law is the law of life and as a guideline to behave in social life. While the government through Presidential Decree No. 9 of 2000 on Gender Pengharusutaan in National Development. In connection with these two problem are; 1). What is the meaning of the gender ideology? and 2). How the ideological implications of the customary law of Bali? This study is a socio-legal, where field data as primary data. The results of the study addressed that there are two groups; The first group's view justify Balinese customary law is sound and reflects the uniqueness of Balinese society, women are not involved in decision-making in the family, a decision was taken on the deal man. In the field of inheritance girls are not taken into account. So the first group did not reflect the views of gender ideology, while the second group's view, gave the reason that customary law is difficult to change, to change requires public awareness, awig-awig has not set things up in accordance with the development of society and legislation can be made perarem. Most respondents have not gender responsive and only a small portion gender responsive and progressive-minded. Thus gender ideology customary law is not implicated in Bali. Factors that become barriers that the legal culture of the Balinese people, the patriarchal customary law is still strong binding Balinese life. The conclusion that the meaning of gender ideology implies equality of men and women and it is not affected by the customary law of Bali, because of the legal culture of society and customary law still strong binding. Hukum adat adalah hukum kehidupan dan sebagai pedoman untuk berperilaku dalam kehidupan sosial. Sedangkan pemerintah melalui Keputusan Presiden Nomor 9 Tahun 2000 tentang Kesehatan Jender dalam Pembangunan Nasional. Sehubungan dengan kedua masalah tersebut adalah; 1). Apa arti ideologi gender? Dan 2). Apa implikasi ideologis hukum adat Bali? Penelitian ini bersifat sosio-legal, dimana data lapangan sebagai data primer. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa ada dua kelompok; Pandangan kelompok pertama tentang membenarkan hukum adat Bali adalah suara dan mencerminkan keunikan Bali, wanita tidak terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan di dalam keluarga, sebuah keputusan dibuat berdasarkan kesepakatan manusia. Di bidang warisan anak perempuan tidak diperhitungkan. Jadi kelompok pertama tidak mencerminkan pandangan ideologi gender, sedangkan pandangan kelompok kedua, dengan alasan bahwa hukum adat sulit untuk berubah, untuk berubah membutuhkan kesadaran masyarakat, awig awig tidak mengatur segala sesuatu sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat. Dan perundang-undangan bisa dibuat perarem. Sebagian besar responden belum responsif terhadap gender dan hanya sedikit yang responsif terhadap gender dan progresif. Dengan demikian ideologi gender hukum adat tidak dilibatkan di Bali. Faktor-faktor yang menghambat budaya hukum masyarakat Bali, hukum adat patriarkhi masih mengikat kehidupan masyarakat Bali yang kuat. Kesimpulan bahwa makna ideologi gender menyiratkan kesetaraan laki-laki dan perempuan dan tidak terpengaruh oleh hukum adat Bali, karena budaya hukum masyarakat dan hukum adat yang mengikat.

Includes bibliographical references. ; 2017 Spring. ; A gasoline subsidy distorts the gasoline market with the resulting inefficiencies and takes substantial revenues that arguably could be spent elsewhere with a better impact on economic growth. Governments with such subsidies are aware of their cost yet face difficulties in removing the policy because of strong resistance from the public. This thesis discusses in three essays the problem faced by the government in removing the gasoline subsidy and provides an alternative policy in reducing the subsidy cost applied to the case of Indonesia. In the first essay, we examine the decision-making process from the government's perspective that has an objective of generating savings to fund other programs while maintaining political power, and the influence that the general population has over the decision. Despite the immense literature on political power, there has yet to be any research that mathematically models the decision-making process of a government with influences from the general population. Under the benchmark scenario, the equilibrium strategy is to keep the subsidy intact. However, the results are found to be very sensitive to the magnitude of the shift in political power as well as the preferences of both the government and the people. In the second essay, we estimate the cross-price elasticity of regular gasoline with respect to premium gasoline price. The importance of such knowledge is to accurately determine the impact of fuel pricing policy that tends to have different rates of tax or subsidy depending on the grade of gasoline. Using data on the Mexican gasoline market, regular gasoline demand is estimated with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Endogeneity of the price and structural break are also investigated. The cross-price elasticities between regular and premium gasoline is found to be -0.895, which confirms high substitutability among gasoline with different grades. In the third essay, we look at the unique case of Indonesia that only provides a subsidy for regular gasoline and in turn proposes an alternative policy that introduces a subsidy for premium gasoline at a lower rate to reduce the overall gasoline subsidy cost. There has yet to be any research that simulates price controls for gasoline with different grades. Simulations based on the calibrated demand are performed and the results confirm the existence of potential savings that are largely determined by the cross-price elasticities between regular and premium gasoline. The benchmark scenario, based on a recent study of substitutability between gasoline by grades, results in an 11.5% reduction in subsidy cost of around 950 million USD with a subsidy rate of Rp 2,254/liter. Furthermore, the optimal rate of subsidy for premium gasoline results in a reduction of inefficiency as consumers' welfare increase by 6.8 trillion rupiahs (or 560 million USD).

International crises are dangerous episodes that can be destabilizing not only to the actors directly involved but also to the entire international system. Crises can present overwhelming challenges to established institutions and change forever the distribution of power. It is suggested that the stability of a political regime is demonstrated by its ability to avoid transformation as well as breakdown at times of crisis when the continuity of the regime's identifying characteristics is threatened.The concept of «crisis» is rather vague and diffuse. This is not only the case in the public debate, but also in the political science literature. Despite its frequent use, no collectively accepted definition of a crisis exists. How to define the word crisis has been a problem for decades.The basic aims of this study are to present different views on international crises, to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the literature on crisis definitions, and to develop an agenda for future research on international crisis management. In addition, we examined and compared several prominent 20th century international crisis waves in historical context by means of a wide range of general and special scientific methods. International crisis management has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. Its expansion in terms of tasks and timelines and the increasing number of actors involved have made effective coordination of activities and instruments an urgent priority. ; Акцентировано внимание на опасности международных кризисов, которые могут стать дестабилизирующим фактором не только для актеров, непосредственно участвующих в них, но и для всей международной системы. Кризисы могут представлять угрозу преимущественно для учреждений, уже сформировались, и навсегда изменить распределение власти. Понятие «кризис» – довольно расплывчатое. Оно является причиной не только общественной дискуссии, его исследуют и в политической научной литературе.Несмотря на постоянное использование, общепринятого определения понятия кризиса не существует. Главная цель нашего исследования – представить разные взгляды на международные кризисы, получить представление о сильных и слабых сторонах освещения определения кризиса в литературе, получить представление о процессе международного антикризисного управления. Используя широкий спектр общенаучных и специальных научных методов, основное внимание акцентировано на исследования и сравнения нескольких известных волн международных кризисов в историческом контексте ХХ века. ; Акцентовано увагу на небезпечності міжнародних криз, які можуть стати дестабілізуючим чинником не тільки для акторів, що безпосередньо беруть участь у них, а й для всієї міжнародної системи. Кризи можуть становити загрозу переважно для установ, що вже сформувались, і назавжди змінити розподіл влади. Поняття «криза» – доволі розпливчасте. Воно є причиною не тільки суспільної дискусії, його досліджують і в політичній науковій літературі.Незважаючи на постійне використання, загальноприйнятого визначення поняття кризи не існує. Головна мета нашого дослідження – представити різні погляди на міжнародні кризи, отримати уявлення про сильні та слабкі сторони висвітлення визначення кризи в літературі, отримати уявлення про процес міжнародного антикризового управління. Використовуючи широкий спектр загальнонаукових та спеціальних наукових методів, головну увагу акцентовано на дослідження і порівняння декількох відомих хвиль міжнародних криз в історичному контексті ХХ століття.

Energy security is an integral part of national security, for this reason the role of the state to ensure the smooth functioning of the energy sector is very important. Regulation of the energy sector will never be left to the market laws, because economic and social well-being depends on it. One of the characteristics of the energy sector is its inertness, so it is indispensable the long-term planning and settings of development policies. The last National Energy Strategy (hereinafter – NES (2012)) was approved on the 26 th of June 2012, but the new National Energy Strategy Project (hereinafter - NESP) is ready. The guidelines of energy sector, which are determined by the state, are especially important for potential investors, as the construction of energy facilities require a very large initial investments and their service life can reach 50 years. Only the energy strategy, which is long-term, based on economic calculations, independent of the election results and maintaining the continuity of strategic goals can attract private investment in the energy sector. The aim of this article is to compare the framework and strategic objectives of current National Energy Strategy o with the Project of National Energy Strategy. The main objectives are: (i) to analyze the influence of stability of the energy strategies on the development of the energy sector; (ii) to compare the general provisions of NES (2012) with the general provisions of NESP; (iii) to compare the strategic objectives of NES (2012) with the strategic objectives NESP. It is likely that many discussions will be on NESP in political life and public space, so the comparative analysis and insight, which is made in this article, are relevant to today's life in Lithuania. NES (2012) and NESP apply the same strategic objectives in the energy sector, only NESP provide one additional objective - efficient use of energy. NESP differs from NES (2012) in their flexibility and multiple analysis of alternatives depending on the current situation. Meanwhile, NES (2012) observed that it can be only one correct way without any possible alternatives. It even very clearly indicates what damage will occur if Lithuania does not implement identified energy projects. Presumably, because of inflexible approach of NES (2012), identified strategic projects no longer meet today's realities. ; Energetinis saugumas yra neatsiejama nacionalinio saugumo dalis, todėl valstybės vaidmuo užtikrinat sklandų energetikos sektoriaus funkcionavimą yra kertinis. Energetikos sektoriaus reguliavimas niekada nebus paliktas tik rinkos dėsniams, nes nuo jo priklauso valstybės ekonominė ir socialinė gerovė. Viena iš energetikos sektoriaus savybių yra jo inertiškumas, todėl yra būtinas ilgalaikis planavimas ir plėtros krypčių nustatymas. Paskutinė Nacionalinė energetinės nepriklausomybės strategija buvo patvirtinta 2012 m. metų birželio 26 d., tačiau jau dabar yra parengtas naujas Nacionalinės energetikos strategijos projektas. Šio straipsnio tikslas: palyginti šiuo metu galiojančios Nacionalinės energetinės nepriklausomybės strategijos bendrąsias nuostatas bei strateginius tikslus elektros energetikos sektoriuje su Nacionalinės energetikos strategijos projektu.