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Climate reconstructions for the whole of the Common Era are compromised by the paucity of annually-resolved and absolutely-dated proxy records prior to medieval times. Where reconstructions are based on combinations of different climate archive types of varying spatiotemporal resolution, dating uncertainty, record length and predictive skill, it is challenging to estimate past amplitude ranges, disentangle the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic forcing, and probe deeper interrelationships between climate variability and human history. Here, we compile and analyse updated versions of all the existing summer temperature sensitive treering width chronologies from the Northern Hemisphere that span the entire Common Era. We apply a novel ensemble approach to reconstruct extra-tropical summer temperatures from 1–2010 CE, and calculate uncertainties at continental to hemispheric scales. Peak warming in the 280s, 990s and 1020s, when volcanic forcing was low, was comparable to modern conditions until 2010 CE. The lowest June–August temperature anomaly in 536 not only marks the beginning of the coldest decade, but also defines the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). While prolonged warmth during Roman and medieval times roughly coincides with the tendency towards societal prosperity across much of the North Atlantic/European sector and East Asia, major episodes of volcanically-forced summer cooling often presaged widespread famines, plague outbreaks and political upheavals. Our study reveals a larger amplitude of spatially synchronized summer temperature variation during the first millennium of the Common Era than previously recognised. Uncertainties associated with the available tree-ring width measurements emphasize the need to develop more and longer chronologies of wood density and cell anatomy from temperature sensitive sites on both hemispheres where living and relict materials are abundant.

It was the stated belief of Zionist leaders that Palestinians expelled from Palestine in 1948 would forget their country within one or two generations. This has not happened and it is therefore a question for research through what relationships and social processes memories of the original land, and the way of life within it, have been produced and reproduced over more than seventy years. This paper is based on interviews as well as participant observation in two camps, Shateela and Bourj al-Barajneh near Beirut (Lebanon), augmented by email interviews with a wider range of Palestinian subjects, both geographically and socially.

The process by which large cities respond to fiscal stress is analyzed in light of the "garbage-can model" of organizational decision making. The model is informed by the assumption that choices are often ill-defined and ambiguous, resulting in a decision process that is poorly structured. When applied to the fiscal retrenchment process, the expectation is that the selection of various financial management strategies may be difficult to explain. To the extent that coherence exists, it is likely that the process will be executive-dominated. These expectations are generally confined when the retrenchment behavior of a large group of cities is tested within a multivariate framework.

Exam board: OCR Level: A-level Subject: History First teaching: September 2015 First exams: Summer 2016 An OCR endorsed resource Successfully cover Unit Group 2 with the right amount of depth and pace. This bespoke series from the leading History publisher follows our proven and popular approach for OCR A Level, blending clear course coverage with focused activities and comprehensive assessment support. - Develops understanding of the period through an accessible narrative that is tailored to the specification content and structured around key questions for each topic - Builds the skills required for Unit Group 2, from explanation, assessment and analysis to the ability to make substantiated judgements - Enables students to consolidate and extend their topic knowledge with a range of activities suitable for classwork or homework - Helps students achieve their best by providing step-by-step assessment guidance and practice questions - Facilitates revision with useful summaries at the start and end of each chapter - Ensures that students understand key historical terms and concepts by defining them in the glossary

© 2020 Elsevier GmbH Climate reconstructions for the Common Era are compromised by the paucity of annually-resolved and absolutely-dated proxy records prior to medieval times. Where reconstructions are based on combinations of different climate archive types (of varying spatiotemporal resolution, dating uncertainty, record length and predictive skill), it is challenging to estimate past amplitude ranges, disentangle the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic forcing, or probe deeper interrelationships between climate variability and human history. Here, we compile and analyse updated versions of all the existing summer temperature sensitive tree-ring width chronologies from the Northern Hemisphere that span the entire Common Era. We apply a novel ensemble approach to reconstruct extra-tropical summer temperatures from 1 to 2010 CE, and calculate uncertainties at continental to hemispheric scales. Peak warming in the 280s, 990s and 1020s, when volcanic forcing was low, was comparable to modern conditions until 2010 CE. The lowest June–August temperature anomaly in 536 not only marks the beginning of the coldest decade, but also defines the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). While prolonged warmth during Roman and medieval times roughly coincides with the tendency towards societal prosperity across much of the North Atlantic/European sector and East Asia, major episodes of volcanically-forced summer cooling often presaged widespread famines, plague outbreaks and political upheavals. Our study reveals a larger amplitude of spatially synchronized summer temperature variation during the first millennium of the Common Era than previously recognised.

Die Städte Nürnberg und Erlangen haben es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, sexuelle und geschlechtliche Vielfalt in ihrer Antidiskriminierungsarbeit stärker zu berücksichtigen und als Bestandteil der kommunalen Politik der Vielfalt nach außen zu tragen. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung zu der Frage präsentiert, inwiefern die Vielfaltsdimensionen sexuelle Orientierung und geschlechtliche Identität (SOGI) in ausgewählten Bereichen berücksichtigt werden. Daran anknüpfend werden Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert, wie SOGI sukzessive als Querschnittsthema in relevanten kommunalen Aufgabenbereichen verankert werden können. Hierfür nimmt die Studie das Menschenrecht auf sexuelle Selbstbestimmung zum Ausgangspunkt, fokussiert die Bedeutung und Funktion der Kommune und stellt SOGI in einen intersektionalen Kontext. ; The cities of Nuremberg and Erlangen are committed to further promote sexual and gender diversity as an integral part of their municipal anti-discrimination and diversity policies. This study presents the results of a qualitative survey on how sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as dimensions of diversity have been taken into account in selected areas. Subsequently, recommendations are presented on how SOGI could be gradually established as a cross-sectional theme in relevant municipal areas of responsibility. For this purpose, the study draws on the human right of sexual self-determination. It focuses on the meaning and role of the municipality and puts SOGI into an intersectional context. 2512‐4153