Suchergebnisse

Over the years, an extensive body of literature has emerged on the role that financial structure, the blend of bank-based and market-based intermediation, plays in economic growth. However, there has been no general agreement on this role. Some studies find that financial intermediaries and markets are both important for growth while some other studies claim the superiority of one type of financial system (bank-based or market based) over the other. There are also studies that argue that financial structure does not matter while some more recent studies show that too much finance may harm growth. The debate is important, as having some idea of the form of financial structure that is growth promoting can help policy makers take informed decisions. It is also a particularly important issue for developing countries, as choosing the wrong financial structure can hold back growth and development. The existing literature tends to focus on developed countries, however, with only a few studies considering developing countries or regions. Even fewer consider Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). In the past, this was mainly because of inadequate stock market data, as most SSA countries did not have stock markets. Since the 1980s, however, this has changed, with stock markets being established in many SSA countries. This thesis contributes to the financial structure and economic growth literature by providing empirical evidence from SSA. The thesis is structured around three related studies. The first study uses dynamic panel estimation techniques to investigate both the short and long-run effects of financial structure on growth, focusing on 14 SSA countries over the period 1980-2014. The results indicate that financial structure is not significant in explaining growth in the region. This could be attributed to the idiosyncratic nature of SSA banks, which are reluctant to lend to the private sector and prefer to invest in safe, risk-free government securities. It could also be a result of stringent stock market listing requirements that prevent most small and medium enterprises from raising funds. Cross country panel studies are valuable to investigate this further. However, it is important to consider the heterogeneous nature of countries in a panel, and the limits that cross country studies put on the variables that can be considered. For this reason, the second study focuses on a single country from SSA, Kenya, and offers a more detailed analysis using quarterly data for the period 2002-2014. Kenya has not been analysed in the relevant literature. The country is an interesting case study, as it has experienced a number of financial innovations and has a relatively well-developed financial system, but still faces low levels of development. Our study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration, and considers the independent role of banks and of markets, along with the role of financial structure. Our findings are consistent to those of the panel study concerning the role of financial structure. Stock market development is, however, found to have a significantly positive effect on the country's economic growth. This is possibly because Kenya was one of the first SSA countries to develop an alternative investment market aimed at small and young firms. The role of banking sector development has a negative effect. This finding can be partly explained by the large proportion of non-performing loans accumulated by Kenyan banks in the 1980's and the 1990's, along with a weak legal and regulatory framework. The development of stock markets could have impacted upon growth in SSA economies through the provision of more financing choices for firms. This could influence their productivity and growth. To consider this channel in detail, the third study uses firm level data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) to investigate the effect of different financing choices on the productivity of SSA firms. Using data for the period 2005 - 2013 from 26 countries, the study employs a linear Cobb-Douglas production function to estimate total factor productivity (TFP.) It then uses both parametric and non-parametric methods to analyse the effect of financing choices on TFP. The results indicate that firms that rely on bank debt rather than other forms of financing (e.g. internal finance, informal finance, private and public equity) are, on average, more productive. This can be partly attributed to the monitoring activities of banks and the threat of bankruptcy faced by firms.

A pesquisa investigou se a evidenciação em relatórios contábeis de informações sobre risco e sobre sua gestão afeta, na margem, a avaliação de firmas no mercado de capitais brasileiro. Questionou-se a existência de value-relevance do disclosure de informações relativas a fatores de risco e a estruturas de gestão de riscos. A importância do tema emerge da documentação de que o disclosure sobre os fatores de risco exerce papel estatisticamente significante na avaliação de firmas em contexto marcado por incerteza econômica e política, caso do mercado brasileiro. Os achados confirmaram que informações sobre o risco mostram relevância informacional para a avaliação das firmas. As informações sobre gestão de risco na firma, por seu turno, não se mostraram significantes para afetar a avaliação das ações das empresas. A investigação sobre o reporte detalhado de distintos fatores de risco apontou que informações individualizadas mostram graus diversos de relevância para avaliação das firmas. Infere-se que a evidenciação de fatores de risco afeta a percepção dos investidores, os quais suportam suas estimativas de retorno também com base na disponibilização e no detalhamento de tais informações. Observou-se, ainda, que a informação sobre estrutura de gestão de riscos não se mostrou value-relevant; ademais, poucas firmas publicaram informações sobre a constituição desse tipo de órgão na estrutura administrativa. Recorreu-se à aplicação do modelo residual income valuation (RIV) (Ohlson, 1995) por meio de regressões com estimação por dados em painel referentes ao triênio 2012-2014. A amostra, delimitada aleatoriamente, foi constituída por 100 empresas. Os dados sobre evidenciação de risco e evidenciação da gestão de risco foram coletados nos Formulários de Referência das empresas, disponíveis no website da Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros de São Paulo (BM&FBOVESPA). Espera-se, como impacto à área de conhecimento, maior amplitude nas discussões sobre a utilidade da divulgação sobre o tema referente a fatores de risco e a existência de órgão específico responsável pela gestão de risco nas firmas, segundo a percepção de investidores. Contribui-se, ainda, trazendo evidências sobre a qualidade de disclosure relativo a risco (fatores e gestão) e a percepção do mercado de capitais quanto à informatividade e à relevância de tais destaques. ; This study investigated whether the disclosure in accounting reports of information on risk and its management affects, at the margin, firm valuations in the Brazilian capital market. It questioned the existence of value relevance in the disclosure of information related to risk factors and risk management structures. The importance of the topic arises from the documentation that disclosure on risk factors plays a statistically significant role in valuing firms in a context marked by economic and political uncertainty, as is the case of the Brazilian market. The findings confirmed that information about risk shows informational relevance for firm valuations. Information on risk management in a firm, in turn, was not shown to be significant in terms of affecting company share valuations. The investigation of detailed reports with different risk factors indicated that individualized information shows different degrees of relevance for company valuations. It is inferred that the disclosure of risk factors affects the perception of investors, who also base their estimates of return on the availability and detail of such information. It is also observed that information on risk management structure was not shown to be value relevant; moreover, few firms published information on the establishment of this type of entity in their management structures. The residual income valuation (RIV) model (Ohlson, 1995) was applied using regressions with panel data estimation related to the three years covering 2012 to 2014. The sample, which was randomly delimited, was formed of 100 companies. The data on disclosure of risk and disclosure of risk management were collected from the companies' Reference Forms, available from the website of the São Paulo Stock, Commodities, and Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA). As an impact on the area of knowledge, broader discussions are expected regarding the utility of disclosure on the topic related to risk factors and the existence of a specific body responsible for risk management in firms, according to investors' perceptions. It also contributes by providing evidence about the quality of disclosure related to risk (factors and management) and the perception of the capital market regarding the informativeness and relevance of such elements.

This paper is a result of the research project "Systematic compared accusatory in South America." It is methodologically based on documents and fieldwork, interviews and visits to each of the countries of southern Africa. It was found that the criminal proceedings in the region, were an instrument to ensure access to justice for the state by the prosecuting body is this office or prosecutors, and victims, defendants and third parties affected the possible commission of a crime. All countries incorporate in their domestic law to the American Convention on Human Rights, agreeing to meet a set of minimum standards of criminal justice, including the right of the accused to appeal his conviction to a higher court established in the literal Article 8.2 h) of the Convention. But in South America, except Argentina, there is a large gap for this minimum guarantee in criminal proceedings, and structuring of resources not see the rights of the accused, so that the settled state failure to protect and effectiveness of Human Rights. Precisely Colombia is a country where even legislatively unsuitable legislation give full effect to the right to appeal his conviction are provided, which poses a possible international responsibility of the State for violation of the rights recognized in the Convention and the omission of adopt legislative measures to ensure their safety and effectiveness. ; Este escrito es resultado del proyecto investigativo "Sistemática acusatoria comparada en Suramérica". Metodológicamente está fundamentado en documentos y en trabajo de campo, con entrevistas y visitas a cada uno de los países que conforman el sur del continente. Se constató que el procedimiento penal, en la región, es un instrumento destinado a garantizar el acceso a la justicia para el Estado por medio del órgano de acusación, sea esta Fiscalía o Ministerio Público, como para las víctimas, imputados y terceros, afectados con la posible comisión de un delito. Todos los países incorporan en su legislación interna la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, comprometiéndose a cumplir con un conjunto de parámetros mínimos de justicia penal, entre ellos el derecho del imputado a recurrir el fallo condenatorio ante juez o tribunal superior establecido en el artículo 8.2 literal h) de la Convención. Sin embargo, en Suramérica, exceptuando Argentina, existe un gran déficit de protección de esta garantía mínima en los procesos penales, y una estructuración de los recursos que no consulta los derechos de los imputados, por lo que existe una reiterada omisión estatal en la protección y efectividad de los derechos humanos. Precisamente, Colombia es uno de los países donde aún no se disponen medidas legislativas idóneas que hagan plenamente efectivo el derecho a recurrir al fallo condenatorio, lo que plantea una posible responsabilidad internacional del Estado por vulneración de los derechos reconocidos en la Convención y la omisión de adoptar medidas legislativas que garanticen su protección y su efectividad. ; Este artigo é produto do projeto de pesquisa "Sistemática acusatória comparada na América do Sul". Metodologicamente está fundamentado em documentos e no trabalho de campo, com entrevistas e visitas a cada um dos países que formam o sul do continente. Comprovou-se que o procedimento penal, na região, é um instrumento destinado a garantir o acesso à justiça, para o Estado através do órgão de acusação seja esta Promotoria ou Ministério Público, como para as vítimas, imputados ou terceiros, afetados com a possível comissão de um delito. Todos os países incorporam em sua legislação interna a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, comprometendo-se a cumprir com um conjunto de parâmetros mínimos de justiça penal, entre eles o direito do imputado a recorrer à sentença condenatória diante o juiz ou tribunal superior estabelecido no artigo 8.2 literal h) da Convenção. No entanto na América do Sul, excetuando a Argentina, existe um grande déficit de proteção desta garantia mínima nos processos penais, e uma estruturação dos recursos que não consulta os direitos dos imputados, pelo que existe uma repetida omissão do estado na proteção e efetividade dos Direito Humanos. Justamente a Colômbia é um dos países onde legislativamente ainda não se dispõem medidas legislativas idôneas que façam plenamente efetivo o direito a recorrer à sentença condenatória, o que apresenta uma possível responsabilidade internacional do Estado por vulneração dos direitos reconhecidos na Convenção e a omissão de adotar medidas legislativas que garantam sua proteção e sua efetividade.

Comprehensive protection of the rights of the victim is receiving increasingly more attention both at national and international level. Thus, this study aims to analyse the rights of the victim – the legal regulations and practical application of the victim's right to protect their rights to the highest possible degree. The first part of the study is devoted to the victim's right to be informed. This right is directly related to the victim's opportunity to actively take part in the proceedings. A problem identified in this regard is the option provided in the law that a decision to refuse initiation of criminal proceedings may be written in an abridged form. An additional encumbrance arises from the incorrect interpretation and application of the legislative norm stipulating the right of the victim to familiarise themselves with the case material. The second part of the study analyses the victim's right to protection. This issue is viewed in context with Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European protection order. The study concludes that the protective measures indicated in the Directive have existed in Latvia since the Criminal Procedure Law came into force in 2005. A positive element is the possibility to protect a victim in any member state of the EU. The third part of the study is devoted to the victim's right to compensation. Compensation for harm inflicted to the victim by the crime is an essential part of the principle of restorative justice. A proposal is put forth to improve the state compensation mechanism. The study indicates the necessity to give special attention in practice to locating a person's property. This would allow to better ensure that criminally acquired property is found and compensation for harm to victims is available. The study refers to a judgement of 8 March 2017 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia, which pertains to the returning of criminally alienated property to its rightful owner and the rights of the person who had acquired this property in good faith. The conclusion of the study stresses that the ideal model for protecting the rights of the victim would, of course, be that having found a crime to have been committed, the person contacts the investigative body, testifies as to their knowledge about the offence and submits a claim for compensation, and afterwards they merely have to await the state compensation to be transferred to their bank account, and information to be provided to them about the proceedings. Such a procedure would only be applied if the victim does not wish to actively involve themselves in the criminal proceedings. ; Visapusiškai nukentėjusiųjų teisių apsaugai skiriamas vis didesnis dėmesys tiek nacionaliniu, tiek tarptautiniu lygiu. Taigi, šio tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti nukentėjusiojo teises– teisės normas ir jų praktinį taikymą, siekiant kuo geriau apsaugoti nukentėjusiojo teises. Pirmoji tyrimo dalis skirta aptarti nukentėjusiojo teisę būti informuotam. Ši teisė yra tiesiogiai susijusi su nukentėjusiojo galimybe aktyviai dalyvauti teismo procese. Viena iš problemų laikytina tai, kad Latvijos įstatyme numatyta galimybė sprendimą atsisakyti pradėtą baudžiamąjį procesą parengti sutrumpinta forma. Papildomas sunkumas kyla dėl netinkamo teisės normos, nustatančios nukentėjusiojo teisę susipažinti pačiam su bylos medžiaga, aiškinimo ir taikymo. Antroje tyrimo dalyje analizuojama nukentėjusiojo teisė į apsaugą. Šis klausimas nagrinėjamas atsižvelgiant į Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyvą 2011/99/EU dėl Europos apsaugos orderio. Tyrime prieinama prie išvados, kad direktyvoje nurodytos apsaugos priemonės Latvijoje egzistuoja nuo 2005 m. įsigaliojusio Baudžiamojo proceso kodekso. Pozityvus tokio reguliavimo elementas – galimybė apsaugoti nukentėjusįjį bet kurioje ES valstybėje. Trečioji tyrimo dalis skirta aptarti nukentėjusiojo teisę į kompensaciją. Žalos, atsiradusios dėl padaryto nusikaltimo, atlyginimas nukentėjusiam yra esminė atkuriamojo teisingumo principo dalis. Straipsnyje pasiūlyta, kaip pagerinti dabartinį valstybės kompensavimo mechanizmą. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad praktikoje ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas asmens turtui rasti (nustatyti). Tai leistų geriau užtikrinti, kad nusikalstamai įgytas turtas būtų surastas ir nukentėjusiesiems būtų iš ko kompensuoti nusikaltimo padarytą žalą. Tyrime remiamasi Latvijos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo 2017 m. kovo 8 d. sprendimu, susijusiu su iš nusikalstamų veikų įgyto turto grąžinimu jo teisėtam savininkui ir asmens, kuris šį turtą įsigijo sąžiningai, teisėmis. Tyrime prieinama išvada, kad idealus nukentėjusiųjų gynimo modelis turėtų būti toks: jei buvo padaryta nusikalstama veika, asmuo kreipiasi į ikiteisminio tyrimo įstaigą, pateikia informaciją apie nusikalstamą veiką, pateikia reikalavimą dėl kompensacijos, o vėliau tik laukia, kol į jo banko sąskaitą bus pervesta valstybės kompensacija, ir informacijos apie procesą konkrečioje byloje. Tačiau autorius siūlo tokią procedūrą taikyti tik tada, jei nukentėjusysis nenori aktyviai dalyvauti baudžiamajame procese.

Environmental pollution is one of the most challenging environmental issues to tackle due to its impact to human health and the ecosystem. One of the main objectives of environmental geochemistry is to investigate, characterise, and reveal the patterns of organic compounds and inorganic elements and further unveil their possible sources. Geogenic features and anthropogenic activities are the main sources of environmental contamination which are likely to release these contaminants into atmospheric, soil and water media. Moreover, anthropogenic activities let out chemicals produced from industrial activities, domestic, livestock and municipal wastes (including wastewater), agrochemicals, and petroleum-derived products. Organic pollutants cover a large group of synthetized pollutants and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have received a specific attention due to their physico-chemical properties, high toxicity, and subject to long-range atmospheric transfer. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organochlorines Pesticides (OCPs) are the main POPs that are subject to different regulation schemes to their irreversible adverse effects to both human and wildlife health. Stockholm Convention, Rotterdam and Basel, World Health organisation (WHO) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe POPs Protocol have so far addressed, threated and introduced legislation which ban or fix threshold's values of these POPs into environment. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) are widespread metals/metalloids related to geogenic and/or anthropogenic activities. PTEs are one of the major concerns in the environment because their concentrations are increasing due to accelerated population growth rate, higher level of urbanisation and industrialisation providing a great variety of anthropogenic contamination/pollution sources. They have often been given special emphasis because their accumulation in different matrices can cause soil and land degradation and they can be transferred into the human body as a consequence of dermal contact, inhalation and ingestion through food chain and drinking water. PTEs are generally non-biodegradable having long biological half-lives and tend to accumulate in soils being absorbed to clay minerals and organic matter. However, their bioavailability is influenced by different physicochemical processes (e.g. pH, Eh) and physiological adaptation. PTEs and POPs can be observed in different environmental media but soil is considered an important reservoir due to its physico-chemical properties which confer high retention capacity of these pollutants. Soil contamination has been increasing worldwide and has become the focus of attention in recent years. Several soil parent materials are natural sources of certain organic contaminants, elements, and these can pose a risk to the environment and human health at elevated concentrations. For that, various geostatistical computations have been used to identify source patterns of different pollutants related to underlying geological features and/or anthropogenic activities, and to further distinguish mineralisation from contamination. Several single and complex contamination/mineralisation indices such as Enrichment Factor, Geo-accumulation Index or Single Pollution Index have been elaborated to quantify the contamination or mineralisation status of different PTEs. They are generally based on intervention limits (thresholds) or background/baseline values of a single element based on National Legislation, as a reference. Indices based on intervention limits (thresholds) are easily interpretable and comparable, but they disregard the compositional nature of geochemical data; hence they can be biased and/or spurious. This PhD research project reveals novel geostatistical computations that will lay out sources patterns of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and assess the soils contamination levels in the central-southern Italy. Series of follow up studies have provided an invaluable baseline for these contaminants distribution in Italy to push towards an institutional response for more adequate regulation of these pollutants worldwide. A further ongoing research project is currently investigating the content and bioavailability of mercury and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) districts of Kedougou (Senegal). This study in particular will represent a fundamental stepping stone to build a baseline review of PTEs in ASGM of Kedougou (Senegal) and evaluate human health risks from exposure of PTEs. It is envisaged that the results of this study should trigger more detailed surveys in contaminated areas as well as ad-hoc risk-based studies, which in the long-term will constitute a strong argument to cause an adequate institutional response by the Senegalese regulating authorities for a full application the Minamata convention.

Environmental Accounting has had an important international improvement in the last years, although it is not completely applied in enterprises yet. The Three-dimensional Theory of Accounting concept equalizes Financial Accounting, Social Accounting and Environmental Accounting in the same level. However, it is not completely accepted nor totally diffused in Public Accounting. A few years ago Ecuador started to belong to the group of countries which have the Project of elaborate and start the System of Environmental – Economic Accounting (SEEA). This system contains the international agreed standard concepts and definition, in Ecuador the Environmental Ministry will be the responsible body for the implementation of environmental aspects and try to adapt them to the reality of the country. That is the beginning of the National Environmental Accounting System, in Ecuador it has started with the initial exploration, trying to get environmental statistics, information, data, use of resources and the recognize of environmental standards in order to create official laws and regulations. It has the purpose of trying to stop the indiscriminate use of resources given by Mother Nature, stop the believing that natural resources are unlimited and started to be aware about taking care of the natural patrimony that Ecuador has. That is the reason why this research took place, the investigation of efficient mechanisms that could help Ecuadorian enterprises to implement politics and rules that could include in the accounting, the environmental aspects and the wear of resources, waste management and the care of the environment. The investigation is looking for promoting the moderate and efficient use of natural resources, and becoming eco-efficient companies, and get benefits while protect environment. When environmental accounting is implemented in enterprises, financial information will have more aspects for analysis. It will include balances and financial states with environmental aspects, giving an idea about the impact of nature in the economic activity. It will have a new perspective, the instrument to make decisions considering all of the aspects which are part of the reality of the enterprises. It will be the only way to have sustainable companies in the world, taking care and protecting the environment. ; La Contabilidad Ambiental, a pesar del auge internacional, aún es un tema poco conocido y llevado a la práctica en la contabilización actual. El concepto de contabilidad tridimensional, que pone en el mismo nivel a la contabilidad financiera, la contabilidad social y la contabilidad ambiental, aún no es completamente aceptado ni difundido entre la contaduría pública en su totalidad. Desde que Ecuador empezó a formar parte del proyecto de elaboración y puesta en marcha del Sistema de Contabilidad Ambiental y Económica Integrada (SCAEI), a través de los diferentes organismos y entidades de control, ha asignado al Ministerio del Ambiente la implementación de un sistema de contabilidad que incluya los aspectos ambientales y los adapte a la realidad del país. De allí nace el Sistema de Contabilidad Ambiental Nacional (SCAN), que en Ecuador ha empezado con la exploración inicial y pretende lograr que con el conjunto de indicadores ambientales, uso de recursos y reglamentaciones oficiales, se promueva entre las empresas detener el uso indiscriminado de los recursos que nos da la madre naturaleza; dejar de lado la creencia de que los recursos naturales son ilimitados y empezar a cuidar conscientemente el patrimonio natural que posee el país. Es la razón de ser del presente estudio, la búsqueda de mecanismos para que el sector empresarial del Ecuador implemente en sus políticas y sobre todo incluya en su contabilidad el desgaste que se genera o las medidas de cuidado que se toman para la atención que requiere el medio ambiente. Se intenta promover el uso adecuado y eficiente de los recursos, para conseguir ser eco-eficientes y alcanzar beneficios en las organizaciones protegiendo la naturaleza en el proceso. Al implementar contabilidad ambiental en las empresas, tanto industriales como de servicios, los balances y estados financieros reflejarán su realidad desde otra perspectiva, donde se incluirán los ámbitos financiero y ambiental y serán el instrumento adecuado para la toma de decisiones gerenciales sustentando los diferentes aspectos que conforman la realidad de las empresas y se conviertan en el punto de partida de generar empresas sustentables y sostenibles con el cuidado que la naturaleza necesita.

Background: Lower Back Pain is a public health problem because of its frequency and its societal cost. It is an established fact in a civilian environment as well as in a military environment where it can impact the operational capacity. The French Air Parachute Commando Unit (CPA 30), because of their specialty, are particularly exposed to Lower Back Pain. A sick leave, the inability to be deployed or to jump out of an aircraft defines a paratrooper's operational incapacity. Our main objective was to evaluate the prevalence of the operational incapacity due to Lower Back Pain in the CPA 30 Unit. Our secondary objectives were to evaluate the frequency of lower back pain and to investigate the main factors of lower back pain leading to operational incapacity. Methods: an observational study was carried out between January 1st, 2015 and December 31st, 2016 on the CPA 30 unit, at the Merignac air-base. The data was collected during interviews. Several potential determinants of operational incapacity were investigated: the age, the body mass index, the rank, having been on more than two tours over the last two years, having jumped with an automatic opening, having done fast-roping during the period of inclusion, having a personal history of acute or chronic lower back pain, having a post-traumatic stress disorder, hospitalizations due to acute lower back pain and the Quebec score. Results: we included 133 subjects in our study. The prevalence of the operational incapacity due to lower back pain during the period of inclusion was 9 % (12/133). The prevalence of lower back pain was 69 % (92/133). Having a history of chronic lower back pain was associated with an operational incapacity. Paratroopers with an operational incapacity also had a higher Quebec score: 6.5 (EIQ [2.25-12.25]) versus 1 (EIQ [0-6]). Conclusion: lower Back Pain within the CPA 30 Unit causes an operational incapacity of 9% of the population. It represents an important limitation of the man-power capability in comparison to the operational load of this unit. Adapted medical care for acute and subacute lower back pain is essential to avoid chronic pain and decrease the impact on the operational capacity. ; Introduction : les lombalgies communes sont un problème de santé publique tant du fait de leur fréquence que du coût sociétal qu'elles entraînent, en milieu civil comme en milieu militaire, où elles peuvent nuire au maintien de la capacité opérationnelle. Les Commandos Parachutistes de l'Air n°30 (CPA 30), du fait de leur spécialité, sont particulièrement exposés à leur survenue. Notre objectif principal était l'étude de la prévalence de l'incapacité opérationnelle due aux lombalgies chez les CPA 30, définie par un arrêt de travail ou une inaptitude à la projection en opérations extérieures ou une inaptitude aux troupes aéroportées. Nos objectifs secondaires étaient l'étude de la prévalence des lombalgies et la recherche des déterminants d'incapacité opérationnelle due aux lombalgies. Méthodologie : une étude épidémiologique observationnelle descriptive transversale a été réalisée sur la période du 1er janvier 2015 au 31 décembre 2016 à l'unité des CPA 30 située sur la base aérienne 106 de Mérignac. Les données étaient recueillies lors d'un entretien. Les déterminants d'incapacité opérationnelle étudiés étaient : l'âge, l'indice de masse corporelle, le grade, avoir fait plus de 2 missions extérieures, avoir effectué des sauts à ouverture automatique, avoir fait des descentes d'aérocordage au cours de la période d'inclusion, avoir un antécédent de lumbago, de lombalgie chronique, de troubles psychiques post-traumatique, d'hospitalisation pour lombalgie et le score de Québec. Résultats : 133 sujets ont été inclus. La prévalence de l'incapacité opérationnelle due aux lombalgies au cours de la période d'inclusion était de 9% (12/133) et celles des lombalgies de 69% (92/133). Le déterminant d'incapacité opérationnelle significatif était d'avoir un antécédent de lombalgie chronique. Les sujets présentant une incapacité opérationnelle due aux lombalgies avaient un score de Québec statistiquement plus élevé (médiane de 6,5 (EIQ [2,25-12,25]) versus 1 ([0,00-6,00])). Conclusion : les lombalgies entrainent une incapacité opérationnelle au sein du CPA 30 à hauteur de 9%. Cela représente une contrainte humaine importante en regard de la charge opérationnelle de cette unité. Une prise en charge adaptée des lombalgies aiguës et subaiguës est indispensable pour éviter le passage à la chronicité et diminuer l'incapacité opérationnelle.

Introduction: burn injuries on duty are frequent and affect attrition rate of military personnel. Nevertheless French data on this topic remains scarce. The purpose of the study was to describe epidemiological characteristics and the management of burn injuries on duty in the French Armed Forces. Methods: a retrospective observational study was performed of French casualties with burns, transported to Percy Burn Center (R4 Medical Treatment Facility) between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2017. Results: 67 patients were included. 54% of burns analyzed were non-operational injuries, mainly due to mishaps occurring with the burning of waste and the use of fuel. Operational burns (n=31/67) were mostly explosions related (improvised explosive devices and ammunition handle). The median total body surface area burned was 12% [7; 23,5]. Major anatomical regions affected were upper limbs (85%), head/neck (75%) and hands (69%). 7 patients (10%) had smoke inhalation injuries. The combination of burn injury and multiple trauma occurred in 22% (n=15/67). Operational burns resulted in more blast injuries and multiple trauma, more MASCAL procedures, in higher median Injured Severity Score (ISS) and Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), more patients under mechanical ventilation, more blood transfusions and surgeries (p <0.001). The case fatality rate was 3% (n=2/67). Discussion: more than half of casualties occur in a non-operational setting. Non-operational burn injuries are less severe and accessible to prevention. Further efforts are needed to expand the spectrum of effective preventive and educational interventions and to improve their effectiveness. The higher severity score of operational burn injuries are due to the associated trauma and mechanism. Burn injuries on duty require a multidisciplinary team approach with highly specialized personnel together in a dedicated trauma and burn center. A French trauma registry is a critical need. Only patients with burns that required hospitalizations have been included. So this study is the visible tip of the iceberg. All military care providers should be familiar with the assessment and treatment of burns. ; Introduction : les brûlures en mission sont fréquentes et ont un impact fort sur la disponibilité des militaires. Néanmoins les armées françaises disposent de très peu de données sur les militaires brûlés. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire les caractéristiques et la prise en charge des militaires français brûlés en service. Patients et méthode : une étude épidémiologique rétrospective incluant les militaires brûlés en service hospitalisé au Centre de Traitement des Brûlés (CTB) de l'hôpital d'instruction de armées Percy entre le 1er janvier 2001 et le 31 décembre 2017 a été conduite. Résultats : 67 patients ont été inclus. 54 % présentaient des brûlures non liées à une situation opérationnelle, principalement par incinération de déchets et manipulation de carburants. Les brûlures en situation opérationnelle (n=31/67) étaient principalement secondaires à un mécanisme par explosion (engins explosifs improvisés, manipulation de munitions). La surface cutanée brulée totale médiane était 12% [7; 23,5]. Les régions anatomiques les plus touchées étaient : les membres supérieurs (85%), tête/cou (75%) et les mains (69%). 7 patients présentaient des lésions d'inhalation de fumées (10%). 22% des patients (n=15/67) présentaient une association de brûlure et de lésions traumatologiques. Les brûlures en situation opérationnelle étaient associées à plus de lésions de blast et de lésions traumatiques, à plus de plans MASCAL, à des scores ISS et ABSI plus élevés, à plus de recours à la ventilation mécanique en réanimation, à plus de transfusions et de chirurgies (p < 0,001). La létalité était de 3% (n=2/67). Discussion : plus de la moitié des patients étaient brûlés en situation non opérationnelle. Ces brûlures étaient moins sévères et surtout accessible à des mesures de préventions. Des efforts doivent être entrepris dans la mise en oeuvre des mesures de préventions et dans l'éducation des forces. La gravité des brûlures en situation opérationnelle est due au mécanisme par explosion et aux lésions traumatiques associées. La prise en charge des brûlés militaires nécessite des équipes pluridisciplinaires de haut niveau au sein d'un centre de brûlé et de traumatologie lourde. Il existe un besoin urgent dans l'élaboration d'un registre français des blessés de guerre. Cette étude n'incluait que les patients brûlés hospitalisés au CTB et ne représente pas l'intégralité des militaires brûlés en opérations. Tous les acteurs de la chaîne de santé doivent être formés à la prise en charge des brûlés.

Major developmental psychology theories, such as psychoanalytic, behavioural or cognitive, have tried to explain how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime. These theories have mainly focused on the stages of development early in life - from infancy to adolescence - leaving the impression that after adolescence no significant leaps in development occur. However, a large body of evidence that has emerged recently revealed that becoming an adult is much more complicated and temporally extended than previously believed. The aim of this paper was to use an interdisciplinary approach to tap into the issue of transition to adulthood by integrating recent brain and cognitive maturational findings from neuroscience and cognitive psychology while considering traditional and legal markers of adulthood. We first discuss some of the questions related to definitions of the period of adulthood through societal and legal frameworks. Next, we examine some of the prevailing views on protracted structural and functional brain maturation and its impact on cognitive development, emphasizing the need and the potential value of investigating how these changes may influence important life choices during early young adulthood that have long-lasting consequences. Finally, based on evidence from existing research, we highlight the importance of deeper appreciation and integration of findings from different research disciplines in order to better understand strengths and vulnerabilities of young adults. ; Numerosas teorías de la psicología de desarrollo, como la teoría psicoanalítica, conductual o cognitivista, han tratado de explicar cómo la gente madura y cambia durante la vida. Estas teorías se han enfocado en etapas tempranas de vida – desde la niñez hasta la adolescencia – dejando la impresión que después de la adolescencia no hay saltos significativos en el desarrollo. Sin embargo, las investigaciones del desarrollo humano en los últimos veinte años han demostrado que la maduración es un proceso mucho más complejo y duradero de lo que se suponía antes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue, a través de un enfoque interdisciplinario, investigar la transición a la edad adulta a través de los resultados recientes de las investigaciones en el campo de neurociencia y psicología cognitiva sobre la maduración del cerebro y las habilidades cognitivas, a la vez teniendo en cuenta los límites tradicionales y legislativos de la edad adulta. En la primera parte del trabajo se discute sobre ciertas cuestiones relacionadas con cómo definir la edad adulta a través de los marcos sociales y legales. Luego investigamos en qué modo la maduración estructural y funcional prolongada del cerebro influye en las habilidades cognitivas, acentuando la necesidad y el valor de investigaciones del modo en el que estos cambios pueden influir en la toma de decisiones importantes durante la edad adulta temprana, y que pueden tener consecuencias a largo plazo. En fin, a base de las pruebas de investigaciones existentes, acentuamos la importancia de aceptar e integrar los hallazgos de diferentes disciplinas de investigación para entender mejor las fuerzas y la vulnerabilidad de personas jóvenes que están a punto de pasar a la edad adulta. ; Brojne su teorije razvojne psihologije, poput psihoanalitičke, biheviorističke ili kognitivističke, pokušale objasniti kako ljudi sazrijevaju i mijenjaju se tijekom života. Ove su teorije usmjerene na rane životne faze – od djetinjstva do adolescencije – ostavljajući dojam kako nakon adolescencije ne dolazi do značajnijih skokova u razvoju. Međutim, istraživanja su ljudskog razvoja u posljednjih 20-ak godina pokazala kako je sazrijevanje puno složenije te vremenski dugotrajnije nego se prethodno smatralo. Cilj je ovoga pregleda bio interdisciplinarnim pristupom istražiti pitanje prijelaza u odraslu dob prikazom najnovijih rezultata istraživanja o sazrijevanju mozga i kognitivnih sposobnosti iz područja neuroznanosti i kognitivne psihologije istovremeno razmatrajući tradicionalne i zakonom određene granice odraslosti. U prvom se dijelu rada raspravlja o određenim pitanjima vezanim uz definiranje razdoblja odraslosti kroz društvene i pravne okvire. Zatim se navodi kako produljeno strukturalno i funkcionalno sazrijevanje mozga utječe na kognitivne sposobnosti, naglašavajući potrebu i vrijednost istraživanja načinā na koje ove promjene mogu utjecati na donošenje važnih odluka tijekom rane odrasle dobi, a koje mogu imati dalekosežne posljedice. Konačno, na temelju se dokaza iz postojećih istraživanja ističe važnost prihvaćanja i integriranja nalaza iz različitih istraživačkih disciplina kako bi se bolje razumjela snaga i ranjivosti mladih osoba na pragu odrasle dobi.

In the course of more than two decades, the mechanism of market management introduced into the economy by the executive power does not work. It is proved that the reason is not in theeconomy but in our knowledge of the economy and the mechanisms used to manage it. When drawingup a forecast plan for the next fiscal year, fundamentally new program-targeted approaches are neededfor its realization on the basis of the knowledge economy. The analysis shows that in the process ofmarket transformation of the Ukrainian economy, the executive branch restricted the participation of theconstitutionally independent Supreme Audit Institution of Ukraine in carrying out an audit of the effectiveness of the funds' use. Such control is the most important and integral function of the managementof state budget resources. Given the diversity of problems of economic growth, we can come to theconclusion that they are separate parts of a single interconnected system. Therefore, it is the systemapproach that is necessary first of all for a proper understanding of the growth of the economy, and, mostimportantly, for finding ways to solve them. From what has been said, the directions of the methods ofthe economic growth are obvious: scientific and technical directions (ensuring scientific and technological progress) and socio-political ones (creation of such social and political conditions that make it possible to solve these problems in practice). There was an objective need to consider the interaction between society and the system of government (legislative, executive and judicial one), allocating specialcontrol bodies, in which control is a primarily function. It is about controlling power. This topic is specialand requires careful study and argumentation, as there is a system of bodies of higher power that are notincluded in any branch of government. We obtained the results of research in the following areas: 1) itis proved that public administration and control are not antagonists in relation to market regulators ofthe economy; 2) economic decline is the result of state self-drowning from conducting a strategic initiative industrial policy; 3) management of the Ukrainian economy on the part of "organized crime" continues to threaten the existence of the state itself; 4) today's consumer choice is not achieved due to thediversity of domestic production, but solely at the expense of imports; 5) absolute priority of macroeconomic indicators is characteristic, as in Soviet times; 6) the problem of creating conditions for a largescale development does not arise from the lack of money, but from the inability to manage money; 7)increase of wages depends on the main problem: productivity and quality of labor and it is directlyproportional to the technical level of production; 8) ineffective state management of public finances isthe main problem of Ukraine; 9) the absence of the institutionalization of state financial control andapproval of the structure of their powers in the state; 10) non-recognition of the Accounting Chamberby the Supreme Body of State Financial Control of Ukraine is an inappropriate criterion for a democraticsociety; 11) vision of the picture of the future development of the state requires strategic managementof the economic development posing the task of creating a control branch of government. At present,the development of the country's economy inevitably necessitates an increase in the efficiency of thepublic administration system. The wide-ranging reforms of public administration started in Ukraine,including in the area of increasing the efficiency of using budget funds, require the implementation ofan adequate modernization of the system of state external financial control. ; У статті дано аналіз і оцінка економічної ситуації в Україні, розглянуті причини кризового падіння економіки, а також основні чинники, обмежування і можливий потенціал цього зростання на коротко-, середньо- та довгострокову перспективу. Обґрунтована і підкреслена ключова роль зростання споживчого попиту в підтримці стійкого зростання економіки в короткостроковій перспективі і зростання інвестицій в основний капітал, передусім публічних компаній з державною участю. Доведено, що в процесі ринкової трансформації української економіки, при складанні плану-прогнозу розвитку необхідні принципово нові програмно-цільові підходи для її реалізації на основі функціонування інституту Вищого органу державного фінансового контролю України. Такий контроль є невід'ємною частиною державного устрою сучасної демократичної країни, однією з найважливіших функцій управління, який в майбутньому може доповнити три існуючі гілки влади четвертою – контрольною владою України.

Problem setting. Today political sociology requires not only critical but also structural analysis of politics, creation of corresponding theoretical and methodological tool, one of major constituents of that there are research and prognostication of political relations and processes.Recent research and publications analysis. Actually political sociology as scientific direction was formed to the к middle of ХХ of century, when a few scientific schools consisted of study of cooperation of society and politics. Louis Althusser became the classics of political sociology works of followers of marxism and representatives of Frankfort school of А. Gramsci, D. Lukács, and laid the foundation of its institualization as science. The deeper sociological analysis of political relations is contained in researches by R. Dahrendorf, M. Horkheimer, H. Marcuse, Т. Adorno, J. Habermas, І. Wallerstein, P. Bourdieu. Therefore, the рaper objective was creation of theoretical model of sociological analysis of political relations.Paper main body. Social relations are considered as such, that related to the necessity of general satisfaction of various social necessities, that, in obedience to the law of increase of necessities, is basis of development of society and providing of his integrity. Thus, a social sphere is a place cooperation of people, social behavior of that determines integrity of society. Political relations are related to the necessity of imperious settlement of social relations for the sake of their optimization in the process of achievement of general aims. Accordingly, political sphere - it the place of rivalry of people and task forces for a right to realize own interests by means of power. The functional component of the political system, that includes methods, methods, directions of development of political relations, is the political mode. As a worker there was select determination of prof. J.-L. Quermonne. He determined the political regime, as ". aggregate of elements of ideological, institutional and sociological order, that assist forming of political power of this country on a certain period". Our choice is base on that description of the political mode in any state determines the actual picture of principles of organization of political sphere of society.On the basis of content-analysis of publications of 10 Ukrainian electronic MASS-MEDIA and 8 official internet-portals of state and non-state organizations in 2018 the vector model of political relations that determine the political regime in modern Ukraine is worked out.The analysis carried out in the article allowed to reach the following conclusions of the research. Political relations form the core of any social system, regulate and counterbalance the centripetal and centrifugal forces that ensure its integrity and sustainable development. The research of these relations exclusively by political scientists artificially narrows the problem. Sociological analysis allows to reveal their static and dynamic characteristics, because on the basis of research of political situations (social statics) determines political plots and predicts political changes (social dynamics). The combination of static and dynamic analysis principles can be compared with the process of creating video. Each individual character characterizes a certain socio-political situation, the main actors and the nature and conditions of their interaction, and the sequence of such personnel forms a complete systemic understanding of the "plot", the dynamics and basic parameters of socio-political processes and relations in society. ; В статье проводится анализ социальной природы политических отношений. Отмечается, что рост интереса современных социологов к политической проблематике обусловлен интенсивным развитием аналитической социологии, в рамках которой предлагается авторская векторная модель социологического анализа политических отношений. Теоретическое обоснование представленной модели проводится на основе учения о социальном пространстве П. Сорокина, социальном прагматизме Ю. Хабермаса, социальных неравенствах Т. Парсонса и политических режимах Ж.-Л. Кермонна. Показано, что именно социологический анализ политических отношений позволяет раскрыть их статические и динамические характеристики, прогнозировать структуру и направления политических изменений. ; В статті проводиться аналіз соціальної природи політичних відносин. Зазначається, що зростання інтересу сучасних соціологів до політичної проблематики зумовлене інтенсивним розвитком аналітичної соціології, в межах якої пропонується авторська векторна модель соціологічного аналізу політичних відносин. Теоретичне обгрунтування представленої моделі проводиться на основі учення про соціальний простір П. Сорокіна, соціальний прагматизм Ю. Габермаса, соціальні нерівності Т. Парсонса та політичні режими Ж.-Л. Кермонна. Доводиться, що саме соціологічний аналіз політичних відносин дозволяє розкрити їхні статичні і динамічні характеристики, прогнозувати політичні зміни.

Problem setting. According to the key principles of new public management and good governance, the practice of implementation of various types of public policy (for example, social policy, development policies, etc.) imply the understanding of the notion of power in a broader sense, covering the entire spectrum of activities of actors and stakeholders, involved in tangible public policy. In this regard, from the 1950's, the division of public policy and politics as a political struggle for power has become central to the United States and Western Europe.Recent research and publications analysis. The main approaches to public policy analysis are: a) rationalist approach, within which theory of rational choice, theory of games and stages models have been used; b) interpretive approach (policy networks, theory of social constructivism, theory of competing coalitions); c) critical approach (critical theory, theory of distributive of justice, theory of power and conflict). From last decades of the 20th century the analysis of public policy transferred to postpositivist, interpretivist, and social constructionist discourses.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The essential part of public policy is to explain the emergence of new forms of governing and to propose for government systemic actions regarding new public issues important for society. Influencing its meaning public policy includes three main components: public interest, public morality and public security. Each of them requires separate methods to analyze functioning and effectiveness of the implementation of concrete type of public policy. Active search for Ukrainian model of public administration and policy estimates to consider more closely the evolution of "public policy" concept in the Anglo-Saxon tradition and its components, which could be essential to adopt in Ukrainian tradition.Paper main body. Public policies vary in cultural, economic, political, systemic and institutional levels in different countries. In scientific literature still the main principles and ideas, dealing with public policy and public administration, have the origin from Anglo-Saxon tradition. Moreover in English language there are many concepts and terms related to public policy, translation of which into other languages causes broad scientific debates. This could be explained by several centuries of usage history and value implies of the term "public policy", which refers to the tradition of English common law and such contemporary concepts as government, administration, governance, policies.Public policy as a separate from politics discipline began to be established in the United States from the 1950's. In the 1970 – 80's the subject field, main objectives, methods of research had caused a broad discussion among scientists of the second generation and led to the appearance of different approaches and theories ("top-down", "bottom-up", and hybrid). During this period searching optimal models of public policy in Anglo-Saxon tradition shifted to the sphere of public management and administration, where the basic are such economic principles as efficiency, accountability, span of control. The crucial component of public policy as a science was its practical value, the capacity to respond to social changes. Actually these issues, as well as the inclusion of different actors in the process of adoption and implementation, analysis and evaluation of specific public policy programs, were the main objectives of the third generation of scholars in the late 80 – 90's of the 20th century.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. From the beginning of the 21st century global changes in the role of government and state institutions led to the search for effective models of interaction between current key actors and institutions. The harmonization of different value systems is one of the central issues for constructing the effective model of public policy, where the actors from three sectors (government, business, and civil society) can act together. ; Досліджено ціннісно-смислові особливості формування публічної політики в англосаксонській традиції. Зазначено, що історичний контекст англосаксонської традиції слововжитку терміна "публічна політика" пов'язаний із англійською системою прецедентного права, однак публічна політика як окрема наукова дисципліна почала формуватись у 50-х рр. ХХ ст. Наголошено на тому, що для вітчизняних пошуків української моделі публічної політики важливим джерелом є осмислення англосаксонської традиції, етапів її формування та їх відмінностей, а також врахування сучасних глобальних умов творення нових типів публічних політик із широким колом суб'єктів.

Зазначено, що запровадження конкуренції позитивно оцінюється як потенційний механізм підвищення ефективності та продуктивності й покращення здоров'я населення. Той факт, що конкуренція може розглядатися як "проблема", так і як "рішення", є ознакою вирішальної ролі контексту в розумінні потенціалу ринкових сил для вдосконалення системи охорони здоров'я. ; Problem setting. Providing broad access to health services, while improving the service quality and cost optimization, is a topical issue for healthcare systems around the world. One of the alternative options for solving this problem, which affects all these components, is the creation of a competitive environment and the development of competition in this area.Recent research and publications analysis. Among health managers, there is no single approach to the issue of how acceptable the competition is in the healthcare sector. Consequently, the concept of "competition" may have different content depending on the expected result that will affect the implementation of public health policy, especially at the local level. But the key issue is whether health systems based on the competition can be more successful and how competition can differ from conventional medical practice.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems. One of the strongest arguments in favour of competition is that it can help to create powerful incentives to encourage service providers to innovation, to deliver better quality medical services at a lower cost. At the same time, experts warn that for highly specialized services competition should be limited enough or be used very carefully in order to ensure quality and avoid over-supply of services.Paper main body. Traditional healthcare competition involves one or more elements (such as price, quality, convenience, and availability of the service). At the stage of creating conditions for the development of a competitive environment, state policy managers need to take into account the fact that price competition is the main type of competition that is understandable to the consumers (patients) in the healthcare system.Competition usually eliminates inefficiency, which in many cases leads to high costs allocation associated with the treatment and diagnosis process and will be reflected on patients because of the high price of medical services and the costs for the treatment. Scientists argue that medical care/services of the best quality can cost less in general because of putting more accurate diagnoses, fewer complications and errors, less invasive treatment, faster recovery, fewer risks and complications in the course of the disease. However, opponents of the competition development in the medical sector also defend their arguments against the feasibility of creating such an environment, noting that the provision of competition in the healthcare system is a conceptually imperfect and unproductive process.There is another important issue in this discussion to clarify, i.e. by means of which mechanism may the competition become beneficial in the context of improving health indicators. This concerns both the level of competition and the level of regulation (from the central to the local authorities), which would bring the best results.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Most health facilities in Ukraine are still local monopolies at present and real competition among them is just impossible, which can be explained by a number of objective and subjective factors. Trying to influence the minimization of those factors that make it impossible to develop "healthy" competition, the government drafted a new legislation, which provides for a new approach to financing health facilities as well as healthcare workers. This legislation was also passed by Verkhovna Rada.The reform of the healthcare system will affect not only the financing but also the overall structure of the market of health services. The ability to attract more patients through state-guaranteed payments is likely to encourage foreign and local investors to enter the market and manage competition, which consequently may result in increasing the overall quality and variety of services.The position on the appropriateness of competition in the healthcare system is also a political and cultural problem related to the values inherent in different countries. In general, the introduction of competition is positively evaluated as a potential mechanism for increasing efficiency and productivity as well as improving the health of the population. The fact that competition can be seen both as a "problem" and as a "solution" is a sign of the decisive role of the context in understanding the potential of the market for improving the healthcare system as such.

Розглянуто моделі регіонального розвитку, їх компоненти та модель сталого розвитку у взаємозв'язку та балансі зазначених компонентів. Здійснено етимологію та аналіз соціальної складової регіонального розвитку в країнах ЄС та США. Проаналізовано значення та місце регіональної політики в умовах глобалізації та інтеграції з використанням стратегічного планування та стратегічного управління. ; Problem setting. The article considers the regional development patterns, mainly, the ecological and economic, innovation and investment, cluster, mobilization and innovative, their components and stable development pattern in the interrelation and balance of the mentioned components. Intro­duction of the patterns considered shall be accompanied by the reali­zation of economic reforms, considering the parameters of the internal and external enviro­nmentRecent research and publications analysis. It is stated that the general tendencies of impact on the regional development are characterized by the partial stabilization of economic situation, despite the continuous military actions in the East, as well as the processes of the territorial communities consolidation and power decentralization.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. It was traced that the USA regional policy appeared in the process of combating the economic problems, in particular, the unemployment, in contrast to Europe, where the initiative came from the political group unified by the criticism of excess decentralization, overcoming the disproportions of the economic development, etc. Paper main body. It is determined that the country's social strategy is aimed at the creation of conditions for the social interests development, the national integrity, since without providing for the economic security it is impossible to solve any issue both at the intrastate and foreign-policy level. The main priorities of the stable development strategy are as follows: Social sphere (insurance of the high level of the population welfare through changing the acting standards); ecological sphere (preservation and further improvement of the environmental conditions); economic sphere (improvement of current economic processes efficiency). We considered the issue of regionalism in 2 aspects, mainly, in the international aspect – as a process of building the integration structures in the separate group of states in certain regions or subregions of the world, which is exemplified by the European integration process embraced by the institutional framework of the European Union and at the state level – activity for the purpose of supporting the development of certain regions of the country, frequently cross-border regions, through the relevant regional policy, both within the state and with the support of the integration super-national structures.It is determined that the modernization and the similar phenomena, such as industrialization, urbanization lead to the depression of the "local nationalisms" and regionalisms, to the weakening or disappearance of the regional or local communities being substituted by the ethnic groups not subject to the future modernization processes. The increased social mobility causes the growth of the internal differentiation of separate territorial formations, groups, as well as their uneven development, which leads to the growth of tension and dissatisfaction within their relations.It is researched that the efficient social policy of the EU countries is oriented towards the social work of support and insurance, as well as the people's participation in the discussion, development and making the vital social decisions. During the formation of the regional development policy much attention should be given to the strategic planning and strategic management. The national social programs are realized with the help of the public components of the regional policy with regard to the peculiarities of the given region. The public interests will allow developing the programs, which embrace the problems of the region to the greatest extent and will be aimed at the solution of these problems.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. It is summarized that each EU State forms its own regional policy, with regard to the level of its socio-economic development and national priorities. The use the the regional policy instruments depends much upon the potential of the regions, territorial characteristic features of their development, peculiarities of the regional issues, the level of government control decentralization and the level of the regional autonomy. Generally, the regional development of the Ukrainian population is not developed as much as in the West and Central European Countries, and, thus, for the regional developmentthe system of institutions should be created which could satisfy the public interests, improve the level of life and social warranties.

el Hospital de Especialidades del Niño y la Mujer, forma médicos pediatras, los cuales conviven con la vida, la enfermedad y la muerte a diario, y aunque bien formados en su disciplina; se observan vacíos en ámbitos como el derecho, la ética y los derechos humanos. OBJETIVO: Analizar los argumentos necesarios para la elaboración deunprograma de capacitación en Bioética Clínica Hospitalaria para formación en el personal de salud durante la residencia profesional.METODOLOGÍA: el planteamiento es retomar la capacitación de ética y derechos humanos durante su formación en la previa etapa al campo laboral, y con el apoyo de herramientas de abordaje a problemas prácticos clínicos que se constituyen en dilemas éticos y cuestiones legales de la práctica médica; mediante talleres dialecticos; para entender que su actuar no ético podría tener efectos legales en contra del profesional de la salud; se evaluó al inicio y tres meses después de la intervención, a través de la aplicación de un instrumento con preguntas de selección múltiple, abiertas, o de lectura y comentarios sobre estudio de casos específicos. Adicionalmente, se llevó a caboun estudio de sombra de tres meses sobre su relación directa a pacientes y familiares, durantela obtención del consentimiento informado.RESULTADOS: Se trabajó con un grupo de médicos residentes asignadopor el cuerpo directivo de Enseñanza del Hospital Materno Infantil del Estado de Querétaro. En la entrevista diagnóstica se mostró que existe una noción general de dilemas éticos clínicos pero una nulametodología y conocimiento de herramientas clínico legales de estos, asu vez del marco legal que envuelve el ejercicio profesional de la pediatría en la legislación de México y los reglamentos internacionales de Bioética, una vez que se intervino con el proceso educativo, se mostró en el diagnóstico sombracambios significativosen la manera de tratar a familiares y pacientes,y una búsquedamás humana para obtener el consentimiento informado y al momento de explicar tratamientos médicos, y en el diagnóstico final las respuestas obtenidas se observaron mayormenteanalizadas y con mejorfundamento bioético. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere sistematizar la capacitación en lineamientos jurídicos, éticos y derechos humanos del profesional médico en residencia, debido al conflicto ético constante en el ejercicio de su profesión, y basados en un programa que genere el Comité de Bioética Hospitalaria de la institución. ; the Hospital of Specialties of the Child and the Woman, forms pediatric doctors, which coexist with the life, the illness and the daily death, and although well trained in their discipline; gaps are observed in areas such as law, ethics and human rights. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the arguments necessary for the development of a training program in Clinical Bioethics Hospital for training in health personnel during professional residency. METHODOLOGY: the approach is to resume the training of ethics and human rights during their training in the previous stage in the field of work, and with the support of tools to approach clinical practical problems that constitute ethical dilemmas and legal issues of medical practice;through dialectic workshops; to understand that their unethical actions could have legal effects against the health professional; it was evaluated at the beginning and three months after the intervention, through the application of an instrument with multiple-choice questions, open questions, or reading and comments on the study of specific cases. In addition, a three-month shadow study was carried out on its direct relationship to patients and relatives, during the obtaining of informed consent. RESULTS: We worked with a group of resident doctors assigned by the teaching body of the Maternal and Child Hospital of the State of Querétaro. In the diagnostic interview it was shown that there is a general notion of clinical ethical dilemmas but a null methodology and knowledge of legal clinical tools of these, in turn of the legal framework that involves the professional practice of pediatrics in Mexican legislation and regulations International Bioethics, once it was intervened with the educational process, it was shown in the shadow diagnosis significant changes in the way of treating relatives and patients, and a more humane search to obtain informed consent and when explaining medical treatments, and in the final diagnosis the answers obtained were observed mostly analyzed and with better bioethical basis. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to systematize the training in legal, ethical and human rights guidelines of the medical professional in residence, due to the constant ethical conflict in the exercise of their profession, and based on a program generated by the Hospital Bioethics Committee of the institution.