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Despite a rather wide range of disagreement among National Socialist writers, a general, characteristic National Socialist theory of international law is definitely discernible. Hans Helmut Dietze is perhaps the most representative and certainly among the most thoroughly National Socialist writers on this subject. Helmut Nicolai, Ernst Wolgast, Norbert Gürke, Herbert Kraus, and G. A. Walz may be considered as ranking next in importance from the point of view of expounding the most typical National Socialist doctrines in the field of international law. The words and deeds of the Fuhrer have formed, of course, the basis upon which these doctrines stand. Although the utterances as well as the actions of Hitler have not always been consistent (this is obvious in any comparison of Mein Kampf with his speeches as Reichskanzler), this fact does not seem greatly to have hindered the formulation of an international legal theory, but then this theory itself may appear to many, when viewed objectively, as likewise inconsistent. However, just as it is possible to dismiss certain statements of Hitler as embodying words coined more for tactical purposes and not sincerely in line with National Socialist ideology, so it is possible to see through many of the inconsistencies in the National Socialist theories on international law and obtain the real volklich-nationale point of view.

A notable gap in existing analyses of the United Nations is the relative absence of systematic treatments of the links between the Organization itself and the international system in which it operates. These links constitute a complex dual relationship, both sides of which are worthy of serious analyses. The functions and activities of the United Nations are molded by the fundamental dimensions and dynamic processes of the international system. At the same time, however, the United Nations is itself an actor in the system and it is sometimes able to influence its environment significantly. Throughout the history of the United Nations the impact of the systemic environment on the Organization has far surpassed the impact of the Organization on the system. Nevertheless, the influence of the United Nations on world politics should not be underestimated, especially in its more subtle and intangible forms.

Der Beitrag widmet sich einer Bestandsaufnahme der aktuellen internationalen politischen Bemühungen um Rüstungskontrolle und -konversion. Konzepte für Rüstungsbeschränkungen in den europäischen Ländern, USA, China und der Sowjetunion zwischen 1980 und 1989 werden kurz resümiert, bevor der Stand der interdisziplinären Konversionsforschungsdebatte sowohl in der BRD als auch der DDR diskutiert wird. Aus der übergreifenden Betrachtung der Forschungsliteratur zur Konversionsforschung, dem Bezug auf ausländische Fortschritte und neueren konkreten Erfahrungen kommt der Autor abschließend thesenhaft zu Schlußfolgerungen und weiterführenden Fragen, die sich mit dem Wechsel von militärischer und ziviler Nutzung von Ressourcen und der Abwägung der Rolle menschlicher Akteure befassen. Konversionsstrategien als Teil umfassender Konzepte von gesellschaftlichen Strategien der Neuorientierung sowie der Zusammenhang von Rüstungskonversion und allgemeinem sozialen Wandel müssen zukünftig stärker in die Forschung mit einbezogen werden. Dieser Prozeß erfordert eine Ausweitung der Konversionsforschung auf andere Wissenschaftsdisziplinen als die der Friedensforschung oder der Politologie, insbesondere die Förderung einer Einbeziehung der Wirtschafts- und Rechtswissenschaft. (ICE)

Aus taiwanesischer Sicht

Die marokkanische Stadt Tanger liegt an der Straße von Gibraltar, auf der Schwelle von Europa und Afrika, Orient und Okzident. Hier gründeten Diplomaten aus bis zu 13 verschiedenen Staaten ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts internationale Organisationen, die die Basis für eine von 1923 bis 1956 bestehende Sonderverwaltungszone bildeten. Die Internationalisierung der Stadt wird von der Autorin nicht nur in die Kolonialgeschichte Marokkos eingeordnet, sondern selbst als eine spezifische Form der kolonialen Herrschaft, als "geteilter Kolonialismus", konzeptualisiert. Diesen untersucht sie über einen Zeitraum von rund 100 Jahren und anhand stadtplanerischer Infrastrukturprojekte wie dem Bau von Kanalisation und Schlachthaus. Auf diese Weise wird am Beispiel der Stadt Tanger sichtbar, wie sich globale und lokale Entwicklungsprozesse gegenseitig bedingten und einen klar definierten Raum nachhaltig prägten. Erstmals konnte die Autorin für diese Studie weit verstreute Akten aus den Archiven internationaler Organisationen zusammentragen und mit dem Ansatz der transnationalen Geschichte auswerten. Daniela Hettstedt erhielt 2020 für ihre Studie den Dissertationspreis der "Gesellschaft für Stadtgeschichte und Urbanisierungsforschung"

This book collects expert opinions, research, and risk assessments from within the Chinese financial policy establishment on prospects for the internationalization of the renminbi as a reserve currency around the world. As China's economy diversifies in the acquisition of global assets, the renminbi may partially displace the dollar or yen as a reserve currency, with unpredictable and profound potential consequences. This book, presenting for the first time in English, the Chinese perspective on the internationalization of the Chinese currency will be of great value to central bankers, financiers, and students of international finance. The International Monetary Institute at Renmin University is China's foremost think-tank on issues of currency internationalization, currency flows, central banking, and related topics. Research at the think-tank is conducted collectively by fellows and associates.--

Can an international organization socialize those who work within it? The European Commission of the European Union is a crucial case because it is an autonomous international organization with a vocation to defend supranational norms. If this body cannot socialize its members, which international organization can? I develop theoretical expectations about how time, organizational structure, alternative processes of preference formation, and national socialization affect international socialization. To test these expectations for the European Commission, I use two surveys of top permanent Commission officials, conducted in 1996 and 2002. The analysis shows that support for supranational norms is relatively high, but that this is more because of national socialization than socialization in the Commission. National norms, originating in prior experiences in national ministries, loyalty to national political parties, or experience with one's country's organization of authority, decisively shape top officials' views on supranational norms. There are, then, several roads to international norms. © 2005 by The IO Foundation.

1. Introduction -- 2. Cuba's struggle for independence -- 3. Colonialism, imperialism and pariah states -- 4. Exporting revolution, importing communism -- 5. Self-help and international law -- 6. The Cuban embargo -- 7. Violations, responsibility and remedies -- 8. Legal framework for peaceful settlement -- 9. Concluding remarks on the relevance of international law.

Public international law has been 'global' in its application since at least the 1960s, when most western colonial empires had disappeared. Still, it is far from being left untouched by the fundamental changes which law is undergoing worldwide and which scholars often catch under the term 'globalization'. The gradual decline of the monopoly of states in the field of international relations and the on-going globalization of the economy and the challenges mankind is facing threaten the autonomy of public international law and even stretch it to its vanishing point. The authors argue that while international lawyers should not react defensively, we should be even more careful not to sacrifice the central position of the state in international law too readily as it is the prime locus of democracy and the rule of law. They also plead for a shift in international legal academia from the traditional focus on the formal role of international law within the system of law and global governance to studying its societal impact and potential in facing global challenges.