Suchergebnisse

Molornya pengesahan APBD Provinsi Riau menarik ditelusuri. Peristiwa ini mengindikasikankuatnya tarik menarik kepentingan antara para pihak, khususnya partai politik yangtermanifestasikan di dalam DPRD dengan pihak eksekutif. Kerasnya tarik menarik kepentingansangat merugikan masyarakat karena APBD merupakan kebijakan pemerintahan daerah gunamemberikan layanan publik yang prima dan juga untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraanmasyarakat. Bagaimana bentuk deliberasi yang dilakukan partai politik dalam kebijakananggaran pemerintahan Provinsi Riau tahun anggaran 2013 perlu ditelusuri lebih jauh.Penelitian deskriptif dengan mewawancarai secara mendalam beberapa pihak dan menganalisisecara kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa partai politik sebagai satu entitas institusi tidak tampakterlibat secara kuat dalam memberikan pertimbangan-pertimbangan mendalam dalampenyusunan anggaran daerah Riau 2013. Peran deliberatif lebih banyak dilakukan oleh kaderpartai yang duduk dalam fraksi di DPRD. Anggaran daerah oleh anggota fraksi DPRD dilihatsebagai ruang untuk menjaga stabilitas hubungan dengan konstituen sekaligus diharapkansebagai upaya membesarkan partai.Kata kunci: deliberasi, partai politik, kepentingan.

The antipyretic properties of cinchona barks were known since ancient times in South America, particularly in Peru. The use of these barks in medicines against "fevers" in Europe in the 17th century made the exploitation of cinchonas of Peru a highly productive process, and those cinchona trees became menaced. The Portuguese government aware of the problem searched an alternative in cinchona varieties existing in Brazil. By the beginning of 19th century, samples of different Brazilian barks were shipped to Portugal in order to evaluate their therapeutic properties, in particular their antipyretic properties. Clinical and chemical studies were carried out in Coimbra and Lisbon, by the most eminent scientists of that time, in order to find out the best way to use the barks and identify the "febrifuge principle". During this research, Bernardino António Gomes isolated in 1810 the first known alkaloid – the cinchonine. This discovery raised international interest and led in 1820 to the isolation of quinine, by Caventou and Pelletier in France. This reinforced the interest in cinchona barks and the producing countries tried to establish a monopoly, forbidding the export of seeds and plants. Some European governments studied then possible solutions for the problem, namely acclimatizing cinchonas in their African and Asian colonies. Getting the plants was difficult, but finally, in Dutch and British colonies, large plantations of cinchonas were made, and so the import from South America was no longer needed. The Portuguese also tried to develop plantations in different regions in Africa. In São Tomé the culture of the cinchonas was economically sustainable and a small pharmaceutical industry was developed during some decades. In this communication we present a brief account of the isolation of cinchonine and of the development of the culture of cinchona trees in Portuguese colonies.

Les auteurs font l'historique de l'enseignement pharmaceutique au Portugal. Leur recherche se centre essentiellement sur les réformes qui ont marqué la pharmacie dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, une période de profondes modifications scientifiques, techniques et professionnelles au niveau de la pharmacie portugaise. Ils effectuent une étude de cas pour l'École/ Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université en centrant leur attention aussi bien sur l'enseignement que sur la recherche réalisée, ayant pour rideau de fond le contexte politique, social et scientifique. ; Pharmaceutical teaching in Portugal - the case study of the University of Coimbra´s Faculty of Pharmacy — The authors make a record of pharmaceutical teaching in Portugal centering their investigation mainly on the reforms that marked pharmacy in the first half of the XX century, a period of scientific, technical and deep professional changes in Portuguese pharmacy. A case study was completed for the University´s School / Faculty of Pharmacy focusing its attention not only on the teaching but also the investigation accomplished, having the political, social and scientific context as a background.