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The Use of the US doctrine . The global information technology industry is on pace to reach $5.2 trillion in 2020. The United States is the largest tech market in the world, the majority of technology spending (68%) occurs beyond its borders. Ukrainian developers create big part of the intellectual property objects for US.The article touches upon basic issues for the application of US doctrine «work made for hire» in the field of information and communication technologies(ICT) in Ukraine. Many conflicts arise in legislation during the relationship between private law rules of several states. Therefore, the historical conditions of the doctrine, its concept and content, the main elements, and the possibility of its application to IPR in the field of ICT are analyzed.US law guarantees the protection of the author's rights. But doctrine is an exception to that rule. However, in the field of ICT, when concluding contracts, the jurisdiction and law of the country are always consistent. That is why the application of the doctrine of «work made for hire» in the terms of the contract will result in a «proper violation» of peremptory norms, which will deprive the author of the entire volume of rights to the work and make it impossible to defend in court. Due to the fact thatthere is no reliable source of information, new cases arise that require new decisions that are not provided for by law.Particular attention is devoted to comparing the American doctrine of «work made for hire» in contracts with the Ukrainian executor of works. There is no doubt that such conformity is an evaluation concept and requires expertise in ICT.In conclusion, it was proved that the full application of the concept of «work made for hire» in the conditions of the current Ukrainian legislation is impossible. Because it contradicts the peremptory norms of Ukrainian law, allows the interested party to circumvent these norms, without any consequences, depriving the author of legal rights, difficulties arise when trying to recognize copyright in court. Conversely, it is possible to prevent the resolution of conflicts of law under the condition of proper andconsistent conclusion of contracts. ; Статья посвящена исследованию доктрины произведения, созданного на заказ согласно правопорядку США. Освещены предпосылки формирования, понятие, содержание доктрины «work made for hire», основные элементы и возможность применения в отношении ОПИС в сфере ИКТ. Кроме этого, исследована взаимосвязь доктрины со сферой информационно-коммуникационных технологий, с этойцелью рассмотрено несколько судебных решений США. Особое внимание уделено сравнению американской доктрины «work made for hire» с нормами украинского законодательства, регулирующими аналогичные правоотношения в сфере интеллектуальной собственности. Проведено сравнение правового статуса автора и за-казчика в украинском законодательстве и международных договорах, ратифицированных Украиной. Автор пришел к выводу, что доктрина «work made for hire» противоречит императивным нормам украинского законодательства, ее применение в договорах является ничтожным. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню доктрини твору, зробленого на замовлення відповідно до правопорядку США. Висвітлено передумови формування, поняття, зміст доктрини «work made for hire», основні елементи та можливість застосування щодо ОПІВ у сфері ІКТ. Окрім цього, досліджено взаємозв'язок доктрини зі сферою інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, з цією метою розглянуто кілька дійсних судових рішень США.Особливу увагу приділено порівнянню американської доктрини «work made for hire» з нормами українського законодавства, які регулюють аналогічні правовідносини в галузі права інтелектуальної власності. Проведено порівняння правового статусу автора і замовника в українському законодавстві та міжнародних договорах, ратифікованихУкраїною. Після дослідження рішень Верховного Суду України зроблено припущення щодо можливих перспектив розвитку судової практики, пов'язаної з розподілом права між автором і замовником на комп'ютерні програми як об'єкт авторсько-правових відносин. Автор дійшов висновку, що доктрина «work made for hire» суперечить імперативним нормам українського законодавства, а її застосування в договорах є нікчемним.

The Use of the US doctrine . The global information technology industry is on pace to reach $5.2 trillion in 2020. The United States is the largest tech market in the world, the majority of technology spending (68%) occurs beyond its borders. Ukrainian developers create big part of the intellectual property objects for US.The article touches upon basic issues for the application of US doctrine «work made for hire» in the field of information and communication technologies(ICT) in Ukraine. Many conflicts arise in legislation during the relationship between private law rules of several states. Therefore, the historical conditions of the doctrine, its concept and content, the main elements, and the possibility of its application to IPR in the field of ICT are analyzed.US law guarantees the protection of the author's rights. But doctrine is an exception to that rule. However, in the field of ICT, when concluding contracts, the jurisdiction and law of the country are always consistent. That is why the application of the doctrine of «work made for hire» in the terms of the contract will result in a «proper violation» of peremptory norms, which will deprive the author of the entire volume of rights to the work and make it impossible to defend in court. Due to the fact thatthere is no reliable source of information, new cases arise that require new decisions that are not provided for by law.Particular attention is devoted to comparing the American doctrine of «work made for hire» in contracts with the Ukrainian executor of works. There is no doubt that such conformity is an evaluation concept and requires expertise in ICT.In conclusion, it was proved that the full application of the concept of «work made for hire» in the conditions of the current Ukrainian legislation is impossible. Because it contradicts the peremptory norms of Ukrainian law, allows the interested party to circumvent these norms, without any consequences, depriving the author of legal rights, difficulties arise when trying to recognize copyright in court. Conversely, it is possible to prevent the resolution of conflicts of law under the condition of proper andconsistent conclusion of contracts. ; Статья посвящена исследованию доктрины произведения, созданного на заказ согласно правопорядку США. Освещены предпосылки формирования, понятие, содержание доктрины «work made for hire», основные элементы и возможность применения в отношении ОПИС в сфере ИКТ. Кроме этого, исследована взаимосвязь доктрины со сферой информационно-коммуникационных технологий, с этойцелью рассмотрено несколько судебных решений США. Особое внимание уделено сравнению американской доктрины «work made for hire» с нормами украинского законодательства, регулирующими аналогичные правоотношения в сфере интеллектуальной собственности. Проведено сравнение правового статуса автора и за-казчика в украинском законодательстве и международных договорах, ратифицированных Украиной. Автор пришел к выводу, что доктрина «work made for hire» противоречит императивным нормам украинского законодательства, ее применение в договорах является ничтожным. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню доктрини твору, зробленого на замовлення відповідно до правопорядку США. Висвітлено передумови формування, поняття, зміст доктрини «work made for hire», основні елементи та можливість застосування щодо ОПІВ у сфері ІКТ. Окрім цього, досліджено взаємозв'язок доктрини зі сферою інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, з цією метою розглянуто кілька дійсних судових рішень США.Особливу увагу приділено порівнянню американської доктрини «work made for hire» з нормами українського законодавства, які регулюють аналогічні правовідносини в галузі права інтелектуальної власності. Проведено порівняння правового статусу автора і замовника в українському законодавстві та міжнародних договорах, ратифікованихУкраїною. Після дослідження рішень Верховного Суду України зроблено припущення щодо можливих перспектив розвитку судової практики, пов'язаної з розподілом права між автором і замовником на комп'ютерні програми як об'єкт авторсько-правових відносин. Автор дійшов висновку, що доктрина «work made for hire» суперечить імперативним нормам українського законодавства, а її застосування в договорах є нікчемним.

[6], 238 [i.e. 230], [2] p. ; Pages [6], 1-35 were tightly bound in the filmed copy. They were photographed from Yale University Library copy and inserted at the end. ; Advertisements ([2] p.) at end. ; Reproduction of original in University of Chicago Library.

19 [i.e. 16] p. ; Place of publication from Wing. ; P. 16 misnumbered 19. ; Annotation on Thomason copy: "July. 11.". ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

[6], 168, [2], 171-188 p. ; "The epistle dedicatorie" signed: The most humble remonstrant. ; The determination of the qvestion, concerning the divine right of episcopacie / by the famous and learned divine Dr. Abrahamus Scultetus has special t.p. ; Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.

The library of the University of Guantánamo recommends for its users the printed version of the number 34 of the ABRA magazine which can be consulted in: Http://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/abraThis magazine is a publication of Social Sciences with editorial certificate, indexed in many databases, and printed since 1980 in the Faculty of Social Sciences of the National University of Costa Rica. The objective of the magazine is to promote the intellectual production of the academic scientific community in the field of Social Sciences and to be in permanent feedback of the Social Worldwide Thinking in the areas of: Economy, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Political Sciences, Communication Sciences, History, Education, Social Work, Geography, Secretariats, Social Planning, Social Promotion, International Relations, among others.The magazine is indexed in the following databases: DIALNET, LATINDEX, CLASSROOM, IRIESE, E-REVISTAS, SHERPA ROMEO and BIBLAT. It belongs to the serial publications Group 3 ABRA Magazine Vol. 34, No. 49, year 2014, July-DecemberSome of the titles of the issue are:University, social identity construction and autonomy development: social representation about the university degree, by Laura Andrea Bustamante, Martina Fernández, and Victoria Demo Di Giuseppe.A Southern perspective for a social movement´s analysis by Lorena Camacho de la O, Marcelo Gaete Astica, Jeffrey Peytrequín Gómez, and Santiago Sarceño Barquero.The Peronist State facing collective bargaining: From new institutional tools to the legalization of collective labor agreements, by María Paula Luciani.Public environmental expenditure in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997-2012), by Veronica L. Cáceres.The magazine is indexed in the following databases: DIALNET, LATINDEX, CLASSROOM, IRIESE, E-REVISTAS, SHERPA ROMEO and BIBLAT. It belongs to the serial publications Group 3Written by: M.Sc María González Polo ; La biblioteca de la Universidad de Guantánamo pone a disposición de sus usuarios en soporte papel, el número 34 de la revista ABRA, la cual puede consultar además en: http://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/abraEsta revista es una publicación de Ciencias Sociales con sello editorial, e indexada, la cual se publica desde 1980 en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. El objetivo de la revista es promover la producción intelectual de la comunidad académica científica en el campo de las Ciencias Sociales y la retroalimentación permanente del Pensamiento Social Mundial en las áreas de: Economía, Antropología, Sociología, Psicología, Ciencias Políticas, Ciencias de la Comunicación, Historia, Educación, Trabajo Social, Geografía, Secretariado, Planificación Social, Promoción Social, Relaciones Internacionales, entre otras.La revista se encuentra indexada en: DIALNET, LATINDEX, CLASE, IRIESE, E-REVISTAS, SHERPA ROMEO Y BIBLAT. Pertenece al Grupo 3 REVISTA ABRA Vol. 34, No. 49, año 2014, julio-diciembre Artículos de este número·        - Universidad, construcción de la identidad social y desarrollo de la autonomía: representaciones sociales acerca del título universitario. Laura Andrea Bustamante, Martina Fernández, Victoria Demo Di Giuseppe·        - Una mirada desde el Sur al análisis de los movimientos sociales . Lorena Camacho De la O, Marcelo Gaete Astica, Jeffrey Peytrequín Gómez, Santiago Sarceño Barquero El Estado peronista frente a las negociaciones colectivas: de las nuevas herramientas institucionales a la legalización de las convenciones colectivas. María Paula Luciani·        - El gasto público ambiental de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997-2012) . Verónica L. Cáceres· Un estudio exploratorio sobre el desarrollo de competencias digitales en la educación superior. Carolina España Chavarría, Xinia Corrales EscalanteOfrecemos a los lectores el resumen del último de los artículos de este número, por su importancia y actualidad en el uso de las tecnologías por parte de las universidades.Se realiza un estudio exploratorio para obtener un primer conocimiento sobre el desarrollo de competencias digitales alcanzadas por el grupo estudiantil participante del curso Elaboración Integral de Documentos III de las carreras Administración de Oficinas y Educación Comercial impartido en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. El objetivo del estudio es conocer la opinión discente sobre la importancia otorgada al desarrollo de competencias digitales en el proceso de formación universitaria. Como principales resultados se evidencia una formación inicial relativamente insuficiente ante estas competencias, consideradas necesarias para un mejor desempeño en la sociedad contemporánea. Las consecuencias se asocian al escaso conocimiento, a la falta de habilidades y al desarrollo de actitudes del grupo estudiantil que dificultan su quehacer para afrontar los desafíos del mundo actual.

The author analyses the question and application of technology. The author draws on the works of Heidegger, Marcuse and Jonas. The emphasis is on Marcuse since he best developed the theory of liberation through technology and offered a detailed vision of aesthetic ethos. The author first discusses Heidegger's understanding of technology which largely influenced Marcuse. Then, the author discusses Jonas' proposition for a new ethics for technological civilization. Finally, drawing on Heidegger, Marcuse, Jonas and Simondon, the author proposes the term "technoaesthetics" as a notion that describes and captures a qualitatively different idea of the usage and application of technology.

In the article the author tackles upon problem of interrelations between N. Mickhailovsky the leader of populists and liberals in the 90-ies of the XIX century. The author determines the ideology of Mickhailovsky as democratic. ; In the article the author tackles upon problem of interrelations between N. Mickhailovsky the leader of populists and liberals in the 90-ies of the XIX century. The author determines the ideology of Mickhailovsky as democratic.

Mode of access: Internet. ; Author corporate affiliation: Manitoba Transportation and Government Services, Winnepeg (Canada) ; Author corporate affiliation: Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation (Canada) ; Author corporate affiliation: Manitoba Trucking Association (Canada) ; Author corporate affiliation: Service Manitoba (Canada) ; Education and Technical Assistance Program ; Content is also available on included CD-ROM (in English and French) ; Subject code: J ; Subject code: YCR ; Subject code: VH ; Subject code: YDT ; Subject code: YDB ; Subject code: QG*EO

"Serial no. 110-50." ; Shipping list no.: 2008-0455-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In this article, the author examines the cultural production of homelessness in the United States, with particular concern for the intimate connection between discursive practices and material conditions. Drawing from poststructural discourse analysis, the author traces the discursive development of homelessness and homeless people between 1982 and 1996 in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times. The author explores changes in discursive practices and demonstrates how these changes produce, transform, and stabilize public knowledge about people who cannot afford housing. In conjunction, the author deconstructs current discursive practices in newspapers and examines the relationship of these practices to local political responses to homelessness. The author then discusses how discursive practices regarding poverty create particular problems, deliberations, and interventions while precluding others. Finally, the author considers the implications of the findings for class politics and social change.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges the author had encountered and the counter-strategies she had adopted to overcome them while conducting ethnography for the first time during her doctoral research. In this paper, the author hopes to provide guidance for future researchers by discussing the role she played in her research, the experiences she gained as a result of it, the difficulties she faced and the strategies she employed to overcome these difficulties.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the social constructionist perspective, this paper analyses the experience that the author had gained during her field study. As a novice researcher, the author entered the field to study the relationship between caste and occupational mobility. The caste that she had selected was the Kansari caste to which the author belongs. Therefore, her position as a researcher while conducting ethnography became a crucial part of the methodological challenges the author faced. While insider ethnography has its advantages and disadvantages, this paper does not discuss these aspects of the methodology. Instead, it discusses how, as a novice researcher, the author had to negotiate her position as an insider and outsider.FindingsWhile analysing her experience as a novice researcher, the author found that her journey of conducting insider ethnography was of rediscovering herself as a Kansari as well as a researcher. Through this research, the author found that as an insider ethnographer, certain strategies had to be adopted in the field by the researcher to be objective and unbiased throughout the research process. For example, whenever the author conducted an interview, she tried to try to say less, listen more and be as objective as possible, without allowing her preconceptions to influence the information she gathered from the field.Originality/valueThis is an original paper based on the primary data collected by the author.

This article deals with the conditions and the legal procedure of termination of an employment contract for absence. The author considers changes in appropriate provision of Employment code in comparison with Code of labour laws 1971. The article gives examples of disciplinary offences, which are regarded by courts as absences, and also examples of acts, which can not be regarded as absences. The author points to the fact, that labour legislation does not contain a criteria to qualify reasons of employee's absence as reasonable excuses, so the author suggests to amend Russian Employment code by approximate list of circumstances, which can be regarded as reasonable excuses. The author also analyzes the procedure of dismissal for absence and stresses on the fact, that it must be comply with the procedure of application of disciplinary penalties. But the author comes to the conclusion, that in practice this legal procedure is often violated. The author also pays attention to the legal provision, which specifies, that burden of proof lays on employer, and then gives the court decision of a certain case. ; This article deals with the conditions and the legal procedure of termination of an employment contract for absence. The author considers changes in appropriate provision of Employment code in comparison with Code of labour laws 1971. The article gives examples of disciplinary offences, which are regarded by courts as absences, and also examples of acts, which can not be regarded as absences. The author points to the fact, that labour legislation does not contain a criteria to qualify reasons of employee's absence as reasonable excuses, so the author suggests to amend Russian Employment code by approximate list of circumstances, which can be regarded as reasonable excuses. The author also analyzes the procedure of dismissal for absence and stresses on the fact, that it must be comply with the procedure of application of disciplinary penalties. But the author comes to the conclusion, that in practice this legal procedure is often violated. The author also pays attention to the legal provision, which specifies, that burden of proof lays on employer, and then gives the court decision of a certain case.