Suchergebnisse

One of the objectives of Pakistan's Third Five Year Plan is
"to make sub¬stantial progress towards achieving certain specific social
objectives such as diminishing inequalities in the distribution of
income " [4, p.39]. The main purpose of the present study is to measure
these inequalities. As the basic source we have used provides data on
private consumption as well as on personal income, some rough
calculations on personal savings (as residuals) have been included in
this paper. Income distribution and savings in Pakistan have been
studied by others in the past. A few papers have appeared in this Review
and elsewhere [3; 6 and 10]. However, due to the limitations of data,
all of them have been confined to the coverage of particular
geographical areas, population groups or industrial sectors, whereas the
present paper, in principle, deals with all personal income and savings
in the country. The data for this study were mainly obtained from the
"Quarterly Surveys of Current Economic Conditions" conducted by the
Central Statistical Office (CSO) during the fiscal year 1963/64. Since
similar information was not available for other years, the scope of the
present study had to be limited to the one year, 1963/64. This severe
limitation must be fully kept in mind when conclusions are drawn on the
basis of our findings. While the results may be valid for 1963/64, their
generalization over time would depend on the degree of stability of the
various functional and structural relationships involved. E.g.,
aggregate personal savings rates are probably very

This paper explicitly presents the estimation of the size and development of the shadow economy. The study examines the impact of multiple exogenous causes (observed variables) on the shadow economy (latent variable) and the size of the shadow economy influencing the performance of multiple macroeconomic indicators. In order to accomplish this econometric analysis, a MIMIC Model (Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Model) is applied over the period 2011 to 2021. The results indicate that the tax burden, business freedom, unemployment rate, and Gross Domestic Product are the key driving forces of the shadow economy in Pakistan. The findings are potentially beneficial for the policymakers in identifying and dealing with the shadow economic activities as well as developing the strategies relevant to the economic policy.

The paper examines administrative performance and public management reforms in Pakistan. The study is based on the expert opinion of the civil servants gathered via 27 semi-structured interviews. Pakistan has inherited the administrative structure from the British colonial raj. Although there have been numerous reforms aimed at improving administrative performance, none of them have been implemented adequately. The changes pursued in the first two decades were related to enhancing the administrative performance by creating an adequate structure of administrative posts and ensuring a fair remuneration system. The first full reform package was presented in the 1970s with steps to improve the civil service performance and nationalization of significant banks and industries. The New Public Management (NPM) inspired the Pakistani government to adopt the policies of managerialism and privatization during the 1990s. The government intended to remove the status quo and privatize the public sector industries. This reform was successful only with regard to the privatization of some sectors and banks. The remaining reform programme failed mostly because of political instability, weak political will, political interference with the reform process, etc. The semi-structured interviews conducted with Pakistani civil servants tackled the public administration problems and their possible solutions. The respondents suggested that an indigenous public management model should be created. They indicated that the government should firmly support the implementation of reform measures. Civil servants should get salaries according to their expertise. There must be a well-defined and up to date performance and evaluation system able to ensure performance-based promotions, rewards, and punishments.

This paper highlights the importance of energy in the determination of growth for economy of Pakistan. This study has been taken for the period of 1972-2015. Along with energy consumption some other important variables are also put into investigation. The Johansson co-integration estimation technique has been used to estimate the required impact. The results show that energy consumption contributed positively and significantly to long run economic growth. While the said impact is statistically insignificant in the short run, the study suggested on the basis of results that energy sources should be explored to boost which may possible to satisfy the energy need of the country and to get guaranteed economic growth in the long run. Therefore, Government should pay special attention toward the country's energy sector to stabilize the economy which assures prosperity in the country.

It is sometimes said that "national planning will simply have
no meaning if it completely ignores the economic disparities between the
two wings and fails to evolve a sensible pattern of regional planning"2.
The lack of much essential data on a regional basis, however, renders
any precise estimate of the relative growth rates almost impossible.
Data either are not available or are inadequate on such important
variables as production, income, consumption and trade, so that even a
correct evaluation of past development efforts is not possible. The
implications of such a situation for future planning are not difficult
to understand. In this article an attempt is made to estimate the
absorption of specified commodities in East and West Pakistan
separately3. This will indicate the pattern of consumption and also give
a rough idea about the growth rate of the two wings. With this purpose
in view, quantity indices of absorption are prepared for each wing
separately, taking data on availability of goods and prices from the
Institute's monograph on Inflation. The quantity indi¬ces, however, are
not of course strictly comparable with national income estimates because
of the difference in coverage of the two series. National income data
include government, services, trade, etc., while the quantity indices
cover only specified goods available for each region.

Most of the developing countries, including Pakistan, set high
tariffs and stringent quantitative restrictions (QRs) to protect their
domestic industries from foreign competition and to raise tax revenues.
Both tariffs and QRs, due to the weak enforcement of controls, provide
incentives to smuggle goods through illegal channels and to
under-invoice imports through legal channels of trade to evade import
taxes. In particular, under-invoicing of imports challenge both the
abovementioned obj~ctives; that is. the under-invoicing of imports
confers much lower protection to domestic industries than that accorded
by statutory rates of import duties, while the tax revenues are lost as
import taxes are evaded. Tariff barriers, QRs, and foreign exchange
rationing give rise to black foreign exchange markets. Foreign
remittances and under-invoicing of exports are the major supply sources
of foreign exchange in black markets. On the other hand, the demand for
illegal foreign exchange comes largely from the nationals who want to
travel abroad, capital flight abroad, and the under-invoicing of imports
which requires the purchases of black market foreign exchange to make
full payment to the foreign exporter.

Recognizing the significant role that energy plays on growth, the South Asian countries are beginning to focus on their energy issues and formulate common energy policies. The SAARC Energy Center (SEC) was established in 2005 to address energy challenges in the South Asian region. In this paper the authors investigate the presence of cointegration and causality relationships for energy consumption in the three largest SAARC countries: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan and argue that establishing mutually beneficial energy policies in the three countries helps the SEC meet its goals and objectives.

Pakistan's agriculture is almost wholly dependent on
irrigation and irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of
agricultural production. Irrigation is central to Pakistan's economy.
Massive investments in irrigation contributed to the development of one
of the largest Indus Basin Irrigation System. Despite heavy budgetary
inputs in irrigation system, it is facing shortage of resources and
suffering from operational problems. The sustainability of irrigated
agriculture is threatened due to problems of waterlogging and salinity,
inadequate operation and maintenance, insufficient recovery of O&M
expenditure, inequitable distribution, environmental degradation,
institutional issues etc. The growing scarcity of water sets the future
stage for intensive competition over water between agriculture and
non-agricultural users. The growing need for food and fibre requirements
of increasing population further limits the per capita availability of
water. Due to the limited prospects for expanding irrigation facilities,
the projected increase in irrigated agriculture will have to come from
significant improvement in the performance of existing systems.
Policy-makers and planners are of the view that Pakistan's irrigated
agriculture requires new strategies to enhance input efficiency and
maintain and improve the quality of the resource base and to get the
irrigation system out of crises. There is a global movement for
searching a new type of relationship between the managers of irrigated
agriculture and farmers. Such options are being considered by government
at various levels to put the system on sustainable development path. In
addressing the environmentally sustainable water resource management in
Pakistan, the paper makes an attempt to provide an over-view of water
resource issues and options.

In Pakistan, one household in six receives remittances from family members working elsewhere. Using household data from a national living standards survey, we find that propensity to receive remittances is strongly associated with a higher number of dependent girls relative to total children in a household. The effect is significant for younger households and for households with lower permanent income, and increases as girls approach expected marriage age. After controlling for other demographic and economic factors known to be associated with migration, we conclude that the need to save for dowry to be paid on the marriage of a daughter is likely to contribute to the labor export decision.