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Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch) ; There is a general need of elaborating energy-effective solutions for managing our increasingly dense interconnected world. The problem should be tackled in multipledimensions – technology, society, economics, law, regulations, and politics – at different temporal and spatial scales. Holistic approaches will enable technological solutions to be supported by socio-economic motivations, adequate incentive regulation to foster investment in green infrastructures coherently integrated with adequate energy provisioning schemes. In this article, an attempt is made to describe such multidisciplinary challenges with a coherent set of solutions to be identified to significantly impact the way our interconnected energy world is designed and operated.

Gaetano Salvemini was one of the earliest political exiles during Fascism. Before his exile Salvemini had the reputation as a well-respected historian and political activist. He taught history at the University of Florence among other universities. Salvemini was known for his intelligence, detailed research and analysis, as well as his unflinching ideals. After his exile Salvemini spent some time in England and France. During this time he traveled to the United States for a lecture tour. He returned to Europe but soon after returned to the U.S. He settled in Cambridge, MA to teach at Harvard University. Salvemini's time at Harvard is very interesting and it is this time period that this paper will focus on. Salvemini's main objective in his writing and lectures was to debunk the myths set forth by the Fascist propaganda machine. This paper will analyze if all his efforts were worthwhile. This paper will make use of a variety of sources including Salvemini's own writing, newspaper articles, reviews, etc. Other sources that will be used include access to Professor DiScala's personal collection of documents on Salvemini. This collection includes articles, letters, Italian governmental documents, etc. This particular collection includes very important primary sources, including correspondence between Italian government officials in the United States and Italy.

Main description: Die kontroversen Diskussionen um die politische Entwicklung in Russland seit der Machtübernahme durch Wladimir Putin im Jahr 2000 reißen nicht ab. Der Abbau demokratischer Rechte, wirtschaftliches Wachstum und Stabilität werden als Kennzeichen der Putin'schen Herrschaft hervorgehoben. Philipp Casula fokussiert in seiner Analyse hingegen auf die Genese des politischen Diskurses im Zeitraum 2000-2008 und erarbeitet dessen hegemoniale und populistische Tendenzen mithilfe der Ansätze von Ernesto Laclau. Die Studie wirft ein neues Licht auf die russische politische Entwicklung und produziert Erklärungen für die Regime-Stabilität Russlands unter Putin jenseits üblicher transformationstheoretischer Modelle.

A critical review of The Famine Plot by Tim Pat Coogan. Coogan blames English government policy for the Irish Famline.

In 1571 the Nuremberg physician, Joachim Camerarius (1534-1598), submitted for the appraisal of his city's Senate, a substantial manuscript titled "Short and Ordered Considerations for the Formation of a Well-Ordered Regime." As one of these 'considerations', he petitioned the Council to establish a Collegium medicum: an institutional body that would operate under the council's mandate to regulate and reform the practice of medicine in the Imperial City of Nuremberg. Although never published, this text became the manifesto of an ongoing movement for the reform and reorganization of medicine throughout the sixteenth century. This 'medical reformation' was a professional claim to social status and political authority on the part of academically educated municipal physicians. More elusively and more importantly, the medical reformation was also the consequence of a series of epistemological shifts within medical knowledge, as practiced and conceived by German municipal physicians in the sixteenth century. In a series of chapters on publications, personal libraries, and correspondence networks respectively, this dissertation examines the way in which the Nuremberg physicians re-created their practice of medicine, privileging their medical 'methodologies,' tactile processes, observation, consensus between physicians and new pharmaceutical distillations, over the simple reception of Galenic branches of knowledge. The municipal physicians and their medical reformation offer a perspective on distinctly artisanal practices: experience, demonstration, an engagement with the vernacular, and professional consensus. However, they do so from a non-artisanal social background. As all were graduates of German, French and Italian universities, no one more embodies the world of scholastic learning than they. Their claim to professional primacy was based not just on an appreciation of the value of new mechanical and technical processes, such as pharmacy, diagnostics and treatment but, also, on an appropriation of their social role. When the Collegium medicum was established in 1592, it elevated university educated physicians above other practitioners in the medical marketplace. It restricted pharmaceutical innovation to physicians, rather than apothecaries, awarded to the physicians jurisdiction over the allocation of medical duties among the medical marketplace, and put in place a set of relationships between physician, patient and polity that endures to this day.

This article focuses on the relationships established between the Sicilian nobility and the Teutonic order, from the creation of the bailiwick in 1197 to his loss in 1492. During its history, the Sicilian bailiwick of the Ordre (la Magione) ensured its survival through the multiple dynastic tribulations by associating himself occasionally with the great baronial families (Chiaramonte, Ventimiglia), often with the local gentry. Another important and concomitant strategy was to develop its brotherhood, as well as an extensive network of clients in the cities where it was implanted (Palermo, Agrigento, etc.). At the end of the period, the importance of the Bailiwick was such that only the heritages of the churches of Palermo and Monreale exceeded its economic power in western Sicily. ; Cet article se concentre sur les relations établies entre la noblesse sicilienne et l'Ordre teutonique, de la création du baillage en 1197 à sa perte en 1492. Au cours de son histoire, le baillage sicilien de l'Ordre (la Magione) a su assurer sa survie au travers des multiples tribulations dynastiques que connut l'île en s'associant parfois avec les grandes familles baronniales (Chiaramonte, Vintimiglia), souvent avec la petite noblesse locale. Une autre stratégie importante et concomitante fut de développer sa confrérie, ainsi qu'un important réseau de clientèle dans les villes où il était implanté (Palerme, Agrigente, etc.). À la fin de la période, l'importance du baillage était telle que seuls les patrimoines des églises de Palerme et de Monreale dépassaient sa puissance économique en Sicile occidentale.

L'arrêt Bonnarde se situe, du point de vue de la définition de l'entrave, dans la lignée des arrêts Commission c/ Italie (remorques) et Mickelsson et Roos (bateaux suédois). La Cour se réfère à la nouvelle formule de l'entrave inaugurée dans ces arrêts et confirme son orientation vers une approche centrée sur les effets. ; Peer reviewed

On February 17, 2008,Kosovo declared its independence. The path to independence and the claim to Kosovo was a long process that developed in three primary phases: A) the fostering of territorial solidarity under direct rule and an emphasis on historical ties to the territory; B) the foundation of the national idea within the realms of proto-nationalism; and C) the emergence of peripheral and mass nationalism. This research seeks to define the development of nationalist ideologies in Kosovo and to explore where Roma fit within those ideologies. An historical and sociological approach to nationalism in Kosovo is critical in understanding the current situation of Roma living in, and deported to, Kosovo, including the recent phenomenon of ethnic scapegoating of the Roma by both Serbs and Albanians

"Assembling the Property Market in Imperial Britain, c. 1750-1925" examines how the market for British property was made over the course of a long nineteenth century. I argue that while land had long been subject to commercial interests, the institutions and practices configuring its exchange changed over time and in ways that reflected larger cultural transformations in the meaning of marketable property. The very idea of a "property market" did not enter common discourse until the second half of the nineteenth century, and, rather than see this as simply a new way of representing already existing practices, I suggest that, in fact, the concept of a coherent property market was entirely new and that it had arisen over the previous century and within the context of Britain's broader social, commercial and imperial transformations. This property market depended, moreover, upon a variety of new spatial, cultural and material practices that brought the buying and selling of land into greater public view.One way it became possible to see the market, for example, was through the practice of market agents, such as auctioneers and estate agents, whose ranks swelled throughout the nineteenth century and whose newfound knowledge of the market bolstered their claims to professional status. These professionals and other property interests built new facilities modeled on other commodity exchanges that made it possible to imagine a single national market and that provided a venue for negotiating the cultural meaning and social relations of marketable property. They designed new methods for gathering, analyzing and reporting market information and for communicating to the wider public the coherency of the market and its relationship to society and politics. Finally, they conceived new legal and bureaucratic mechanisms, such title registration, for securing more efficient real property transactions. In each of these developments the status of property as a commodity was always in question and depended as much upon the coordination of people, places and things as it did on any single idea of what it meant to buy and sell land and houses.Finally, this dissertation seeks to broaden historical understanding about what it means to speak of a market for property in Britain and more generally. It proposes a more contingent notion of markets and explores some of the multiple ways in which they have evolved out of and been sustained by the local coordination of space, people and things. In this way, it opens an agenda for considering how cultural histories of the economic might contribute to larger inquiries into the relationship between economy and society in the modern world.

Sebastián Piñera's presidential victory marks the end of the institutional transition process that began in 1989, and the electoral alternation clearly demonstrates that the Chilean democracy has matured. Nevertheless, some systematic problems still persist, for example the term limits on incumbent presidents from seeking another term arguably deprives citizens the right to re-elect an esteemed president. Moreover, the presidential and congressional majorities from different coalitions remain the distinctive feature of Chilean political and institutional system. The binominal electoral system significantly reduces the possibility of minor parties to be represented in Parliament, yet at the same time, the bipolar system is greatly weakened by intra-coalition fragmentation (because coalitions allow minor parties the possibility to overcome voting thresholds and get representation in parliament). At the institutional level the relationship between the executive and the legislature causes the president to confront the parties. The struggle between these actors could produce a stalemate. The article analyses the 2010 presidential and congressional elections, and furnishes many elements to enlighten the functioning of a distinctive party system, which operates through a unique electoral system in a highly centralized institutional framework. Resumen: Elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias en Chile, diciembre de 2009 y enero de 2010La victoria de Sebastián Piñera marca definitivamente el fin del proceso de transición institucional comenzado en 1989, mientras que la alternancia electoral muestra la madurez de la democracia chilena. Sin embargo, persisten algunos problemas en el sistema. Por ejemplo, el límite impuesto a la re-elección del presidente en ejercicio priva a los electores del derecho a reelegir a un presidente estimado. Además, las mayorías presidenciales y parlamentarias formadas por distintas coaliciones, constituyen el rasgo distintivo del sistema político e institucional chileno. Pero el sistema electoral binominal reduce significativamente la posibilidad de los partidos menores de estar representados en el Congreso. Al mismo tiempo, el sistema bipolar está fuertemente debilitado por la fragmentación dentro de las coaliciones (que son las que permiten a los partidos más chicos superar el umbral de votos necesarios para llevar representantes al Congreso). A nivel institucional, las relaciones del poder ejecutivo con la legislatura llevan al enfrentamiento del presidente con los partidos. La lucha entre estos actores puede producir una situación de 'tablas', de estancamiento. En el artículo se analizan las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias del 2010 y se ofrecen elementos para explicar el funcionamiento del peculiar sistema de partidos chileno, el cual opera a través de un único sistema electoral en el marco de una estructura institucional altamente centralizada.