Suchergebnisse

The last annual report of the International Refugee Organization to the United Nations summarized the work of IRO and its predecessors from the decision by the General Assembly on February 12, 1946 to establish the organization to March 1, 1952 when IRO entered its period of liquidation. During this time, ninety percent of the refugees registered with IRO had been repatriated, resettled or otherwise assisted; over one million persons had been resettled while over 73,000 had been repatriated to their countries of origin or former residence. During the period from July 1, 1947 to February 7, 1952 the organization had received contributions from member governmentstotalling $398,596,802.

On July 19, the United States Department of State announced that the International Whaling Commission would convene at Capetown, South Africa, for its third annual meeting on July 23, 1951. The third meeting was to be concerned with such matters as possible amendments of the schedule of regulations controlling whaling; action taken by member governments to promulgate certain laws and regulations concerning whaling, in conformity with the provisions of the 1946 convention; the method of reporting infractions of the regulations and the penalities for such infractions; the status of ratification and adherence of several countries to the convention; possible amendments to the rules of procedure; and administrative and budgetary matters.

During November 1948 four sales of currency were made by the International Monetary Fund in response to requests for United States dollars by India, Norway, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. India purchased $8,060,000 for rupees. Exchanges of $500,000 each for Costa Rican colones and Nicaraguan cordobas were the Fund's initial transactions in those two Central American currencies. Norway sold 175,051.080 fine ounces of gold to the Fund in exchange for United States dollars at the official price of $35 per fine ounce. This gold was equivalent to $6,126,787.80, since the price paid by the Fund took into account certain expenses involved in the transaction. Thus, at the end of the month the Fund held $1,409,503,763.38 in gold.

Energieproduktion und -versorgung werden heute als einer der Hauptverursacher von Umweltschäden angesehen. Die Internationale Energiebehörde (IEA) hat einen Bericht zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit umweltpolitischer Maßnahmen im Energiebereich ihrer Mitgliedstaaten vorgelegt. Ein technologiebezogenes Konzept des Umweltschutzes mit einem Mindestmaß an staatlichen Interventionen und entsprechender entwicklungspolitischer Stützung der Entwicklungsländer und der Staatshandelsländer Osteuropas sind Voraussetzungen für dessen Erfolg. - H. Steeg: Exekutivdirektorin der Internationalen Energie-Agentur (SWP-Bmt)

In this shrinking world, states are increasingly interdependent and interconnected, a development that has affected international law. Early international law dealt with bilateral relations between autonomous states. The principal subjects until well into this century were diplomatic relations, war, treaties and the law of the sea. One of the most significant developments in international law during the twentieth century has been the expanded role played by multilateral treaties addressed to the common concerns of states. Often they clarify and improve rules of international law through the process of rendering them in binding written agreements. These treaties also promote the coordination of uniform state behavior in a variety of areas. International organizations, themselves the creatures of multilateral treaties, have also assumed increasing prominence in the last half of this century. They contribute to the coordination and facilitation of contemporary international relations on the basis of legal principles.

During the past decade, it has become obvious that economic interconnectedness did not bring forth frictionless international relations as many liberal theorists had predicted. To the contrary, the fact that economic integration has been profoundly uneven has enabled the weaponisation of asymmetrical economic relations for the achievement of geopolitical and/or economic goals (Whyte 2022; Farrell 2023). The weaponisation of the unique international role of the US dollar is one of the most consequential examples of this trend. For instance, in the period since 2001, US sanctions designations have expanded by an extraordinary 933%. In the context of Russia's war in Ukraine, dollar hegemony made it possible to freeze Russia's foreign reserves and expel the country from the SWIFT payments system and US correspondent banking. Many states, including geopolitical rivals of the US such as China, understand this reality as a direct threat to their sovereign rights and interests and have been debating possible solutions, such as the introduction of central bank digital currencies and/or the creation of alternative mechanisms of payments clearing and financial messaging (Eichengreen 2022).
The intertwining between dollar hegemony and private money creation puts additional pressures on state sovereignty, as functions with profound and direct effects on the organisation of public life, such as money creation and credit allocation, are carried out by private institutions. Lawyers and political theorists alike have produced useful elaborations on the effects of dollar hegemony and public money on monetary sovereignty (Pistor 2017; Murau & van't Klooster 2023). What remains relatively under-explored is the conceptual and practical challenges posed by dollar hegemony to state sovereignty more broadly, beyond the confines of monetary sovereignty. In other words, more work remains to be done on the tensions between state sovereignty, a globalised capitalist economy, and the economic unevenness that hegemonic currencies embody (Tzouvala 2024).
To this end, we seek contributions from economists, IR scholars, political theorists, historians, sociologists and lawyers to explore this important question as well as its theoretical and practical implications.
The post Dollar Hegemony, State Sovereignty and International Order: an International Workshop appeared first on Progress in Political Economy (PPE).

The principal aim of this paper is to relate the normative structure of international law to the underlying patterns of political behavior that have characterized the modern state system. The political constraint upon the normative structure of the law is only one of many; there are also economic, social, and ethical constraints, among others. Nonetheless, it provides many insights into the changing substantive content of the law and also illustrates the way in which theory helps to provide an understanding of subject matter.A systematic study of the structure of the international society has been attempted elsewhere by one of the authors. Two different models of international systems delineated there have particular relevance to the present topic. These are the "balance of power" system, a model of the international politics of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the "loose bipolar" system, a model of present-day international politics. The two models, though no doubt less complex than the actual patterns of action, suffice to demonstrate important differences in system structure and behavior that can be related to normative standards.

AbstractFrom bringing back waterboarding, to violating treaty obligations, to banning Muslims, Donald J. Trump has proposed numerous extralegal policies. We examine the implications of this disdain for legality, arguing that Trump's frequent hostility and indifference to legal rules and institutions paradoxically impede his capacity to enact his promises and damage international law. To situate Trump's legal politics, we draw comparisons with the Bush and Obama administrations. As constructivists note, the vitality of legal norms is dependent not just on one state's actions, but crucially on others' reactions. While Trump has gone beyond his predecessors in rhetorically attacking international law, the backlash he generates limits the realization of his agenda in part due to his failure to convince others to violate the law or revise legal rules in novel ways. When the administration does reluctantly pursue legal justifications for controversial policies, it is better able to overcome legal constraints and political opposition.

This book brings together a genealogy of thoughts on peace, war and ethics in Western political philosophy highlighting their legacies for contemporary theories on International Relations. Throughout this exciting history, the reader discovers important arguments against some of the mainstream narratives of International Relations, such as the contextualization of neo-realism in Hegelian philosophy rather than in an ostensibly realist tradition of international political thought. On an ontological and epistemological level, this book argues for a reinvention of universalistic notions in international and global politics to overcome the politics of 'national interest' and their perennial self-affirmations through violence, egocentrisms, and war.

The sixteenth annual report of the Executive Directors of the International Monetary Fund for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1961, was transmitted to the Chairman of the Board of Governors on June 23, 1961, by Mr. Per Jacobsson, Chairman of the Executive Board. The report stated that in contrast to the year 1959, when virtually all countries had participated in world-wide expansion, the year 1960 and early part of 1961 had presented a less unified picture. For the world as a whole, the expansionary elements had considerably outweighed the contractionary elements. World industrial production, excluding the countries of the Soviet area, had been almost 6 percent greater in 1960 than in 1959, having grown by 10 percent; and the value of world trade had increased by 12 percent, compared with 6 percent in 1959. The stimulus for the rise in world trade had come predominantly from the booming European industrial countries and from Japan, which had increased their imports by nearly 20 percent; there had been a slight decline in imports from the United States and Canada. The imports of the less-industrialized countries had also increased considerably, by some 10 percent. Trade developments during 1960 had improved the basic international payments situation in some respects. Rising exports and slightly declining imports caused an increase in the surplus of private goods and services account in the United States. West Germany's surplus also increased, while France's remained stationary; decreases had been noted in several other industrial countries, in particular Japan and Italy, where the rate of economic expansion had been exceptionally high, and in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the sharp growth of imports associated with their high level of economic activity.

The annual report of the Executive Directors of the International Monetary Fund for the fiscal year ended April 30, 1960, was transmitted to the Chairman of the Board of Governors on July 8, 1960. In its discussion of the world economy in 1959–1960 the report noted that the year which ended April 30 had been marked by a continual upswing in world industrial activity and an increase in world trade, with industrial production up 10 percent over the recession year of 1958 and the value of world trade increased by 6 percent. During this period of business expansion the leading industrial countries had achieved remarkable success in the delicate task of maintaining a high degree of economic stability, without having to place severe restraint on the forces which helped to sustain the expansion of output and real income. The prices of many industrial materials, especially metals, recovered, but the market for primary products remained weak, and the prices of foodstuffs declined. It became evident that, given the mildness of the postwar recessions, the most pressing problem for primary producing countries was not that of finding compensatory finance in connection with short-run fluctuations in export proceeds, but rather that of establishing a satisfactory long-run trend in the volume and prices of exports and of preventing inflationary pressures from causing imports to expand beyond the available resources of foreign exchange. During the year under consideration the lessening of inflationary pressures and the marked strengthening of the payments structure of the world, along with the increasing supplies of both primary and manufactured products, created a situation in which international competition made itself felt more and more strongly.

The 117th session of the Governing Body of the International Labor Organization met at Geneva from November 22 to 26, 1951 under the chairmanship of Paul Ramadier. Meetings of the Governing Body's committees on manpower and employment, finance and administration, relations with other international organizations, industrial committees, technical assistance, and allocations preceded the session, at which reports of these committees were considered. Also on the Governing Body's agenda was the report of the third session of the Asian Advisory Committee, which was held in Geneva from November 10 to 13. The Governing Body authorized the Director-General (Morse) to consult the Egyptian government on suggestions which might result in an investigation by ILO of Egyptian charges that United Kingdom military authorities were using arms to force Egyptians to work in the Suez Canal zone. Among its other decisions the Governing Body accepted an invitation from Brazil to hold ILO's Fifth American Regional Conference at Rio de Janeiro from April 17 to 30, 19S2, authorized the Director-General to undertake consultations with a view to the convening of a tripartite meeting of representatives from coal-producing countries on problems of the coal mining industry, and reaffirmed the need for ILO to continue to assist governments in solving immediate practical problems in the manpower field and, particularly, to provide them with technical assistance concerning the migration process. An invitation from Turkey to locate ILO's Near and Middle East Manpower Field Office at Istanbul was accepted, and an agreement by ILO and the Council of Europe providing for cooperation between the two bodies approved. It was decided that the next session of the Governing Body should be held at Geneva from March 11 to 14, 1952.