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The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is crucial to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study analyses evidence from European countries regarding achievement of the European Commission's goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Using panel quantile econometric techniques, the impact of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on CO2 emissions in twenty-nine European Union (EU) countries from 2010–2020 was researched. The results show that BEVs and PHEVs are capable of mitigating CO2 emissions. However, each type of technology has a different degree of impact, with BEVs being more suited to minimizing CO2 emissions than PHEVs. We also found a statistically significant impact of economic development (quantile regression results) and energy consumption in increasing the emissions of CO2 in the EU countries in model estimates for both BEVs and PHEVs. It should be noted that BEVs face challenges, such as the scarcity of minerals for the production of batteries and the increased demand for mineral batteries, which have significant environmental impacts. Therefore, policymakers should adopt environmentally efficient transport that uses clean energy, such as EVs, to reduce the harmful effects on public health and the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels.

How is access to asylum and other forms of extraterritorial protection regulated in the European Union? Is the EU acquis in these areas in conformity with international law? Which tools does international law offer to solve collisions between both? And, finally, is law capable of bridging the foundational oppositions embedded in migration and asylum issues? This volume is about the transformation of asylum in Europe in the context of the EU enlargement process. This transformation involves norms, as well as the procedures and resources for their implementation. In the candidate countries, as in the west, the process of transformations is marked by the tension between the interests of protection and migration control. Through their comprehensive analysis, the authors illuminate the legal and political dynamics which underlie this tension. Chapters trace the complex patterns of national, sub-regional and EU law and policy that are driving the future of asylum in an expanded Europe. This allows for reflection on what the transformation process tells us about the current EU asylum acquis, and what it tells us about the prospects for refugee protection in the new frontier states and beyond. This book is the result of a three year study carried out by academics and practitioners from the candidate countries, current Member States, and international organizations. It explores the evolution of refugee policy and practice in a changing Europe

"Providing short, clear and accessible explanations of the main areas of EU law, Understanding European Union Law is both an ideal introduction for students new to EU law and an essential addition to revision for the more accomplished. This eighth edition has been fully revised and updated with the latest legislative changes and includes an in-depth discussion of 'Brexit' and its implications for EU-UK relations. The book provides readers with a clear understanding of structures and rationale behind EU law, explaining how and why the law has developed as it has. In addition to discussing the core areas of EU law such as its sources, the role and powers of the EU's Institutions, the enforcement of EU law and the law of the internal market, this edition also includes a new chapter on three 'non-economic' areas of EU law: fundamental human rights, equality (non-discrimination) and the environment. This student-friendly text is both broad in scope and highly accessible. It will inspire students towards further study and show that understanding EU law can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience. As well as being essential reading for Law students, Understanding European Union Law is also suitable for students on other courses where basic knowledge of EU law is required or useful, such as business studies, political science, international relations or European studies programmes. Karen Davies, LLB, LLM, Cert Ed, Fellow of the Higher Education Authority, has written and lectured on European Union Law for over 20 years and retains an honorary teaching position at Swansea University, Wales. Maarten van Munster, LLM, is a senior lecturer in European Union Law and Human Rights Law and a researcher at the Multilevel Regulation research group of the Global Governance Centre of Expertise at the Hague University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. Isabel Düsterhöft, LLM, MA, is a senior lecturer in international and European Union law and policy at The Hague University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands, and a visiting lecturer at the University of Hamburg and Leuphana University in Germany"--

European and Chinese economies belong to the largest economies in the world. These economies are also heavily intertwined into bidirectional supplier - customer chain. Bilateral trade between European countries and China was in the nineties of the last century relatively weak. Development of the Chinese economy caused an increase in the volume of foreign trade. Chinese leaders began to promote the development of the New Silk Road. This trade route in addition to maritime has two railway routes - northern and southern. Since 2008 there has been significant development of connections and transport volumes on these routes. This article will deal with the analysis of the development of rail to rail routes, the New Silk Road. ; Evropská a čínská ekonomika patří k největším ekonomikám na světě. Tyto ekonomiky jsou také silně provázány do obousměrného dodavatelsko-odběratelského řetězce. Bilaterální obchod mezi evropskými zeměmi a Čínou byl v devadesátých letech minulého století relativně slabý. Vývoj čínské ekonomiky způsobil nárůst objemu zahraničního obchodu. Čínští vůdcové začali podporovat rozvoj nové hedvábné stezky. Tato obchodní cesta má, kromě námořních tras, dvě dopravní cesty - severní a jižní. Od roku 2008 došlo k významnému rozvoji realizovaných přeprav a k růstu přepravních výkonů na těchto trasách. Tento článek se zabývá analýzou rozvoje železniční dopravy na železničních tratích na nové hedvábné stezce.

Politična participacija je ključnega pomena za delovanje in razvoj koncepta demokracije, saj predstavlja orodje, prek katerega lahko državljani izvajajo pritiske na politično elito. To vlogo zavzema poleg konvencionalne tudi nekonvencionalna politična participacija. Osrednji poudarek bo namenjen protestni participaciji, ki se najpogosteje opredeljuje kot ena izmed kompleksnejših oblik kolektivne akcije, skozi katero državljani najvidneje izražajo svoja prepričanja, hkrati pa najbolj jasno odraža nezadovoljstvo državljanov. Osredotočili se bomo na protestno participacijo v obdobju ekonomske krize, ki je leta 2008 zajela države Evropske unije. V okviru empirične analize se tako osredotočamo na dejavnike, ki so v zastavljenem obdobju privedli do izbruha protestne participacije, pri čemer nas zanimajo predvsem različne kombinacije vzročnih poti, ki jih ti dejavniki tvorijo. Ključno raziskovalno vprašanje se nanaša na možne kombinacije pogojev, ki v obdobju ekonomske krize rezultirajo v prisotnosti ali odsotnosti protestov v državah EU. Te kombinacije tvorijo naslednji dejavniki: materialna deprivacija, brezposelnost, razvitost civilne družbe in razvitost demokracije. Empirična analiza temelji na kvalitativni primerjalni analizi (QCA) oziroma bolj specifično na crisp-set QCA. Slednjo se uporablja za obdelavo kompleksnejših binarnih podatkov, pri čemer je cilj poenostavitev teh podatkovnih struktur v preprost in logičen zapis. S pomočjo izbrane metode analize smo prišli do ugotovitve, da do zastavljenega izida ne vodi le en sam pogoj ali ena sama kombinacija pogojev, temveč nastane več raznolikih vzročnih poti, ki lahko rezultirajo tako v odsotnosti kot v prisotnosti izida (protestnih akcij). ; Political participation is crucial for the functioning and development of the concept of democracy, as it represents a communication tool through which citizens can exert pressure on the political elite. Besides the conventional form, unconventional political participation has this role, too. The main focus will be on protest participation, which is most often identified as one of the more complex forms of collective action, through which citizens most visibly express their beliefs ; at the same time it reflects dissatisfaction of citizens most transparently. The highlight will therefore be on protest participation in the period of economic crisis affecting the countries of the European Union since 2008. In the context of the empirical analysis we focus on factors that led to an outbreak of protest participation within the set period. We are particularly interested in the various combinations of causal paths formed by these factors. The key research question therefore refers to the possible combinations of conditions, resulting in the presence or in the absence of protests in EU countries in times of economic crisis. These combinations are formed by the following factors: material deprivation, unemployment, development of civil society and development of democracy. Empirical analysis is based on qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) or more specifically on the crisp-set QCA. The latter is used to process more complex binary data, the aim being to simplify these data structures into a simple and logical notation. By using the selected method of analysis, we came to the conclusion that not only one condition or a single combination of conditions leads to the set outcome. Rather there emerges a variety of causal paths, which can result in both the absence and in the presence of the outcome (protest actions).

1. Introduction -- 2. Europeanization -- 3. Maltese political development and the question of 'Europe' -- 4. The road to 'Europe' -- 5. Malta as a member of the EU -- 6. Malta's integration into the Customs Union -- 7. EU membership and the Maltese agricultural sector -- 8. An assessment of Malta's Europeanization experience.

Sufficiency of financing in agriculture is determined by the level and measures of state support, which should be understood as direct and indirect benefits provided by the state to entities engaged in agricultural activities and (or) providing, facilitating and supporting these activities. Comparing the results of studying the experience of providing state support in agriculture of the European Union with the national principles of agrarian policy, the following directions of improving the mechanism of state support in the Republic of Belarus are proposed: 1) use of the minimum level of expenditures of the consolidated budget of the country for sustainable financing of agriculture; 2) establishment of separate financing for young producers of agricultural products; 3) use of an economically justified differentiated mechanism of the state per hectare of agricultural land; 4) limit the maximum amounts of payments for subsidies, establishment of allowances and other direct payments for agricultural producers; 5) use of a mechanism and determination of the budget for additional financing of peasant (farm) households and other small and medium-sized businesses engaged in agricultural production.

Enlargement and treaty reform have moved Europe's constitutional debate into the political spotlight. This important new text outlines the main themes of constitutional debate in the EU, analyzes formal and informal constitution-building since the early days of European integration, and introduces the actors and structures behind treaty change.

chapter 1 Introduction: Between Social Theory and European Integration -- chapter 2 New Practices of Citizenship -- chapter 3 Individuals, Communities and Knowledge in an Era of Identity Politics -- chapter 4 Identity and Experience -- chapter 5 Forms of Multiculturalism -- chapter 6 Symbolic Multiculturalism and Affirmative Action -- chapter 7 The Creation of European Identity -- chapter 8 Citizenship and the Role of Cultural Policy -- chapter 9 Subsidiarity and Citizenship -- chapter 10 Conclusion.

Assessment of the country's competitiveness and concept are widely analysed, different authors associate it with different country indicators therefore not surprising that opinions differ. Country evaluating themselves in the context of other countries, it provides an opportunity to identify their problematic areas and achieve higher results. The Global Competitiveness Index involves 12 different factors in a country's economy, which are made up of even more detailed indicators and are influenced by factors and indicators in other areas. Theorists differently model and discover a correlation between economic openness and competitiveness. Various interfaces are detected, but noted that the correlation between economic openness and competitiveness of each country's case is debatable and may not necessarily be the same. Only an integrated assessment can reveal the links between competitiveness and economic openness. However, such a complex assessment is lacking in research.

Assessment of the country's competitiveness and concept are widely analysed, different authors associate it with different country indicators therefore not surprising that opinions differ. Country evaluating themselves in the context of other countries, it provides an opportunity to identify their problematic areas and achieve higher results. The Global Competitiveness Index involves 12 different factors in a country's economy, which are made up of even more detailed indicators and are influenced by factors and indicators in other areas. Theorists differently model and discover a correlation between economic openness and competitiveness. Various interfaces are detected, but noted that the correlation between economic openness and competitiveness of each country's case is debatable and may not necessarily be the same. Only an integrated assessment can reveal the links between competitiveness and economic openness. However, such a complex assessment is lacking in research.

Assessment of the country's competitiveness and concept are widely analysed, different authors associate it with different country indicators therefore not surprising that opinions differ. Country evaluating themselves in the context of other countries, it provides an opportunity to identify their problematic areas and achieve higher results. The Global Competitiveness Index involves 12 different factors in a country's economy, which are made up of even more detailed indicators and are influenced by factors and indicators in other areas. Theorists differently model and discover a correlation between economic openness and competitiveness. Various interfaces are detected, but noted that the correlation between economic openness and competitiveness of each country's case is debatable and may not necessarily be the same. Only an integrated assessment can reveal the links between competitiveness and economic openness. However, such a complex assessment is lacking in research.

Assessment of the country's competitiveness and concept are widely analysed, different authors associate it with different country indicators therefore not surprising that opinions differ. Country evaluating themselves in the context of other countries, it provides an opportunity to identify their problematic areas and achieve higher results. The Global Competitiveness Index involves 12 different factors in a country's economy, which are made up of even more detailed indicators and are influenced by factors and indicators in other areas. Theorists differently model and discover a correlation between economic openness and competitiveness. Various interfaces are detected, but noted that the correlation between economic openness and competitiveness of each country's case is debatable and may not necessarily be the same. Only an integrated assessment can reveal the links between competitiveness and economic openness. However, such a complex assessment is lacking in research.

The European Commission describes literacy and numeracy in combination with problem solving, as key components for being successful in society. Most people are aware of the need of literacy, but numeracy is still not seen as being crucial to survive in society. However, results from international studies show that in general people with lower education perform less well in literacy as well as in numeracy than people with a higher educational background. Being numerate In particular will become more and more important in the contemporary and future society. Literacy and numeracy are the key for lifelong learning and for social inclusion.This article emphasizes the need for numeracy as part of lifelong learning. The first section describes how the concept of numeracy evolved from basic skills to key competencies. In the second and third sections learning and teaching methods in adult education have been explained. In the fourth section the European Numeracy Framework has been explained as part of the formal education system in Europe and embedded in the European Qualification Framework. ; Evropska komisija opisuje pismenost in matematično pismenost v kombinaciji z reševanjem problemov kot ključni kompo- nenti za to, da je človek uspešen v družbi. Večina ljudi se zaveda potrebe po pismenosti, matematični pismenosti pa se še vedno ne pripisuje bistvenega pomena za preživetje v družbi. Vendar rezultati mednarodnih študij kažejo, da ljudje z nižjo izobrazbo na splošno niso tako uspešni kot ljudje z več izobrazbe. Še posebej matematična pismenost bo postala čedalje bolj pomembna v sodobni in bodoči družbi. Pismenost in matematična pismenost sta ključnega pomena za vseživljenjsko učenje in družbeno vključenost. Prispevek poudarja potrebo po matematični pismenosti v procesu vseživljenjskega učenja. Prvi del opisuje, kako se je kon- cept matematične pismenosti razvil iz osnovnih veščin v ključne kompetence. V drugem in tretjem delu se pojasnjujejo načini učenja in poučevanja v izobraževanju odraslih. V četrtem delu se pojasnjuje Evropski okvir matematične pismenosti kot dela formalnega sistema izobraževanja v Evropi, ki je del Evropskega okvira kvalifikacij.

This paper investigates the effects of real exchange rates and income on inbound tourism demand (tourist arrivals) from Germany, France, the UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Sweden to the USA over the period 1996Q3-2015Q1. To achieve this aim, the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for Restaurants and Hotels was used for the first time-instead of using the general Consumer Price Index (CPI)-to transform the nominal exchange rate into the real exchange rate as an independent variable in tourism demand analysis models. Panel co-integration analysis under the cross-sectional dependence (CD) test and common correlated effects (CCE) approach was applied. Empirical results show that tourists visiting the USA are more sensitive to changes in the real exchange rate than changes in GDP. While French tourists respond highly to the GDP, British tourists respond highly to the real exchange rate. It should also be noted that the UK, having the highest responsiveness to the real exchange rate, is a country outside the Eurozone and also intends to leave the European Union.