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The release of No Time To Die in 2020 heralds the arrival of the twenty-fifth installment in the James Bond film series. Since the release of Dr. No in 1962, the cinematic James Bond has expedited the transformation of Ian Fleming's literary creation into an icon of western popular culture that has captivated audiences across the globe by transcending barriers of ideology, nation, empire, gender, race, ethnicity, and generation. The Cultural Life of James Bond: Specters of 007 untangles the seemingly perpetual allure of the Bond phenomenon by looking at the non-canonical texts and contexts that encompass the cultural life of James Bond. Chronicling the evolution of the British secret agent over half a century of political, social, and cultural permutations, the fifteen chapters examine the Bond-brand beyond the film series and across media platforms while understanding these ancillary texts and contexts as sites of negotiation with the Eon franchise. ; Jaap Verheul: Introduction : Specters of 007 Part I Beyond Britain: The Transnational - Configuration of the James Bond Phenomenon James Chapman: The Forgotten Bond: The CBS production of CASINO ROYALE Royale (1954) Mikołaj Kunicki: A Socialist 007 : East European Spy Dramas in the Early James Bond Era Ajay Gehlawat: From Indianization to Globalization : Tracking Bond in Bollywood Melis Behlil et al.: The Dead Are Alive : The Exotic Non-Place of the Bondian Runaway Production Huw D. Jones and Andrew Higson: Bond Rebooted : The Transnational Appeal of the Daniel Craig James Bond Films Part II Beyond The Hero: The Cultural Politics of 007 Toby Miller: Paradoxical Masculinity : James Bond, Icon of Failure Moya Luckett: Femininity, Seriality and Collectivity : Rethinking the Bond Girl Lorrie Palmer: Market Forces : James Bond, Women of Color, and the Eastern Bazaar Anna Everett: Shaken, Not Stirred Britishness : James Bond, Race, and the Transnational Imaginary Seung-hoon Jeong: Global Agency between Bond and Bourne : SKYFALL and James Bond in Comparison to the Jason Bourne Film Series Part III Beyond the Films: The Transmediality of the James Bond Franchise Christopher Holliday: James Bond and Art Cinema Jan-Christopher Horak: Branding 007 : Title Sequences in the James Bond Films Meenasarani Linde Murugan: "Unlike Men, The Diamonds Linger:" Bassey and Bond Beyond the Theme Song Joyce Goggin: SKYFALL and Global Casino Culture Ian Bryce Jones and Chris Carloy: Three Dimensions of Bond : Adaptive Fidelity and Fictional Coherence in the Videogame Adaptations of GOLDENEYE

Defence date: 7 December 2017 ; Examining Board: Professor Olivier Roy, European University Institute (Supervisor), Professor Philippe Droz-Vincent, Sciences Po Grenoble (External Supervisor), Professor Jennifer Welsh, European University Institute, Professor Gerd Nonneman, Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service in Qatar ; This dissertation explains the diversity of multilateral paths followed by similar small rentier states in the international realm. Why do some states commit to multilateralism by signing legally binding treaties, participating in institutions and contributing financial resources? Amongst small state theorists, common wisdom has long held that small states are more likely to act multilaterally because of structural needs to bandwagon with bigger actors within existing frameworks. Liberal scholars reach a similar conclusion by arguing that states are progressively "socialized" within international organizations. On the other hand, political economists indicate that when a rentier state enjoys preferential trading terms thanks to its hydrocarbons exports, it has little incentive to engage multilaterally. "Branding" scholars in particular consider that small rentier states have a preference for costly and visible initiatives and little interest for the nitty-gritty aspects of international cooperation. The predictions outlined by these two research strands are completely antagonistic: while small state theory and liberalism predict more multilateral cooperation, rentier state theory predicts less of it. These opposite views fail however to explain the diversity of approaches to multilateral cooperation of small, resource-rich states like the Gulf emirates of Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – but also Norway, Venezuela or Brunei, for instance. Against this background, this dissertation endeavours to understand better this discrepancy with a case study approach of two similar oil and gas exporting small states, Qatar and the UAE. These follow significantly different multilateral approaches in the field of foreign aid, a key component of their foreign policy for which they are increasingly important globally. The two city states diverge on two major items of the international community's aid agenda – donor proliferation and aid transparency. On the one hand, the UAE has in the past decade opened its doors to most Western international organizations of foreign assistance and become an active member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee on sensitive issues such as aid transparency; and made exceptional efforts in the region and among emerging donors at large, to streamline its aid landscape. On the other hand, Qatar has favoured bilateral frameworks and shut out the United Nations Development Program in Doha. Its attempt to streamline aid, despite reforms initiated fifteen years ago, has not as yet been fruitful. ; Chapter 3 'The more it's centralized, the more it's divided G The failure of reforms on donor proliferation and aid transparency in Qatar' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'The more it's centralized, the more it's divided : a historical-institutionalist reading of Qatar's foreign aid landscape' in the journal 'Oxford Middle East review' (2017)

PurposeUniversities are increasingly encountering high levels of national and international competition. In order for universities to continue with their business success and expansion, they have relied on developing and maintaining a differentiated brand identity by improving their branding strategy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents of students' identification with the brand of public universities in Iran.Design/methodology/approachSampling was done in multiple stages. In the first stage – using stratified sampling – students were recruited from distinct degree programs and universities based on the Iranian national demographic proportions. In the second stage, convenient sampling was used within each degree program category. For data collection, the interviewer distributed questionnaires among students regardless of age and gender. The number of questionnaires distributed in each university (i.e. the sample size in each university) was determined using the number of students in the country and percentage of students at each university.FindingsThe results showed support for the hypothesized positive relationship between brand identification and the antecedent factors including prestige, interorganizational and intraorganizational competition. On the other hand, the results showed no significant relationship between brand identification and the antecedent factors including distinctiveness and memorable experience. Outcomes (i.e. word-of-mouth, active engagement and loyalty) of brand identification were also tested and their relationships with brand identification are supported.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted in the higher education sector in one cosmopolitan Iranian city (i.e. Tehran) to which Iranians from other cities travel to for studying. Thus, the results of this survey include a variety of sub-cultures. In the future, a study that incorporates all major metropolitan cities of Iran may increase the generalizability of the findings. Unrelated to the purpose of this study, a future research study may extend the currently studied geographical dimensions and examine the antecedents of students' identification with the brand of public universities across different nations using a cross-cultural approach.Practical implicationsA study of the antecedents of students' identification with the university brand can provide a guide for universities to manage their brand and marketing strategies. Managers of higher education institutions can take important steps in establishing a link between students and university brands. Managers can highlight interorganizational competitions. The authors recommended universities publicize and honor students' success in academic competitions on the university website, via ceremonies dedicated to the student winners, and using print banners that identifies their name and achievement, among other mediums. Additionally, competitions can be promoted among students through professors and motivational speeches from recognized leaders.Originality/valueResults revealed that brand prestige of public universities positively affects students' identification. This study highlights the importance of national and international rankings of universities and the sensitivity of students to such rankings. Undoubtedly, this is evident in Iranian students' behavior in selecting their university. Additionally, this study showed that brand distinctiveness of public universities does not significantly affect students' identification with the university brand. Further examination is recommended to help explain this finding and a cross-cultural comparison will assist in this endeavor.

Foreign merchants were the lifeblood of 'golden-age' Antwerp. Already in the fifteenth century, the city promoted itself as the 'Mercatorum Emporium', a meeting place for worldly merchants. It was not until global trade networks expanded during the sixteenth century that Antwerp truly earned its moniker. As contact with Asia, Africa, and the New World intensified, merchants looked to Antwerp as a place to exchange their exotic cargo for other goods. By organizing themselves into various trading nations, merchants improved their access to Antwerp's relatively unrestricted commerce, and in the process, to the cultural riches of Flanders. Strong domestic luxury industries in paintings, tapestries, and other crafts counterbalanced the foreigner-lead commodities trade. For so long as foreigners profited from wholesale, they spent small fortunes on artworks readily available in Antwerp, which they purchased for personal use and resale abroad. Because art historians have traditionally studied producers rather than consumers, a distorted and oddly localized image of Antwerp's golden age has emerged. By repositioning the function of Flemish art within early modern international relations, my dissertation seeks to revise this picture. Drawing upon the methodologies of Michael Baxandall, my dissertation studies how artistic patronage satisfied the social and political needs of foreign merchant communities—and how Antwerp's artistic culture responded to its international audiences. Antwerp's success as an international hub during its greatest commercial era depended not only on sustaining a diverse pool of trading partners, but also on the city's manifold efforts to forge an inclusive, outward-looking civic culture. For nearly a century, this literary and pictorial branding of Antwerp as the merchant's metropolis was promulgated not just by Brabantine burghers but also by travelers, fair-time traders, and expatriate merchants. While the first half of the dissertation explores the city's self-fashioning as an encompassing marketplace for merchants, considering how the city conscripted foreigners into furthering these messages, the second half tells a story about the kinds of artworks individual merchants commissioned for themselves and for others, and the cultural connections they facilitated between Antwerp and the wider world. Even as I explore the social function of artworks in mediating community and international relations, I attend to the practical experiences of merchants, that is, how their knowledge of specific commodities shaped their connoisseurial habits as collectors. Underlying the inquiry that draws my dissertation together is an interest in exploring the incipient topologies of mobility that shaped the visual and textual representations of Antwerp as a commercial metropolis. From the experience of traveling as form of socio-spatial connectivity to the transcultural communicativeness of artworks produced in Antwerp, artists and cultural producers in Antwerp set themselves upon the task of giving discernible visual form to the commercial and cultural mobility that was reshaping their city. One of the overarching theses of this study is that the responsiveness of Antwerp artists to the transformational dynamics of global trade engaged foreign merchants as patrons, offering them alternative ways of imagining or perceiving their experiences of both spaces and places.

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

The drug trade problem is the one of the cornerstones in American relations. The drug cartels have formed since 60-s of XX century on Latin-American territory and distributed its activity all over the US-continent. Than, the cartels became drug empires. These empires created own armed forces to face with the anti-drug war, after all, the forces became the cartels too. Drug business is a large sector of the Latin-American economy, the proof is the drug income, which was almost equal with the oil export in 2008. The attempts to solve the drug problems weren't very success, because of strong roots of it: old history and huge financial base. The great threat presents the drug availability. The DEA tried to create an effective anti-drug programs or treaties, but Latin-American peoples faced with them in a very hostile way. The countries, which are always filled in the «black list» are: Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Mexico. Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela grow the drug products and Colombia and Mexico produce the drugs and sell it. In addition, there are a lot of the paradoxical cases related with a drug use. So, you can find «drug in Mexico» charts, with a price list below. $100 might be enough to purchase: 2 g of cocaine, 8 marijuana 8 servings (from 1 to 5 grams), 17 g of hashish (avg), 12 brands of LSD-25. Another paradox is that, Latin-American countries use the militarization, which is making by U.S., for personal purposes (U.S. uses militarization like a part of intervention). After September 11, 2001, drug trafficking has become closely associated with terrorists (actually, it was always the case) and was officially accompanied by the United States concern. On the one hand, the solving the drug trafficking problem will bring both economic and branding bonuses for both the United States and Latin America. Another advantage is a favorable climate for investment in South America. On the other-drug trafficking is beneficial for several reasons. First, The U.S. can make a positive image on the problem till it exists. Second, the U.S. and Latin American countries have economic bonuses by direct sales. According to statistics, the average age at which U.S. residents are starting to use drugs – 14 years. The scale of drug use is striking: 56 % of registered drug addicts in the world is in the United States. Addicts U.S. consumes about 86 % of all drugs produced in the world. By the level of HIV-infected United States took the 2-nd place in the world. The United Nations shows a visible progress in the field of anti-drug war. The drug problems are solved not only on specialized forums, programs, etc., and on the program, related with a crime. On the basis of such study and analysis of statistical data, examined the evolution of drug cartels and their influence and activities , the relevant change in the mechanisms controlling them and results. Made the forecasts for this vector ; Прослежено эволюционирование наркокартелей и их реформирование. Выявлены новые механизмы в войне с наркотиками, проведено сравнение межамериканских действий и механизмы ООН. Определены масштабность и распространенность наркотических веществ на континенте. Акцентировано внимание на возможных преимуществах и недостатках существования картелей на американской территории. ; Прослідковано еволюціонування наркокартелів та їх реформація. Виявлено нові механізми у війні з наркотиками, порівняно міжамериканські дії та механізми ООН. Визначено масштабність та поширеність наркотичних речовин на континенті. Акцентовано увагу на ймовірних перевагах та недоліках існування картелів на американській території.

The statehood's maturity always correlates with the strength of the nation's identity. The quality of such correlation becomes crucial and often being improved during the tests. Events late 2013 - early 2014 in Ukraine exposed the conflict between state and society, which resulted in the destruction of the country's integrity, the war in Donbass, identity's trauma of border territories and challenges for local communities. It is necessary to realize the social assets and liabilities of Maidan for subsequent modernization of the country.During the years of independence, Ukraine has almost never carried out the policy of forming a unified national (political) identity. The state should reconsider the policy of recreating the Ukrainian's political nation, including ethnic and regional specifications in order to overcome these trends. World without war did not exist yet, and world development was stable in the course of its change in the cycles of colonization (the approval of empires / confederations, the movement towards bipolarity, the strengthening of the man-made manpower potential, the global economy and identity) and decolonization (territorial reconstruction of the world, shifting the emphasis of development towards social capital, branding of "comfortable places", peripherality of capitalism). Each socio-political shift (war and coup d'état, terrorism and AIDS, natural disasters and changes in social display), as attractors of such cycles, raise the issue of the maturity of relations between the State and the Society. The format of such relationships can be religion, political regime, social contract, setting the system rules of the game, by which the political support of the state institutions of the masses is converted into an increase in the income of the population of various kinds (economic stability, legal, material and social protection of the population, expansion of opportunities and ensuring prospects of growth the system as a whole, its symbolic and social capital). The chosen format of relations between the states and the Society serves as the basis for modernization of the system, responsibility of key actors (power, community, business, media environment) and their correspondence to the single strategic model that the system seeks is the main factor in its successful upgrade. The control points of the relationship between the state and society reflect the media space. The quality of the latter (both national and global - external to the transforming system) establishes the role of media representatives from professionals who are capable of creating an adequate picture of the world for "vultures" against all, and the service of individual actors, their horns and writers. ; Зрілість державності завжди корелюється з міцністю самоідентифікації нації. Якість такої кореляції стає визначальною й часто вдосконалюється під час випробувань. Події кінця 2013 – першої половини 2014 рр. в Україні викрили конфлікт між Державою та Суспільством, який мав наслідками руйнацію цілісності країни, війну в Донбасі, травму ідентичності прикордонних територій та виклик для територіальних громад. Рік після Майдану результує втратою території, наявністю невизнаної офіційним Києвом війни, внутрішнім конфліктом державної еліти, неузгодженістю функцій ВСУ та Нацгвардії., поширенням впливу антидержавних течій на південно-східних територіях та загрозою цілісності України. Невирішеність долі, статусу та перспектив окупованих територій в Україні загострює конфлікт Суспільства і Держави, активізує внутрішні непорозуміння між суспільними групами, владою та опозицією, аутентичними міфами та ситуативними стереотипами, політичним дизайном та соціальною реальністю. ; Зрілість державності завжди корелюється з міцністю самоідентифікації нації. Якість такої кореляції стає визначальною й часто вдосконалюється під час випробувань. Події кінця 2013 – першої половини 2014 рр. в Україні викрили конфлікт між Державою та Суспільством, який мав наслідками руйнацію цілісності країни, війну в Донбасі, травму ідентичності прикордонних територій та виклик для територіальних громад. Рік після Майдану результує втратою території, наявністю невизнаної офіційним Києвом війни, внутрішнім конфліктом державної еліти, неузгодженістю функцій ВСУ та Нацгвардії., поширенням впливу антидержавних течій на південно-східних територіях та загрозою цілісності України. Невирішеність долі, статусу та перспектив окупованих територій в Україні загострює конфлікт Суспільства і Держави, активізує внутрішні непорозуміння між суспільними групами, владою та опозицією, аутентичними міфами та ситуативними стереотипами, політичним дизайном та соціальною реальністю.

Part 1. Global -- 1. International Boundaries, Biological Borders, and the Public Governance of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are we Entering a Whole New Era? (Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly) -- 2. Pandemic Geopolitics in the Anthropocene (Simon Dalby) -- 3. COVID-19 and the Science of where (Michael F. Goodchild) -- 4. Coronavirus and Conservation: Environmental Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic (Helen D. Hazen) -- 5. Pandemic Geopolitics and the Bordering of COVID-19: Academic and Lay Geographies of the Pandemic and Policies to Contain and Mitigate the Novel Coronavirus (Virginie Mamadouh) -- 6. Rethinking Distance and Presence Conceptions in Times of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19: The Search for a New Educational Literacy (Paulo Quadros) -- Part 2. States, Cities and COVID-19 -- 7. The Swedish COVID-19 Enigma/Exception (Sebastian Abrahamsson and Richard Ek) -- 8. Insularity in a Connected World? The COVID-19 Pandemic in Iceland (Karl Benediktsson, Benjamin D. Hennig, Anne-Cécile Mermet, and Sigríður Haraldsdóttir) -- 9. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small Island: The Isle of Man Case Study (Sharon C. Cobb) -- 10. Medical Philately and the World of COVID-19 Postage Stamps: Issues of Truth, Health and Wealth (Stanley D. Brunn) -- 11. The COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: A Mosaic of Regional Patterns and Voices of Social Disparity (Eugenia Maruniak and Olena Dronova) -- 12. COVID-19 Policy in Uzbekistan: Slipping Back Toward Authoritarianism? (Reuel Hanks and Dilshod Achilov) -- 13. The Pandemic in Belarus in 2020-21: COVID-19 in the Shadow of Politics (Ales Kirkevich and Alena Makouskaya) -- 14. COVID-19, the Stay-Home Discourse and a 'New' Geographic Haven (Mohamed Salah Eddine Madiou) -- 15. COVID-19 Geopolitics in Southeast Asia: Regional and National Health (in)Securities in Times of Pandemic (Carl Grundy-Warr) -- 16. Three Challenges Facing Guatemala's COVID-19 Crisis: Mobility, Violence and Governance (Trudy Mercadal) -- 17. COVID-19 Waves and Politics in Costa Rica (Ivan Molina) -- 18. Societal Perceptions of the Saudi Government's Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic (Mark C. Thompson) -- 19. Tackling Challenges of COVID-19: An Assessment of the Convergence-Divergence Debates from the Global South-India (M. Satish Kumar and Aditya Singh) -- 20. Health Geography of COVID-19: An Exploratory Analysis of the Pandemic During its First Phase in the Compact Cities of Barcelona and Madrid, Spain (Montserrat Pallares-Barbera, Simón Sánchez-Moral, Rafael Vicente-Salar, and Alfonso Arellano) -- 21. Three impacts of COVID-19 in Pakistan society: Home Confinement, Social Survey Data and Maps Showing Diffusion (Tahir Awan, Tehreem Raza Ch, and Mavia Mumtaz) -- Part 3. Political impacts: Laws, Borders, Diplomacy, Elections, Peacekeeping -- 22. Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges and Opportunities in the Midst of Health Crises (Jessica Di Salvatore) -- 23. Travel Restrictions and Border Security Measures on the Canada–U.S. Border During the COVID-19 Pandemic—Does Law Matter in a Crisis? (Roger S. Fisher) -- 24. Forgotten Ones: Rhetoric of Migration and Tourism Governance in South Africa in the Sedentary Epoch of COVID-19 (Samuel Umoh Uwem and Oyewo Adetola Elizabeth) -- 25. From European Union Student Mobility to Lockdown: "Virtual Study Mobility" in the COVID-19 Era and a Case Study of Transnational Law in an International Classroom Delivered Online (Cherry James, John Koo, and Emmanouela Mylonaki) -- 26. Vaccination Nation: Vaccine Diplomacy and the U.S. Vaccine Rollout (Shaun J. Johnson) -- 27. Changing COVID-19 Border Restrictions and Borderland Resilience: The Finnish-Swedish Border Case (Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola and Juha Ridanpää) -- 28. Free Movement of Persons and Goods in the European Union During COVID-19 (Lehte Roots) -- 29. Intertwined Geographies of the Pandemic and the U.S. Presidential Election of 2020: COVID-19 Prevalence and Donald Trump (Ryan Weichelt, J. Clark Archer, Robert Shepard, Robert Watrel, and Jill Archer) -- Part 4. Communication, Branding and the Media -- 30. Affective Immediately: Reading the Semiotic Landscape of COVID-19 in Lincoln, Nebraska (James E. Baker) -- 31. Local Newspaper Coverage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Major Texas Cities: A Visual Comparison of Houston and El Paso (Sarah A. Blue and Mary Stycos) -- 32. COVID-19 as the Great (un)equalizer: The Framing of Women in Media Coverage in China, the Middle East, and the U.S. (Mari A. DeWees and Amy C. Miller) -- 33. Place-Branding for Immigrant and Refugee Integration and Receptivity Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Responses of U.S. Cities in the "Welcoming America" Network (Paul N. McDaniel, Rajit H. Das, and Darlene Xiomara Rodriguez) -- 34. Lost in Translation: Reporting About COVID-19 Pandemic by Community Vernacular Radio Stations in Rural Kenya (Lilliane Atieno Oloo and Daniel Ochieng' Orwenjo) -- 35. Examining Effective Communication during COVID-19 Through Prime Minister's Speeches: The Case of Malaysia (Teresa Wai See Ong) -- 36. Trump and the Coronavirus: The Triumph of Incompetence (Barney Warf) -- Part 5. Communications: Websites, Social Media -- 37. Presenting, Representing, and Misrepresenting COVID-19 in the five Central Asian States: The Political Underpinnings of Official State Coronavirus Websites in Authoritarian Regimes (Ryan P. Cabana) -- 38. The Role of User-Generated Content Data for Collaborative Learning: Identifying Tourism Hot Topics During the Pandemic (Nuria Recuero Virto) -- 39. The Impact of COVID-19 and use of Geo-Tagged User Data in Territories without Planning: The Case of São Tomé and Príncipe (Nagayamma Aragão and Carlos Smaniotto Costa) -- 40. Social Distancing and Politeness: Hungarian Emailing Practices During the Coronavirus Epidemic (Ágnes Domonkosi and Zsófia Ludányi) -- 41. Application of GIS in Vaccine Distribution During COVID-19 (Jing Wu) -- Part 6. Cartoons and Cartooning -- 42. More than a Message: Public Health Advocacy, Political Cartooning and COVID-19 Challenges in Pakistan (Ayesha Ashfaq and Joseph Russomanno) -- 43. What's so Funny about COVID-19? How some Comic Strip Artists have Approached or Avoided a Sensitive Subject (Thomas L. Bell) -- 44. Visualizing the Unspeakable in Thought: A Multi-Model Discourse Analysis of Cartoons as a Device for Communicating (Maxwell Mpotsiah) -- Part 7. Maps and Mapping -- 45. One Year of COVID-19: Mapping the Spread of a Global Pandemic (Benjamin D. Hennig) -- 46. Mapping Silenced Spaces During Increased Overdose and COVID-19: Opportunities for Danger and Harm Reduction in Southern Appalachia (Lesly-Marie Buer, Bayla Ostrach, Sam Armbruster, and Erin Major) -- 47. COVID-19 in Tunisia: Mapping and Documenting the Impacts on those on the Margins (Betty Rouland and Marouen Taleb) -- 48. Mapping the COVID-19 Spatial Behaviors and Narratives of Women in an Architecture School in the Midwest USA" (Mania T. Taher) -- 49. Increased use of Maps During the COVID-19 pandemic: An example from Morocco (Abdallah Zouhauri) -- Part 7. Cultures: Diffusion and Social Well-Being) -- 50. The Way from the Leading Position to the Last: Geodemographic Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Czechia (Dagmar Dzúrová, Klára Hulíková Tesárková, Pavlína Netrdová, and Lukáš Brůha) -- 51. COVID-19 Deaths in México: A Spatiotemporal Analysis (Oscar Gerardo Hernández-Lara, José R. Díaz-Garayúa, and Kevin A. Butler) -- 52. Impacts of COVID-19 on Nigerian Culture (Ibrahim Badamasi Lambu) -- 53. Research Frontiers on COVID-19 Issues in Brazilian Context (Paulo Quadros) -- 54. Geography, Factors and Consequences of COVID-19 Diffusion in Russia (Stepan Zemtsov and Vyacheslav Baburin) -- Part 9. Mobility and Immobility -- 55. Effects of COVID-19 on Urban Mobility and Public Space use in Kumasi, Ghana (Clifford Amoako, Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa, and Michael Poku-Boansi) -- 56. Impact of COVID-19 on Nepal's Labour Migration (Sadikshya Bhattarai and Jeevan Baniya) -- 57. Voting with their Feet: Coronavirus Pandemic Refugees and the Future of American Cities (James H. Johnson, Jr.) -- 58. Exploring Human Mobilities in the COVID-19 Era in Urban and Rural Canada (K. Bruce Newbold, Curtis Towle, and Kaylah Vrabic) -- 59. Rearranging Mobilities and Immobilities and Placeremaking During COVID-19: Governing the Pandemic Situation through (im)mobilities in South Korea (HaeRan Shin) -- Part 10. Inequalities and Divides) -- 60. Pandemic and Education: Persistent Deepening of Educational Inequalities in Argentina as a Consequence of COVID-19 (Gustavo Javier Annessi and Paola Demirta) -- 61. COVID-19 and the Comorbidities of Spatial Inequality and Colonial Legacy: Two Caribbean Cases – Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago (April K. Baptiste and Hubert Devonish) -- 62. Digital Inequalities in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel and Germany (Elisabeth Sommerlad and Yossi David) -- Part 11. Marginalized Groups: Refugees, Silences, Gender, Racism, Survival -- 63. Beyond the Ecumene: Roma Genesis, Community and Survival in the COVID-19 World (Krasimir Asenov) -- 64. Ethnic Minorities in Poland in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Threats, Stigma and Forms of (in)visibility (Bartłomiej Chromik, Joanna Maryniak, and Justyna Olko) -- 65. Everyday Morbid Geography: Street life and COVID-19 State Regulation in Manila and Hanoi (José Edgardo A. Gomez, Jr., Redento B. Recio, Ha Minh Hai Thai, and Phuong Thu Nguyen) -- 66. Undocumented Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Similar and Dissimilar COVID-19 Stories Comparing Finland and Iran (Jussi S. Jauhiainen and Davood Eyvazlu) -- 67. 'If I don't Sell Food, How Would I eat?' Negotiating Street Vendor Livelihoods in the Context of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Urban Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos (Jennifer C. Langill, Binh N. Nguyen, and Sarah Turner) -- 68. Impact of COVID-19 on Local Planning Practices: Focusing on Tactical Urbanism, Slow Streets and low-Income Communities in Oakland, Los Angeles, San Francis.

The present article considers the essence of concepts of "city", "capital", "capital of culture" on the basis of the factual scientific material. The author analyses European experience and modern lines of development of geographical zones in the conditions of globalization, identifies the place and role of culture in solving social problems, attraction of investments, support and development of a brand of a territory within the EU program "European capital of culture".Global phenomena within world tendencies of mankind development, such as urbanization, informatization, etc. and also the recognition of the leading role of culture in the development of geographical areas, have caused new prospects of territories development, creating new challenges for the governments.The above-mentioned processes have raised the urgency of cultural and creative potential of cities and caused the analysis, generalization and introduction of the European experience and modern lines of territories development.In the cultural sense, in any country there is center and periphery, the capital and the province. Such centers recently have started to hold the title of the capitals of culture around the world. The term cultural capital, or capital of culture, are very common, but the definition of this concept can not be found in any domestic or foreign encyclopedias.The author states that cultural capital is not just a territorial-administrative unit, as its peculiarity is determined by the cultural dominant. It is the center of cultural life of the state, which is qualitatively and quantitatively different from other cities and is notable for cultural content, features and value. The level of social and cultural development there is characterized by high progress of the leisure sector. The cultural capital not only has unlimited potential for leisure, inculturation of residents and guests of the city, but plays a leading role in the formation of a national brand, creating, supporting and developing of the country's image on the international arena.The European Capital of Culture programme was initially called theEuropeanCityof Culture and was conceived in 1983 by Melina Mercouri, then serving as Greek Minister of Culture. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European cultures within the member states should be pursued. TheEuropeanCityof Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 withAthensbeing the first title-holder. In 1999 theEuropeanCityof Culture programme was renamed the European Capital of Culture.The European Capitals of Culture initiative is designed to: highlight the richness and diversity of cultures inEurope, celebrate the cultural features Europeans share, increase European citizens' sense of belonging to a common cultural area, foster the contribution of culture to the development of cities. In addition to this, experience has shown that the event is an excellent opportunity for regenerating cities, raising the international profile of cities, enhancing the image of cities in the eyes of their own inhabitants, breathing new life into a city's culture, boosting tourism.The European Capitals of Culture are selected on the basis of historical and cultural characteristics of their past and also on the basis of specific criteria relating to their present situation in Europe, such as their multilingual and/or multicultural environment, the high quality of cultural and/or economic standards, the presence of political and/or spiritual leaders, the power of the dominating discourse of the political leaders of their country, and more recently (since 1999, when the European Parliament and Council worked out a new selection procedure for the Capitals for the 2007-2019 period), the balance of the intergovernmental decisions reached in order to give to each EU member nation the opportunity to 'host' the cultural capital in turn. Certain cities receive the title of Cultural Capital of Europe for one year.The cultural programme shall fulfill the following criteria, subdivided into two categories, 'the European Dimension' and 'City and Citizens':1. As regards 'the European Dimension', the programme shall foster cooperation between cultural operators, artists and cities from the relevant Member States and other Member States in any cultural sector, highlight the richness of cultural diversity in Europe, bring the common aspects of European cultures to the fore.2. As regards 'City and Citizens' the programme shall foster the participation of the citizens living in the city and its surroundings and raise their interest as well as the interest of citizens from abroad, be sustainable and be an integral part of the long-term cultural and social development of the city.A new framework for the initiative, post 2019, has been adopted by the European Parliament and Council. It includes the chronological list of Member States that can host the title from 2020 until 2033. This new framework makes it possible for cities in candidate countries or potential candidate countries for EU membership to hold the title every third year as of 2021.Ukrainecan take part in 2024.According to the author the Cultural Capital of Europe which started as an idea, a vision, has developed into the most important European Cultural event and became an Institution.Ukraineis a country with great cultural potential, concentrated primarily in the city, which is the spiritual, cultural, historical, scientific-educational center. Taking into consideration the current trends in the development and branding area, the state should support the cultural sector as a priority, giving second breath to museums, galleries, exhibition halls, theatres and other cultural institutions, attracting the youth to the development of new promising projects, taking an active part regardingUkraine's entry into the European cultural space. Participation in the project will create an opportunity to strengthen the positions on the international arena, to attract foreign investments, initiating the development of a national brandUkraine, and also it will stimulate the development of the cultural sector. ; В статье на фактологическом научном материале рассмотрено суть понятий "город", "столица", "столица культуры". Осуществлен анализ европейского опыта и современных тенденций развития географических зон в условиях глобализации. Выявлены место и роль культуры в решении социальных проблем, привлечении инвестиций, поддержке и развитии бренда территории. Рассмотрено историческую ретроспективу детерминант эволюции современного культуротворческого тренда в развитии культуры города на примере программы ЕС "Европейская столица культуры". Выделены критерии предоставления статуса столицы культуры. Уделено внимание культурной политике Украины и ее возможному участию в программе. ; У статті на фактологічному науковому матеріалі вивчено сутність понять "місто", "столиця", "столиця культури". Здійснено аналіз європейського досвіду та сучасних тенденцій розвитку географічних зон в умовах глобалізації. Виявлено місце та роль культури у вирішенні соціальних проблем, залученні інвестицій, підтримці та розвитку бренду території. Розглянуто історичну ретроспективу детермінантів еволюції сучасного культуротворчого тренду в розвитку культури міста на прикладі програми ЄС "Європейська столиця культури". Виокремлено критерії надання статусу столиці культури. Приділено увагу культурній політиці України та її можливій участі у програмі.

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization-WHO) di dalam laporannya di tahun 2014 mencatat bahwa di tahun 2012 penyakit kanker telah menjadi penyebab kematian dari 8.2 juta orang. Angka ini kemungkinan jauh lebih rendah dari kenyataannya, mengingat pelayanan medis belum menjangkau sebagian besar penduduk dunia. Berjuta-juta kasus kemungkinan juga tidak terdata keberadaannya. WHO juga merekam adanya 14 juta penderita kanker di tahun yang sama. Jumlah ini diprediksi akan meningkat 70 persen dalam kurun waktu dua puluh tahun ke depan. Organisasi ini tidak bisa menggambarkan bagaimana berbahayanya penyakit ini. Kanker adalah salah satu penyakit yang kompleks yang diinisiasi oleh terjadinya kontak antara tubuh manusia dengan beragam wujud karsinogen (racun), yang mungkin saja terjadi secara alamiah, melalui makanan, atau karena kebiasaan yang menjadi pilihan seseorang secara pribadi, seperti misalnya merokok. Menurut WHO, kontak manusia dengan karsinogen bisa terjadi secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dalam wujud interaksi fisik (sinar ultraviolet), kimia (zat kimia dalam asap rokok), dan biologis (virus). Walau kita tidak bisa menunjukan penyebab tunggal terjadinya kanker, kontak seseorang dengan bahan atau zat beracun berkaitan erat dengan kualitas lingkungan dimana yang bersangkutan tinggal. Ini menyiratkan bahwa lingkungan harus direncanakan serta dibangun berdasarkan strategi yang berorientasikan pada ide ''anti-kanker.' Sikap ini wajib diambil sebagai bagian penting dari keseluruhan perubahan yang seyogyanya dilaksanakan terhadap lingkungan binaan. Kebijakan dan parktek yang bernafaskan konsepsi ini harus dilaksanakan secara simultan dalam setiap kesempatan dan pada setiap elemen kota. Komponen spasial yang paling penting diperhatikan pada konteks ini termasuk lingkungan perumahan; ruang-ruang kecil dimana kita memarkir kendaraan; taman-taman kota dimana kita memanfaatkan waktu bersama keluarga di akhir pekan; jalan yang kita lewati dalam keseharian; infrastruktur sosial dimana kita berada untuk berbagai kepentingan; ruang publik dimana penduduk kota berinteraksi sebagai sebuah kesatuan komunitas.Bebargai bahaya akan muncul ketika pemanfaatan lingkungan binaan (baik yg ditata maupun tidak), bersama dengan pola tingkah laku warga masyarakat perkotaan, telah memaksa kita menghirup udara yang terpolusi; meminum air yang terkontaminasi; menderita karena taman-taman kota telah disusupi kendaraan bermotor yang menyebabkan terbuangnya gas finil hidrocarbon ke dalam taman. Ruang terbuka ini seharusnya terbebas dari segala wujud gas beracun; meminum air tanah yang dikontaminasi oleh polutan yang dibuang secara sembarangan oleh beragam industri. Kontaminasi ini juga telah merambah ke air yang dimanfaatkan untuk produksi bahan pangan yang kita konsumsi dalam keseharian.Namun, tidak bisa dipungkiri jika keberadaan penyakit kanker pada tubuh seseorang juga tergantung dari gaya hidup yang dijalaninya. Ini berkaitan dengan bagaimana dan kapan kita makan; bagaimana pola istirahat (tidur) yang dimiliki; bagaimana seseorang mengontrol kondisi kesehatan psikologisnya; bagaimana kita bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat satunya, dan lain-lain. Tetapi ketika kita berkeinginan untuk menangani permasalahan ini secara benar dari kaca mata pengaturan lingkungan binaan, kita harus mempertanyakan "Bisakah perencanaan berkontribusi dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang sehat?" Jika jawabannya adalah "ya," maka metode analisis, kebijakan, cara implementasi dan pengendaliannya, juga harus ditetapkan, jika memang belum ada. Dalam teorinya perencanaan didedikasikan untuk kebaikan masyarakat yang diaturnya, termasuk status kesehatan mereka. Namun di dalam prakteknya, kita harus awas, karena perencanaan merupakan sebuah mekanisme kenegaraan yang kemunculannya seringkali merupakan hasil koalisi dengan para pemilik modal. Seperti diketahui bersama, bisnis (kepentingan ekonomi) lebih sering keluar sebagai pemenang dibanding kebutuhan orang banyak. Namun ketika lingkungan tercemari, bisa dipastikan jika perencanaan memiliki peran serta tanggung jawab yang mutlak. Atau secara gamblang bisa dinyatakan perencanaan tidak melakukan tugas yang seharusnya diembannya. Situasi ini bisa disebabkan oleh beragam alasan, misalnya kurangnya sumber daya finansial; praktek-praktek korupsi dalam proses pengeluaran ijin membangun ataupun ijin operasional lainnya; minimnya pengaturan serta pengendalian; absennya pengaturan densitas (kepadatan) di daerah; tata aturan zonasi yang selalu memberi peluang untuk negosiasi dan tawar-menawar; tidak tepatnya kebijakan yang diberlakukan; tidak adanya perhatian terhadap praktek-praktek perencanaan yang sudah dibuktikan keberhasilannya dan sudah diterapkan di level gobal. Perlu juga dipahami disini jika masyarakat bukan selalu objek pasif. Mereka memiliki pilihan dan bisa memilih. Apakah mereka memilih untuk mengekspose dirinya terhadap beragam polutan? Atau kemungkinan sebagian dari mereka memang tidak memiliki pilihan, selain menerima polusi lingkungan sebagai bagian dari kehidupan kesehariannya. Atau kelompok yang lain lagi memutuskan untuk membuat pilihan, bagaimana berhadapan dengan polutan serta menghindari interaksi dengan cara apapun. Berbagai kota di dunia telah memberi perhatian besar terhadap pembangunan lingkungan yang sehat. Sikap ini secara mendasar merupakan langkah yang tepat, termasuk juga jika dikaji dari perspektif bisnis (ekonomi). Transportasi yang bersih dan efisien serta perencanaan yang sudah mapan, selain berdampak positif terhadap elemen-elemen kota juga akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Oleh karenanya, di negara-negara maju, pola pendekatan semacam ini telah diakomodasi sebagai elemen esensial dan diterima sebagai bagian dari kebijakan perencanaan, serta diprioritaskan sebelum pertimbangan-pertimbangan lainnya. Proses globalisasi yang telah menjadi motor kemunculan dari 'informational class of labour' (Castells) atau yang disebut sebagai the 'creative class' oleh Richard Florida, telah secara jelas mengindikasikan ke kita bahwa kota-kota yang memberi perhatian terhadap lingkungan dan pelestarian kebudayaan menunjukan kesusksesan dalam pembangunannya, sedangkan yang tidak melakukannya berada pada posisi yang sebaliknya. Tidak ada satupun orang di muka bumi ini yang berkeinginan bekerja di lingkungan yang kotor dan terpolusi. Jika sebuah satuan kedaerahan mencanangkan untuk mengundang para pekerja yang berkulitas, rencana ini akan sangat tergantung dari tersedianya lingkungan yang berkualitas, selain adanya proses branding yang menjadi bagian penting dalam berkompetisi di dunia global. Dalam hal ini, beragam pertimbangan penting yang akan berpengaruh, seperti misalnya: dimanakah funsi-fungsi industri akan ditempatkan sehingga karsinogen yang diproduksi akan diserap secara internal dan tidak dibuang ke tanah, udara, dan air yang menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi kita semua?; dimanakah rumah masa dpean akan dilokasikan?; dimana infrastruktur sosial: rumah sakit, sekolah, kantor-kantor publik, dan lain-lain akan direncanakan?; Kapankah pengaturan dan pengendalian kendaraan bermotor akan diimplementasikan, seperti halnya yang sudah diterapkan di berbagai kota di dunia?; Kapankah tata aturan di jalan raya, pemanfaatan jalan raya oleh para pengendara dengan cara yang seolah-olah tidak ada aturan, parkir yang tidak terkontrol, serta pelanggaran-pelanggaran lainnya akan dikendalikan seperti halnya proses pengecekan surat ijin mengemudi? Jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas tidak hanya berkenaan dengan pembangunan serta penataan keruangan fisik semata, tetapi membutuhkan perencanaan yang inklusif yang juga secara bersamaan merangkul pendekatan tingkah laku. Konsepsi terakhir ini sangatlah penting karena kualitas sebuah tempat tidak bisa dipisahkan, baik dari gaya hidup masyarakat lokal yang diakmodasinya maupun komunitas internasional yang menjadi salah satu faktor penentu, khususnya dalam peran mereka sebagai penyedia sumber daya finansial dan investasi. Selain itu, perencanaan semacam ini tidak bisa jika hanya difokuskan pada usaha pengimplementasian pemerintahan kota yang ketat, tetapi juga perlu diatur secara hukum. Dengan kata lain, mekanismenya harus dilengkapi dengan sanksi-sanksi yang jelas, bagaiman pelanggaran yang kemungkinan terjadi akan ditindak. Semua proposisi yang diajukan disini bersifat nyata dan sangat memungkinkan untuk dilaksanakan, dan bukan sesuatu yang hanya bisa digambarkan sebagai angan-angan semata. Dalam edisi Jurnal Ruang-Space ini, dipublikasi 7 artikel. Artikel pertama oleh Wahyudi Arimbawa, yang membicarakan tentang peranan yang berpotensi untuk diampu oleh desa adat dalam mengendalikan pemanfaatan lahan di Desa Jatiluwih. Tujuan akhir studi adalah membangun sistem pengelolaan tataguna lahan untuk desa ini. Artikel kedua ditulis oleh Anak Agung Gde Sutrisna, yang mengevaluasi bagaimana bhisama kesucian pura - kebijakan lokal yang mengatur pembangunan di zona lindung di sekitar pura - telah dilanggar, khususnya dalam kasus Pura Dang Kahyangan di area pariwisata Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung-Bali. Artikel ini juga menginvestigasi dampak positif dan negatif dari beragam pelanggaran yang terjadi. Artikel ketiga disusun oleh Anak Agung Aritama, yang mendiskusikan keberadaan media penanda yang tidak terkendalikan dan telah merusak image kota, seperti yang terjadi di sepanjang Koridor Jalan Hayam Wuruk, Kota Denpasar. Artikel ini fokus pada pemahaman faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi dalam pemunculan permasalahan ini.Artikel keempat disusun oleh Agus Dharmaputra, yang berjalan beriringan dengan ide pengaturan pembangunan fungsi komersial di kota. Sebagai langkah awal, artikel ini menstudi beragam pertimbangan yang diterapkan sebelum lokasi sebuah minimarket (studi kasus yang diambil)- bisa difinalisasi oleh pelaku bisnis, dan juga sebelum berkas ijin mendirikan bangunan diajukan ke pemerintah. Artikel kelima ditulis oleh Doddy Kastamayasa, sebuah studi tentang layout keruangan Banjar Ujung, sebuah kampung nelayan yang terletak di Kabupaten Karangasem, bagian timur Bali, pasca diterpanya komunitas ini oleh beragam bencana alam. Permukiman ini telah mengalami kerusakan, dampak dari meletusnya Gunung Agung di tahun 1963, dan bencana erosi serta abrasi dalam kurun waktu tiga tahun, dari tahun 1997 sampai dengan 1999. Artikel keenam ditulis oleh Anak Agung Mahendra berkenaan dengan konservasi ruang publik, salah satu potensi pengembangan industri kepariwisataan di Desa Kendran, Kabupaten Gianyar. Desa ini ditunjuk sebagai salah satu destinasi wisata desa, proposisi yang disambut dengan antusiasme tinggi oleh Kabupaten Gianyar. Artikel terakhir disusun oleh Ngakan Juliastika, yang mendiskusikan tentang permasalahan terkait pembangunan perumahan oleh para pengembang, dengan memprioritaskan keuntungan ekonomi di atas konformansi terhadap tata aturan yang ada. Beranjak dari situasi ini, penulis merangkum tujuh set strategi penting yang telah diterapkan oleh para pengembang, dan diimplementasikan dalam tujuh kasus pembangunan perumahan yang berbeda. In its 2014 report, the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that cancers had been responsible for the death of 8.2 million people in 2012. This is probably a massive underestimation, since poverty and medical services are not available to a multitude of people. Millions of cases therefore are likely to go unrecorded. There were 14 million new cases encountered in the same year. This United Nations Agency cannot see this figure reducing any time soon. The number is instead forecast to climb by 70% in twenty years time. While this agency cannot sufficiently stress how life threathening cancer is, nonetheless it is a complex medical condition whose origin can be traced to human exposure to carcinogens, some environmental, some dietary, and some self inflicted such as smoking. In its report, the WHO states that cancer is a result of an excessive exposure to three forms of poisons, both directly and indirectly, including physical, chemical and biological carcinogens. While one cannot determine a singular cause, human contact with those carcinogens is undoubtedly associated with the quality of the environment people inhabit. This implies at least in part, that any environmentally generated cancers must be addressed and overcome by incorporating anti-cancer strategies. These represent essential practice as part of the totality of existing and planned changes to the built environment. Both policies and practices should be rigorously implemented at all scales and urban forms. This of course includes most importantly the immediate environment of housing –the ancillary spaces where we park our cars; spend our family time over the weekend; the roads we commute on daily, the social infrastructures we inhabit for various reasons, and the public spaces where we interact with other members of the community. The danger begins when the organisation of this living environment, together with the patterns of individual behaviour associated with it, forces us to breath polluted air; to drink contaminated water; to suffer the encroachment into public parks by vehicles contributing cancerous phenyl-hydrocarbons into the very spaces people go to avoid them; having to drink groundwater contaminated by the pollution of the earth by industry, and hence the very water deployed in the processes of food production. There is no doubt that cancer is to a large extent dependent upon the life style we choose. How and when we eat, how we sleep, how we manage our psychological state, how we move around etc. But in order to address the problem correctly from an environmental standpoint, we must consider the question "can planning contribute to the creation of a healthy living environment?'' If so, what methods of analysis, policy, implementation, and policing should be set in place, if these are not in place already? In theory, planning works for the good of the people, including preserving their health. In practice we must retain a healthy dose of suspicion, since planning is a servo mechanism of the state, and in most instances the state works for private capital. So business usually triumphs in the face of the popular demands of the people. But when the environment becomes polluted it is unquestionable that planning plays a significant role by default. Bluntly stated it is not doing what it is supposed to do. This situation has many causes – lack of funding, corrupt practices that are always associated with development permissions, inadequate legislation, the absence of appropriate density controls, negotiable zoning regulation, improper policing, or simply ignorance of contemporary planning practices and global best practice. Nevertheless, people are not always passive victims. They also make choices as to whether or not they expose themselves to pollutants. Some may have no other option but to accept environmental pollution as part of their daily life. Others however may make choices as to how to deal with it, and avoid exposure at all cost. Many cities have placed a great stress on the creation of a healthy living environment. Paradoxically, this is also good for business since clean and efficient transport and a highly regulated planning system are good for everyone. The idea is now adopted as an essential and accepted part of planning policies and given priority over many other considerations in the developed world. The processes of globalisation and the rise of an 'informational class of labour' (Castells) or what Richard Florida calls 'the Ceative Class' has demonstrated without a doubt that those cities that stress environment and cultural services succeed where others fail. Nobody wants to work in a polluted and filthy environment. So attracting high quality workers is highly dependent on the production of a high quality environment and the branding process now essential to urban competition. In this context many concerns come to the force, such as: where are all types of industry to be located in order to guarantee that the carcinogens they produce will be internally absorbed and not dumped into the land, air or water that nourish us? Where are future homes to be located ? Where should the social infrastructure: schools, hospitals, public offices, etc be planned? How should existing planning standards be upgraded to accommodate new open spaces and to compenstate for the incredible current lack of provision for the populace? When will the proper policing and management of motor vehicles be implemented as it is in countless other cities? When will the implementation of road rules, reckless driving, uncontrolled parking and other offences be given equal status to checking driving licenses? The answer however is not merely a matter of establishing a sound physical and spatial plan, but rather an inclusive one embracing human behavioural approaches all together. The latter is of paramount importance as the quality of a place cannot be disconnected either from the lifestyles of the community it accommodates or the international community it depends on for finance and investment. How such necessary planning should be imposed not only implies more rigorous urban governance, but the proper and extensive application of the laws that exist today. None of the above is imaginary. In this issue of Ruang-Space Journal 7 articles are published. The first one is by Wahyudi Arimbawa. It talks about the potential roled played by the desa adat institution in controlling land utilization in Jatiluwih Village. The final objective of this study is to develop a system of land use management for this village. The second article is written by Anak Agung Gde Sutrisna. This research evaluates how the bhisama kesucian pura - local guidelines for development within the protective zone surrounding a temple - has been violated, especially in the case of Dang Kahyangan temples located in a touristy area of South Kuta District, Badung Regency-Bali. This article also investigates the impacts such violations have, both negatively and positively. The third article is authored by Anak Agung Aritama. It discusses the uncontrolled presence of urban signage to a level that ruins the image of a town, as is observed when one walks along the Hayam Wuruk Corridor of Denpasar Kota. The article focuses on the comprehension of factors leading to the overall lack of control that generates such chaotic effects. The fourth article is by Agus Dharmaputra. It supports the idea of regulating the development of commercial functions in an urban area. This article offers a preliminary study of considerations used before the location for any minimarket - the commercial functions taken as case studies - is finalized by owners, prior to building permit application to the government. The fifth article is authored by Doddy Kastamayasa. This is a study of a post natural disaster fishing settlement of Ujung Neighborhood in Karangasem Regency on the eastern coast of Bali Island. This settlement was badly hit by the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963. It was then also eroded by significant storms and resultant erosion abrasions over three years from 1997 up to 1999. The sixth article is documented by Anak Agung Mahendra, which is about the conservation of public spaces of Kendran Village in Gianyar Regency. This study is necessary as the village is denoted as the mext rural tourism destination , a proposition which has been accepted with enthusiasm by Gianyar Regency. The last article is written by Ngakan Juliastika. It discusses problems associated with developers decision to focus more on generating profits rather than conforming to the housing development guidelines and policies that have been established. Taking this situation as a point of departure, this paper suggests seven sets of strategies implemented by various developers at seven different housing developments.

The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. ; Winner of the 2022 Friends of the Kreitzberg Library Award for Outstanding Research in the University Archives category. ; Brown 1 Looking Back on the Representation of LGBTQ+ Members, People of Color, & Women An Analysis of The Chameleon Literary Journal, 1961 — Present Lydia Brown Department of English & Communications, Norwich University EN 415: English Internship Professor Sean Prentiss Fall 2021 Brown 2 Abstract The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. Brown 3 The Chameleon | 1961 - Present Brief Historical Background Founded in 1961, The Chameleon Literary Journal continues to serve as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine under a team of student editors. Norwich University undergraduate and graduate students are welcome to submit various pieces for review, such as visual arts, drama, poetry, creative nonfiction, and fiction. Sean Prentiss, a published author and professor of creative writing, was selected to be the advisor of the journal when he arrived on campus in 2012. Since his arrival, he has assisted the journal in becoming multilingual by translating students' creative writing pieces into multiple languages. In addition, three-four creative writing awards are issued annually to writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body. Brown 4 Introduction Significance of Representation Representation is a system for unambiguously organizing values, ideas, and conduct — all of which enable communication and social exchange amongst members of a particular group or community. From birth onward, an individual's self-c 1 oncept and values are affected by the surrounding environment. Adolescence is an especially critical period for identity development as the classroom serves as the primary site of socialization, although the American K-12 and college school systems have previously marginalized students who were perceived as different. Women are also encouraged from an early age to adhere to the traditional role of a homemaker, rather than pursue vocational training, higher education, and careers in STEM. As the reader will observe in the following excerpts from The Chameleon Literary Journal, Norwich University is no stranger to marginalization as women were not officially admitted for enrollment prior to the mid-1970s. Telltale signs found in the language used by Norwich student contributors indicate that slurs, stereotypes, and insults used against minorities and women were normalized for much of the Chameleon's history. It was not until the early 2000s that there appears to be a significant social shift within the student body due to the increasing presence of minorities and women on campus. Based on these findings, American society seemed to finally be becoming more inclusive, allowing minority Norwich students to express themselves freely, develop social stability, and gain a sense of acknowledgment through positive identity formation as well as representation. 1 "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https://dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Brown 5 Baby Boomers | 1946 - 1964 Brief Historical Background Following World War II and the Great Depression, a significant spike in birth rates occurred throughout the United States. Approximately 76.4 million babies were born over the course of these nineteen years. Most historians claim that this phenomenon stems from the general population's desire to establish their own families — an undertaking that was previously postponed due to World War II. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act also gave soldiers an additional reason to have larger families as the G.I. Bill granted stipends for college tuition, job-finding assistance, and housing expenses. During this time period, economic growth began to increase and the majority of Americans had an optimistic outlook for the future. This encouraged families to relocate from the sparse countryside to the bustling atmospheres of nearby cities. Once these cities were overcrowded by newcomers, plans for large residential communities were undertaken by housing pioneer William Levitt who created the suburbs as a result.2 However, those with xenophobic tendencies followed quickly relocated to the suburbs as cities became miniature melting pots of integrated immigrants with various political, social, and economic backgrounds. This sparked disputes among the American people as legalized statutes remained persistent in enforcing segregation at both the state and local capacity.3 2 Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) 3 The first three years of the Chameleon were released during the Baby Boomers generation but were mostly written by students who were born during the Silent Generation (1928-1945). Brown 6 Baby Boomers Overview of Significant Events • Brown v. Board of Education becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1954). • Civil Rights Movement begins (1954). • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus (1955). • Montgomery Bus Boycott tackles segregation on the public transit system (1955). • Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American, is lynched in Mississippi (1955). • 1956 Sugar Bowl becomes the first integrated college football game in the South (1956). • Civil Rights Act becomes the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875 (1957). • Little Rock Crisis prevents students from enrolling in a racially segregated school (1957). • Greensboro sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Nashville sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Gay Liberation Movement begins (1960). • Alliance for Progress initiates improved economic cooperation with Latin America (1961). • Katherine Johnson assists NASA's 1962 Friendship 7 Mission (1962). • Civil Rights Act establishes federal inspection of voter registration polls (1960). • Children's Crusade addresses segregation within the school system (1963). • Martin Luther King Jr. leads the March on Washington (1963). • Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique (1963). • President Johnson proposes the Great Society to combat poverty and racial injustice (1963). • Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, religion, and sex (1964). Brown 7 Baby Boomers The Chameleon Highlights "A young woman driving a truck!? That was unusual, no doubt about it…Stupid woman, all guts, and no brains! … Maybe you can imagine what went on inside the young man when an officer stopped him and hurriedly said; Never mind, mister, there's nothin' you can do, she's dead, just some dirty n***** woman truck driver" (1963). 4 —- An excerpt from "The Wanderers" by R. Reid The use of profanities towards both people of color and women appears to be a commonality amongst Norwich student contributors from the Chameleon's founding in 1961 through much of the decade. In this short story, "The Wanderers," terms such as stupid and dirty are used to target a woman of color for being a trucker. The author continues to expand the character's description by using calling the woman the N-word. Deriving from the Spanish word negro, the N-word is now considered taboo as its connotation has been predominantly used by white people to demean those of color. Black social identity has been especially damaged by the usage of this word as it severs their overall sense of national belonging. 5 4 Complete usage of the word is censored in respect of the black community. 5 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https:// doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628578.003.0002. Brown 8 "…I saw everything. The city has been purified, swept clean, and now fosters only the black scars and in glorious moments of the past…You liar! You had to see the city die! You had to see it spill its false entrails out in the rotten streets to be devoured by the cleansing fires. This place is no longer dirty…" (1961). —- An excerpt from "The Dream Monger" by Anonymous In this short story, "The Dream Monger," the phrase cleansing fires reveals itself to be the cause of death and destruction. Like the Holocaust, mass genocides often surround ideologies associated with ethnic cleansing. This allows for a geographical area to become ethnically homogeneous under an establishment of power. In 20th-century America, for example, Anglo- American colonialism constituted the genocide of countless Natives in America and around the world. Such events will never be widely coined as genocide, however, due to the number of those who survived exploitation, disease, malnutrition, and neglect. 6 The term black scars also leads to further speculation that this short story may involve post-slavery events of America's racial segregation system. One of which included the Tulsa race massacre, decimating the Black business ecosystem and killing 6,000 community members. 7 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women, although there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members.8 6 Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 7 Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. 8 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 9 Generation X | 1965 - 1980 Brief Historical Background Those who grew up during this time were accustomed to having a sense of independence from an early age. This was caused by the increased divorce rates throughout the United States, the unique dynamics of single-parent households, and dual-income parents who were not able to spend as much time at home. Most parents found a life-long career in computers, business management, construction, or transportation. Although routinely working long hours, they still managed to find a healthy balance between exhibiting their creative freedoms within the workplace and maintaining personal relationships with their children. Also referred to as latchkey kids, Gen Xers often spent their downtime conversing with friends via email, channel surfing on the television, or playing video games. They also seemed to have a deep interest in musical genres associated with social-tribal identities, including punk rock and heavy metal. This meant that music became an important self-identifying factor, even influencing the type of attire an individual wore on a daily basis. In the 1960s and 1970s, a countercultural movement known as the hippie era catalyzed other self-identifying factors — especially for those who identified as members of the LGBTQ+ community. American writer Allen Ginsberg formed the core of the movement as he openly opposed all military efforts, sexual repression, and capitalism.9 Ginsburg also identified as gay, serving as positive a role model for members of the LGBTQ+ community and allies alike. 10 9 Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. 10 Eleven years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation X but were mostly written by students who were born during the Baby Boomers generation (1946-1964). Brown 10 Generation X Overview of Significant Events • Selma to Montgomery marches promote voting rights for African Americans (1965). • Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American Supreme Court Justice (1965). • Immigration & Nationality Act outlaws de facto discrimination against immigrants (1965). • Voting Act outlaws racial discrimination in voting (1965). • Malcolm X is assassinated (1965). • Watts Riots occur in light of Marquette Frye's arrest (1965). • Nation Organization for Women is established (1966). • American Indian Movement is founded (1967). • Detroit Riot sheds blood between black residents and the Detroit Police Department (1967). • Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated (1968). • Fair Housing Act outlaws discrimination regarding housing (1968). • Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman elected to Congress (1968). • East Los Angeles Walkouts are organized by Mexican American students (1968). • Stonewall Riots call for LGBTQ+ members to respond to police raids (1969). • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1971). • AIM protests against injustice under law enforcement towards Native Americans (1972). • Roe v. Wade becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1973). • Billie Jean King wins the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match (1973). • Beverly Johnson becomes the first black model on the cover of Vogue (1974). Brown 11 Generation X Relevance to The Chameleon "The pedestrian Walks, talks, and discriminates On such vital and valid criteria as Color, breeding and religion. Sees sex, and is offended. Grows indignant. Has a firm conviction that freedom of speech sometimes goes too far When it lets Martin Luther King "cause trouble" and "incite" riots" (1965). —- An excerpt from "The Pedestrian" by Jacob Sartz Unlike most pieces of writing from the 1960s publishings, this free verse poem seems to call out the discriminatory tendencies of others. The author especially targets any person whose ideologies are rooted in racism, sexism, and other gateways leading to unequal treatment. By labeling them as the pedestrian, such subtlety creates an effect where anyone can be the principal character and thus the reader may begin to question their own actions. As the author begins to shift towards a more political ambiance, African American activist Martin Luther King Jr. is mentioned. From the pedestrian's perspective, however, King is known to overstep the principle of free speech with the exception of cases where it benefits the white majority. Brown 12 "He had gone through a variety of different girls in the next six years, and he had accumulated an assortment of different names in his address book, including a few of the local sweethearts that he'd called up in dire sexual emergencies… When he had heard that his little "streetlight girl" had been married, he put a check next to her name in the book as he had done for several other old flames that had been put out of commission for one reason or another. He thought of her a little while after that, but closed the book as he had always done" (1970). —- An excerpt from "The Street Light" by Paul LeSage Unlike our example directly above, there are several alarming factors sprinkled throughout this short story, revealing how a man uses the sexual objectification of women to his advantage. The man's use of an address book further proves this implication as the women he has been sexually involved with are jotted down in writing. Visually speaking, the reader may think of a grocery list or an inventory of stock goods when it comes to the address book's description. The man proceeds to check off the women who no longer sexually benefit him all while refusing to use their real names, ultimately dehumanizing them in the process. This allows the reader to further explore the harmful effects of sexual objectification, pushing them to decipher the differences between sex and sexualizing.11 11 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 13 Generation Y | 1981 - 1996 Brief Historical Background Many of those who were either born into this generation or lived through it prioritized their careers and personal interests above marriage. This means that they were having fewer children than their predecessors. Like Gen Xers, Millenials were known to be tech-savvy with a specific preference to communicate through email or text. MTV brought them further reason to enjoy screen time when the cable channel was launched in 1981. Originally created to showcase music videos, MTV quickly moved to television personalities. Michael Jackson, for example, served as the precedent for television personalities and leading artists, topping the charts throughout the duration of the 1980s. He eventually became one of the most well-loved television personalities who dedicated much of his offscreen time to charitable efforts. Prince, Whitney Houston, Diana Ross, and many others followed closely behind. Based on the increased media representation of minority artists, it's safe to say that this particular time frame allowed for people of color to debut their own music videos for the first time. This urged the public to gravitate towards soul music and R&B, marking the start of this generation's willingness to embrace black creators. Alongside music, technological advances in STEM were budding with breakthroughs. Women paved the way towards many of these breakthroughs under large startups and federal organizations, inspiring younger girls to do the same through higher education. 12 12 Eighteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Y but mostly written by students who were born during Generation X (1965-1976). Brown 14 Generation Y Overview of Significant Events • Asian American/Pacific Islander Heritage Week is implemented in May (1979). • Boston African American National Historic Site is established (1980). • AIDS Epidemic begins, causing numerous deaths in the LGBTQ+ community (1981). • Sandra Day O'Connor is nominated as the first female Supreme Court Justice (1981). • Federation of Survival Schools leads legal education seminars for Native students (1984). • Ellison Onizuka, the first Asian-American in space, dies in the Challenger disaster (1986). • Minneapolis AIM Patrol refocuses on protecting native women in Minneapolis (1987). • Sally K. Ride becomes the first American woman in space (1983). • Susan Kare made typeface contributions to the first Apple Macintosh (1983). • Michael Jordan is named the NBA's "Rookie of the Year " (1985). • Nadia Perlman invents the spanning-tree protocol (1985). • Carole Ann-Marie Gist becomes the first African American to win Miss USA (1990). • Freddie Mercury dies from AIDS (1991). • Rodney King is brutally beaten by LAPD officers (1991). • AIM revives the Sun Dance ceremony in Pipestone, Minnesota (1991). • Los Angeles Riots result in numerous deaths and $1 billion in damage (1992). • Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space (1992). • National Coalition in Sports & Media Forms is established by native leaders (1992). • "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" bars the LGBTQ+ community from military service (1993). Brown 15 Generation Y Relevance to The Chameleon "I slowly adapt myself to another man's world, But I soon realize that my character is a reflection Of a foreign spectrum I see myself through another man's eyes, My words come from another man's mouth, And my ideals are relocated from another man's mind" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Nostalgic Experience" by Noble Francis Allen America's social construction has continued to uphold whiteness throughout the duration of its history, while people of color must condition themselves to that of the norm. In this case, the author speaks in the first person, signifying their position as the principal character who is faced with having to mirror the way others perceive the world. This implies that the narrator may have had a weakened sense of self-identity at the time this poem was written. Self-identity is an especially important feature as it consists of the traits, characteristics, social relations, and roles that define who one is. An individual's racial and ethnic 13 background is also included within the same realm due to the distinguishment of their given group's cultural values, kinship, and beliefs.14 13 Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. 14 Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378. Brown 16 "Across his back is a deerskin quiver, and in the quiver, there are seven feathered arrows. Gripped in his sweaty palm is an oak bow. A golden-handled sword, whose blade is as long as a man's leg, hangs from his waist. Its once binding shine has been replaced by a thick coat of blood. His skin is the color of golden honey, and his hair is the reflection of yellow sunshine… A woman emerges from the foliage of the wildwood. Warm sunshine gleams off of browned skin. Raven-black hair drops over a slender neck, and ends upon soft shoulders. Unsuspecting almond-eyes gaze wildly at the sky. She is nude. Her breasts are round, full, and tipped with chocolate nipples. A thin waist gives way to broad hips, and eventually slender legs" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Blind Odin" by Mitchell T. Kubiak This short story, "A Blind Odin," depicts a deep contrast between the description of a man and the description of a woman. The man embodies characteristics associated with a skilled hunter, such as strength and courage. The woman, however, is only described based on her physical features, all of which seem to align with the male gaze. For those who are not familiar with feminist theory, the male gaze is perceived from a masculine heterosexual perspective with aspects of voyeurism, objectification, fetishism, and scopophilia attached.15 Further descriptions of the woman's bodily proportions also suggest clues about the author, although it is crucial for the reader to understand that Norwich University had very few female candidates at the time this short story was written. 16 15 Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https:// doi.org/10.2307/2928465. 16 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 17 Generation Z | 1997 - 2009 Brief Historical Background Gen Zers are the first to experience technological advances from birth onward. Once the majority reached adolescence, it became evident that there was a growing demand for portable devices. Although the first smartphone was released by IBM during the early 1990s, its overall bulkiness and poor battery life were not ideal for communication lines. Apple has since become the most popular phone brand in the United States. It also helped that the company released the iPod, a portable music device with, at the time, the ability to store over 200 songs. The same year also marked the events of several terrorist attacks on September 11th. Two jet airliners shattered the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in a series of terrorist attacks, killing nearly 3,000 people and injuring twice as many. Those responsible were later identified as members of al-Quaeda, a militant Islamist organization led by Saudi Arabian terrorist Osama bin Laden. Life became all the more difficult for Muslim Americans as they continuously experienced the dangers of Islamophobia on a daily basis. Such dangers surrounded an ongoing spike in hate crimes, ranging from cold-blooded murder to vandalism of places of worship. Even when there was a slight decline in hate crimes years later, Muslim Americans continued to struggle with employment discrimination. Many of those who practiced Islam were either laid off or turned away during the hiring process for reasons directly relating to their religion. By the end of Generation Z, religion no longer served as a determining factor during the hiring process and diversity became a primary focus in the workplace. 17 17 Thirteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Z but were mostly written by students who were born during Generation Y (1977-1995). Brown 18 Generation Z Overview of Significant Events • Gary Locke becomes the first Asian American governor of a mainland state (1996). • Kalpana Chawla boards Columbia as the first woman in space of Indian origin (1997). • Serena Williams wins the U.S. Open Women's Singles Tennis Championship (1999). • Maurice Ashley becomes the world's first black Grandmaster in chess (2000). • Permanent Partners Immigration Act is introduced to Congress (2000). • Equality Mississippi is founded as an LGBT civil rights organization (2000). • Millennium March on Washington raises awareness of LGBT issues (2000). • Elaine Chao is selected as the first Asian American to be Secretary of Labor (2001). • Patriot Act allows the indefinite detention of immigrants and warrantless searches (2001). • Cincinnati-based riots spark unrest following Timothy Thomas' death (2001). • Balbir Singh Sodhi's death is deemed the first fatal act of violence as a result of 9/11 (2001). • Dennis Archer becomes the first African American to be President of the ABA (2002). • Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (2003). • Grutter v. Bollinger becomes a landmark Supreme Court Case (2003). • Same-sex marriage is first legalized in the state of Massachusetts (2004). • Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon are wed, becoming the first legal same-sex marriage (2004). • Condoleezza Rice is named the first black woman to be Secretary of State (2005). • Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007). • Barack Obama is elected as the first African American to hold office (2009). Brown 19 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "You called me a fa***t and said no one would love me But I am here to say what goes around comes around And now it's your turn to get knocked down" (2004). —- An excerpt from "The Bastard Son" by James A. Hoffman Now used as a slur in reference to homosexual men and boys, the term fa***t has its own unique origin. The term's former use in the Norwegian dialect was originally emplaced to describe a bundle of firewood. Because these bundles were large in size, the term eventually moved towards describing heavyset women who were often seen as slovenly and thus placing them near the bottom of all social classes. When British English ha 18 d made a far greater influence on the Scandinavian languages, the term was combined with bugger, also known as a person who engages in anal or oral sex. Premodern Europe was known to persecute heretics during this time, including homosexuals, as they did not conform to the belief systems of the Church. 19 This short story, "The Bastard Son," is one of the first positive representations of LGBTQ+ members found in the Chameleon as the narrator gains the courage to speak against negative attitudes and feelings surrounding the LGBTQ+ community. 18 Johansson, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word 'Fa***t'." William Percy. 19 Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Brown 20 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "Mother, you are the greatest woman I know. I have based my life upon yours, all the great things you have done and all the obstacles that you were able to overcome; the thing that I admire most about you is the fact that you were a single mother of four and didn't need a man's help, but I always knew that was a great challenge for me, in this world that is much too different from the one that you grew up. To me, that was the greatest obstacle that you conquered" (2004). —- An excerpt from "Mother's Love" by A.M.T Lebron In this dedication, "Mother's Love," the author retrieves past memories in writing to celebrate their mother. It is not often that Norwich student contributors write about the entailments of motherhood. Although it remains unclear whether the author's mother was divorced, widowed, or remained unmarried, the family has a relentless source of love for one another and proceeds to use their shared affection to overcome challenges. Such challenges include economic hardships and increased states of stress as a single mother often relies on one source of income. There is also reason to believe that those raised in similar households develop a sense of independence resembling that of their mother. Some may even develop additional 20 internal resources that will allow them to construct their own identity far from the gender roles typically seen within the American household. 21 20 Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. 21 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of minority communities and women. Brown 21 Generation Alpha | 2010 - Present Brief Historical Background Many of those who are either born into this generation or currently living through it witness technological advances at an accelerating rate to the extent of replacing the previously known means of childhood entertainment with mobile devices and streaming services. The dawning of this generation also brought Instagram, the most frequently preferred social media platform to date. The thought of having children was generally delayed across the United States following the economic crisis of 2008, while young adults reportedly dealt with increasing stress from education debt. Following the economic crisis of 2008, it is not uncommon for young adults to deal with increasing stress from education debt. Many Gen Zers who previously planned on extending their families during this time were also affected as financial worries prevented them from having children. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further economic turmoil when small businesses had to close down to prevent the spread of the virus. Those who were employed under larger corporations, however, moved their offices to home. Between dual-career families and remote work, the boundaries separating professional and personal life became blurred. 22 Such challenges have proved that the young faces of Generation Alpha are capable of resilience, utilizing their own diverse backgrounds to tackle the more difficult questions. This includes advocating for fairness in all aspects of society and questioning the validity of gender. 22 Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Brown 22 Generation Alpha Overview of Significant Events • Apple's iPad is released, also known as the first touchscreen tablet PC (2010). • President Barack Obama begins his second term (2013). • Defense Against Marriage Act is struck down by the Supreme Court (2013). • Black Lives Matter emerges as a political movement (2013). • Michael Brown is fatally shot by a Ferguson police officer (2014). • Nine African Americans churchgoers are killed during a Bible study in Charleston (2015). • Same-sex marriage is legalized in all 50 states (2015). • Pulse Nightclub shooting causes the deaths of 49 LGBTQ+ members (2016). • Unite the Right, a white supremacist rally, leads to three deaths in Charlottesville (2017). • Me Too movement is relaunched following the Harvey Weinstein accusations (2017). • Director Jon M. Chu breaks box office records with his film Crazy Rich Asians (2018). • California Synagogue shooting causes the injuries of three and the death of one (2019). • President Trump's wall receives $2.5 billion in funds under the Supreme Court (2019). • Kobe Bryant, along with his daughter, dies in a helicopter crash (2020). • Geroge Floyd is murdered by a Minneapolis police officer during an arrest (2020). • Kamala Harris becomes the 49th vice president (2021). • Spa shooting in Atlanta leaves eight dead, with six being of Asian descent (2021). Brown 23 Generation Alpha Relevance to The Chameleon "It had only been four days since I was bought from the Greens. The Green House was known for cutting off the body parts of slaves and letting them bleed out slowly or waiting for them to die of infection. They used to take other slaves to the field and pick different parts to cut off. If they cut off too much and you couldn't work anymore, they'd leave the bodies in the field as an example of what happens when you make mistakes. " (2019). —- An excerpt from "Mixed Voices" by Alain Cropper-Makidi The author moves to educate the reader on a particular building utilized during America's slavery period. Also known as the Green House, the building lay separate from the main house and lodged slaves who were being punished for fieldwork mistakes. Whipping, burning, branding, raping, and imprisoning were some of the most common punishments for slaves. However, the Green House resorted to dismembering the slaves' limbs and allowing them to bleed out. This short story, "Mixed Voices," also addresses that some slaves received educational instruction from the main house's mistress. This was most likely executed in secret as slaves were generally prohibited from reading and writing out of fear that they would forge travel passes and escape. 23 23 "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https:// americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Brown 24 "One day You tell me that let's be Together I shake my head Say I'm tired of your lies Rather to get myself alone" (2020). 有⼀天 你对我说我们在⼀起吧 我摇摇头 说我厌倦了你的虚伪 宁愿孤独 —- An excerpt from "Untitled" by Zenghui Zhang Like several others, this poem was both written and translated by a student under Professor Lenny Hu. Since his arrival at Norwich, Professor Hu has assigned his Chinese students the task of writing and translating poetry. This allows them to expand their Chinese literacy and gain a sense of passion for the language itself. As the Norwich language department continues to grow, translations will continue to be included in future Chameleon issues for the benefit of promoting diverse students and staff who already understand or aim to learn beyond that of the English language. Brown 25 Conclusion Sustains & Improves After reviewing all past issues of the Chameleon, it is clear that Norwich's literary journal previously published pieces of writing representing LGBTQ+ members, the BIPOC community, and women in a negative light. This was especially true from 1961 through the late 1990s. Gradually, the Chameleon has begun to positively represent our communities. During our current time period, for example, positive representations have become the primary focus under Professor Sean Prentiss and his team of student editors who have made a conscious effort in improving the Chameleon as a whole. Student writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body are oftentimes selected for awards. One of which is the "Be You, Be True Prize" for the best writing by or about the LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, many Norwich University professors currently include culturally sustaining pedagogies within their curricula. Such pedagogies include seeking nontraditional texts, merging language varieties, and encouraging students to explore cultural spaces. To maintain as well as improve such efforts, Norwich University affiliates must remain aware that America's long history of combating minorities often resulted in bloodshed. Although not to the extent of our previous generations, similar events still continue to occur today. Therefore, as one of the most renowned military colleges in the United States, it is our responsibility to protect minority students and ensure that they perceive themselves as valuable members of the community. Without them, the future stands for nothing. Brown 26 References Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https:// dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Johanssen, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word F*****." William Percy, pp. 356–359. Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. Brown 27 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/ 9781469628578.003.0002. Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https://doi.org/10.2307/2928465. Tenaglia, Sean. '"Seeing Yourself in the Story:' The Influence of Multicultural Education on Adolescent Identity Formation." The Virginia English Journal, vol. 68, 2018. Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378.

The Mercury October, 1908 HEW THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers of CAPS AND GOWNS i'o Gettysburg College, Lafayette, Lehigh, Dickinson, State College, Univ. of Penn B.i Ivnnia, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, "Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods ^ Degrees. Right Now is not too soon for the senior, the college man, to let us know whether he would be interested in any sort of an office, sales, tech-nical or teaching position. Your choice of location and lines of business. Twelve offices covering the entire country, each operat-ing a department for college men. Write stating line of education and location desired. Hp.pGrB©B THE MERCUKY. extent brought under the influence of a force over which he has little or no control. So great is the power of tradition, that many are wondering what really is the attitude of the present undergraduates in ques-lions of truth and falsehood, than which nothing can be of greater importance, if the practical end of a college course is to be "training good members of society." Do our students have any dominating sense of honor, or are they predominantly gov-erned by the stray survivals of an impalpable and damaging tra-dition ? Behold, says the world to the college, you have received our choicest young men, you are training those who are to be the iiower of our citizenship, the leaders of men, yet you surround them with an atmosphere smirched with the vestiges of a past which knew neither the glory nor the honor of our democracy. The skeptic sees in the little college world only a false and de-cisive transcript of the larger world. He wonders when students will cease their imitation of the small boy, who one minute reads the riot-act of manly independence, and the next pleads the baby-act of thoughtless irresponsibility. He wonders when fac-ulties will cease their skipping about from "in loco parentis" to '.he "on honor" theory. Those best able to learn the attitude of students toward ques-tions of truth and falsehood find much that is encouraging. None set for college officers a standard of honor so sensitively' high. Disingemiousness in a professor the students find intol-erable, and once discovered it may mean the permanent blasting of his usefulness. A man may lack extraordinary personal .•harm, he may yet gain and keep the confidence of the students by scrupulous candor in all his intercourse with them, but lack of this element of frankness is sure to call forth their condem-nation. In no department of life can you find a loftier standard than the one which students have set for themselves in their athletic "iiaining. If athletics were not accomplishing anything else that is worth while, the fact that they get and keep a lot of young men "in training," renders justifiable their demand for con-tinued support. To the extent of rigidity has the standard of honor in .atliletic training been elevated. A student has no J THE MERCURY. purer means of branding himself than the breaking of training. And what body of more mature men has a finer sense of what constitutes leadership? No one, therefore, need seriously fear that undergraduates are without a keen ethical perception. And yet, in spite of these healthy signs, we cannot disregard 'he discouraging observations of a scrutinizing world. It sees in the average undergraduate such little sense of proportion: open and gentlemanly as he is, he appears honest and honorable only in spots. A manufacturer requires that into the product of his plant his workmen shall put honest material and honest toil,—his success depends upon that requirement. Need we wonder that he should grow impatient with our institutions of learning, which claim to enroll the choice youth of an enlightened country, when so much of the work turned out by them has the ear-marks of dishonesty, —not to speak of the vast amount of work that is never done at all? Can the college rightly expect much sympathy from the man of business, when he observes so many annually leaving col-lege walls who have never learned the real meaning of work, never practiced strenuous industry or appreciated the value of iime? The community would not feel so keenly disappointed with the growing numbers who go to college more for the social life than for learning, if that social life were invigorated to a greater extent by the moralities which govern society at large, :md if it had at least a more certain tendency to promote the greatest of all arts, the art of living. Is the judgment of the world too harsh ? Is it not too exact-ing to demand that youthful immaturity be subjected to the ligid standards which logic and the community at large seem to approve ? Only those yet under the charm of tradition—be they slumni, faculty or undergraduates—look with complacency upon the happy-go-lucky codes the extravagances and distortions of our colleges. But happily the number of these is decreasing, and never before, we believe, has the time been so propituous for the obliteration of this damaging tradition. This is true even among the undergraduates themselves. They ma}' not be desir-ing increased supervision or more stringent regulation, but a great majority of them stand ready to be released from false-standards and to adopt sound and sane ones in their stead. C THE MERCURY. Is it just that the picked young men of America should any longer be brought into and permitted to perpetuate a delusive-atmosphere? An atmosphere in which acts of obvious dis-honesty and vice and inhumanity are socially elevated and put into good repute, when the perpetrators should be put into bad repute, certainly deserves no place in an enlightened country 'ike our own. Undergraduates are free to confess that in their excesses quite frequently they are but following custom and can oiler no other excuse; and by their very manner many of them indicate that a higher standard is struggling to gain ascendency. Who shall assist them in completely throwing off the cruel rhackles of tradition, or must they effect their own deliverance? If the purifying and the uplifting of college honor is to pro-gress, along sane and invigorating lines, what greater service can be rendered the undergraduates than to place among them a vigorous, guiding personality,—not a college officer, but one who, sympathizing with the students' own point of view, can liberate Ihem and act as their interpreter and guide. THREE SENSES, BUT A COMPLETE SOUL. MARY HAY HIMES, 'OS. JELEN KELLEB'S name is already too familiar to each of you to need a special introduction. The world of to-day knows it well and has accorded to its owner not a little fame because of her attainments. Though Miss Keller has to do without both hearing and sight she has achieved a position among her fellowmen which we must, in the circum-stances, recognize as surprising. She is now twenty-seven years old and her education has served to make her a writer of no mean ability. She is a college girl, having been graduated from Radeliff with the degree of A.B., in 1904, and she is now entering upon a career of service io bo wrought both by her own hands and through influencing ••(hers to favor and aid beneficent undertakings. But whatever THE MJ5RCURY. rhe does she will not neglect the task of improving her mind and she will continue to write. She has had the unusual privilege of knowing intimately many of the great men of her day such as Phillips Brooks who was her main instructor in things religious, Henry Drummond the mem-ory of whose strong warm handclasp she likened to a benediction, Oliver Wendell Holmes whom she called her beloved poet, John (Treanleal' Whitticr in whose home she visited the summer before he died, Edward Everett Hale whose friendship helped her over many of the rough places, Mark Twain from whose lips she read one or two of his good stories, and Joseph Jefferson who acted for her in private the most striking parts of a number of his plays ro that her education even in this line is not so defective as one might naturally suppose. Of these, her friends, she has written: "In a thousand ways they have turned my limitations into beau- : if ill privileges and enabled me to walk serene and happy in the shadow cast by my deprivation." Books have meant much more in Helen Keller's education than in that of others for they serve to bring knowledge to her which comes to an ordinary person through his eyes and ears. She has read widely and is thoroughly familiar with a large num- .,er of the best works in prose and poetry. She says literature is her "Utopia for no barrier of sense shuts her out from the dis-course of her book-friends. All these things have broadened and enriched Helen Keller's mind so that she is well fitted to exercise her natural bent to writing which lias won for her the excellent place that she oc-cupies in the literary world. She has written for many of this country's best periodicals and has been asked to speak in state legislatures and at hospital dedications in the cause of the deaf and blind! Her book called "The Story of My Life," has been sold by the thousands, and her articles which have lately been oublished in the "Century" are of unique merit. It seems nowise unfit ihat Miss Keller should be regarded as one of the most wonderful women that have ever lived when we note that she has attained this high position in spite of the fact that she has been deprived of the two of the five senses which are of such paramount importance to each one of us that we depend on them almost entirely, paying hardly any attention to the cul- 10 THE MERCURY. tivation or use of the three upon which she must depend alto-gether. Some of the knowledge which would generally come to one through his eyes and ears is brought to Helen Keller by taste, touch, and smell. Through these three senses sounds and shapes penetrate her consciousness and by certain mental processes of adding, multiplying, comparing what these senses bring her she gets definite ideas of whole objects, distance, degree and differ-mce. But there are concepts whose getting belongs to hearing or sight so particularly that we would think it impossible for a deaf-blind person to obtain them, no matter how high might be the cultivation of his three remaining senses. A great gulf here opens dividing the deaf-blind person from the hearing and seeing world. Yet in the case of Miss Keller we find no gulf there, for her soul in its activity and completeness reaches out and fills up the void. She makes use of the analogy between the material and the soul worlds and from the very fulness of her inner life is able to "mploy that whicli in her case has no correspondent without, to give her knowledge of that which her senses can never reveal. So far as the appreciation of music is concerned, she may have far better understanding of its nature than many a person with bearing ears but without any soul-intelligence to interpret what, through them, comes to him. We are made to feel this from her own account: "Sweet, beautiful vibrations exist for my touch even though they travel through other substances than air to i-each me. So I imagine sweet, delightful sounds and the artis-tic arrangement of them which is called music, and T remember '.hat they travel through the air to the ear conveying impressions somewhat like mine. I also know what tones are since they are perceptible factually in a voice." Her ideas of things which are revealed to us through our eyes are not lacking in clearness. She thus describes the way she gets her concept of color: "I have talked so much and read so much about colors that through no will of my own I attach mean-ings to them just as all people attach certain meanings to ab-stract terms like hope, idealism, monotheism, intellect, which cannot be represented truly by visual objects." Again she says: "The flash of thought and its swiftness explain the lightening's THE MEUCLTRY. H flash and the sweep of a comet through the heavens. My mental .-ky opens to me the vast celestial spaces and I proceed to £11 them with the images of my spiritual stars. I recognize truth by the clearness and the guidance that it gives my thought, and knowing what that clearness is I can imagine what light is to the eye. The utmost bound to which my thought will go is the horizon of my mind. From this horizon I imagine the one which the eye marks." It is only when we awake to self-consciousness that we begin to think. The awakening of the soul must come before we can know how to use the knowledge which reaches us through our reuses. There are persons who, having all five senses yet walk blind in the midst of the beauty which can only be seen through • lie windows of the soul. "Our blindness," says Helen Keller^ '•'changes not a whit the course of inner realities. Of us it is as true as it is of the seeing that the most beautiful world is always entering through the imagination. Faith is a mockery if it Reaches us not that we may construct a world unspeakably more complete and beautiful than the material world. And I, too, may construct my better world, for I am a child of God, an in-heritor of a fragment of the Mind that created all worlds." Indeed as we read the works of Helen Keller we often be-come conscious of the flutter of the spirit wings and we feel that in her flights of soul we axe somehow uplifted and refined. All this tells a wonderful story about the real nature of the soul, its dignity, energy, and power. It puts to route those phi-losophers who would hold this wonderful part of man subject to the petty rule of flesh, who claim that the possession of all five senses is necessary for a full and complete knowledge,—that the soul is dependent upon sense for its full life. It shows the soul to be something separate and apart from the body in which it dwells and utterly independent of it. The loss of any of the senses affects one's soul as little as the loss of a hand or foot would affect his personality. The soul has wonderful capabilities of growth and action which nothing but its own will need limit. Nothing need be a prison-house to the spirit, such power does it possess. It has KIeh unexplainable and wonderful qualities as man has always been drawn by his nature to reverence and worship—truly he 12 TUB MERCURY. bas been made a little lower than the angels. It is the soul which each man must respect within himself. Of what significance, then, is this in disclosing the nature of" the life of the sonl? If the soul is not affected by the small changes as they occur in the body, will the final destruction of the body by death lay chains upon the spirit and drag it down to nothingness? If man were a merely natural being, Nature's des-tiny would be his also; but we have seen that the soul is super-natural, able to mount over the barriers imposed upon the na-tural, and therefore deserving a different fate. What then do we face but immortality ? If eternity be not for the soul, man's very greatness, his capacity for thought and action and for ideals were direst mockery! Is it not rather that the soul sojourns-here for a time in the physical body as in a prison from which death will set it free to dwell forever in that unseen world where its real interests are and where it will remain after all earthly end material things have passed away? Having the great gift of eternity and a soul active and power-ful to do what it will, does not one's destiny rest in his own hands? If he learns to enjoy the soul-world by thinking of it here and earning a place in it surely happiness will await him in the future. We have seen that Helen Keller is making wonderful use of" her powers and know that she is building firm and strong. Her wonderfully courageous fight stands a firm rebuke to our sloth-ful spirits, and her victories in overcoming the obstacles in her way hold great encouragement for those on the verge of despair. THE MERCURY. 13.-. A CLEAR AND A GLOOMY DAY AT COLLEGE. L. W. TAYLOR, '08. HE day dawns gloomily, and at the last possible moment the heavy-eyed student rolls out of bed and gazes through a streaming window into the dense fog which has settled over all the campus, hiding from view every beautiful feature of the place. No vigorous heart-beats stir his torpid blood as he buttons his raincoat about him in anticipa-tion of the weary trip to breakfast and the not-altogether enjoy-able chapel service following. But such a day must be endured, and the only remedy is to dispel the gloom and forget the rain—if possible. The college student is an adept at this and although all is dismal without. the dormitories seem filled with merriment. The pipes are pro-duced, and dense clouds of smoke soon arise and fill the atmos-phere as though in opposition to the clouds of mist outside. Here and there groups of students settle down to a friendly game of cards, while others, perhaps, coil upon a pile of cushions to enjoy an interesting book. From various quarters comes the tinkling of mandolins and guitars, sometimes accompanied by snatches of song. But despite all this assumed gayety, everyone feels a spirit of' depression which he cannot well shake off. It follows him about, hinders him in his work, making all seem drudgery, and lurks nearby in his pastime although it may be forgotten for a short while. And as evening approaches, this feeling of confinement becomes worse and worse until it is well nigh unbearable, and darkness 'settles down over a restless and disconcerted person who feels that the day has gone for naught. But bow different the clay which dawns brightly upon a fresh, green world. The student arises early, wakened by the gay ••hatter of birds, and the bright sunbeams which stream in through his window. He springs up with energy and feels the-oright red blood coursing through his veins and filling his whole being with the joy of life He faces the day with eagerness, and the spirit of achievement is strong within him. Chapel appears .ess odious, and he looks forward to recitatior«^kl^teas^£?«'**^^ | GETTYSBURG COLLEGE | i Gettysburg, Pa, - LIBRARY - 14 THE MERCDET. Such a clay fills the whole place with gayety and college seems u veritable paradise in which youth and energy abound. The pastimes are now out in the open where no walks confine, and where fresh breezes bring health and vitality to all. The tennis courts -are filled with white-garbed figures, while from Nixon irield resounds the crack of the bat as it sends the leather sphere out to some expectant hand. The brawny arms of clean-limbed f.thletes of the more classic sort,can be seen flashing in the sun-light as they circle the track with strong strides. Others indulge their freedom by strolling out over the battle-field, some in quest of botany specimens, some in the interests of geology, and many simply for the invigoration afforded by the pure air and sunshine. When darkness falls, the students are still loath to confine themselves within four walls, and so they stroll along the streets of the historical college town, and perchance when the moon .•ioods the campus with soft light, they gather on the steps of '•Old Dorm" and sing, or enjoy the peace of evening in medita-tive silence, thus ending n day filled with many joys and rich in life for all. j* SHOULD THE SCHOOL TERM IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BE REDUCED TO EIGHT MONTHS? L. VAN DOREN,. '09. 8HE question of reducing the school, term in the public-schools from nine to eight months has been uppermost among the questions that have been troubling the minds of the men who have to attend to the welfare of our schools. The school term should not be reduced to eight months, be-cause the general age of the pupil in the public schools is under twelve years, and they are at the very age when they are learn-ing the rudiments of the different branches and getting the foun-dation upon which to build their lives; also they are at that age when they most easily forget what they are being taught, for THE MEKCURY. 15 their past experiences are few and they are continually passing through new experiences, which tend to drive out the training they are receiving from day to day in the school room. There-fore, to reduce the school term to eight months would be giving ;Jiese forces one extra month in which to work, and it would take twice that time to replace what would be lost, so instead of gain-ing a month it would be losing three. Also when the child is out of school he is free from the disci-pline which there exists. Some may say, he is under the home-rule. That is very true but the home-rule is in very few cases as strict as the discipline of the school room, and it can not be as stringent, for every one knows that in the school room the child ■s continually under the eye of his teacher, whereas at home, if he were there, for nine times out of ten after school hours he is roaming around with his comrades and is under no discipline at all—his parents have their domestic duties to attend to and are unable to keep a close watch upon him. So to give the child one month more of freedom from school-room discipline would not be to his advantage, but rather it would be detrimental to his childhood training. It is undoubtedly true that the children become very tired of being shut up in the school room during the spring and long to be free to roam wherever they may choose, and this very long- 'ng suggests a reason for not reducing the school term to eight months. The fact that a large number of the children loiter around after school hours with their companions is no reason for not reducing the school term, but the fact that they do not loiter inerely with their child companions but instead, around the street corners and other places is an argument against it. Here they come in contact with all kinds of people and see what those, some years older than they, are doing, such as smoking and chew-ing, and hear obscene language which is extremely disadvanta-geous to the training of the moral elements in the child. When the child sees or hears these things what does he do? Does he run away? No, he docs the exact opposite; he remains longer than he would otherwise have done, he is not satisfied with what hehasscenor heard but he wishes to see and hear more, and it docs not stop with the mere seeing and hearing; the child wishes to be like those who do these things, and thinks he is elevated to a 1G THE MERCURY. Uglier plane if he takes a smoke or uses curse words. He is sadly mistaken, for instead of being elevated, he is being de-graded. Therefore if the school term were reduced to eight months, he would be given one month more in which to mingle with this element, which works against his moral character. Thus there are three reasons, and very essential reasons too. why the school term in the public schools should not be reduced to eight months. In the first place the child would be deprived of a month's training in the fundamentals when it is the most opportune time; secondly, he would be free from the school-room discipline an extra month, and lastly, he would be given one more month in which to associate with that class of persons who stand on the street corners and in other public places. SIMILARITY OF PURSUITS THE BASIS OF FELLOWSHIP. G. L. KIEFFER, '09. XDIVIDUALS in this world are all prone to seek com-panions. The kind of companions sought varies in proportion to the degree of development of the indi-vidual. These individuals that mutually agree to en-joy each other's fellowship must certainly have as their posses-sion some common ground, where all differences disappear. This r-ommon ground quite frequently proves to be a similarity of pur-suit. In harmony with this fact is the old saying: "Birds of a feather flock together." Who has not seen, or read about, the old country store gathering. Here the farmer is wont to meet his neighbor for an evening's fellowship, mutually desired and en-joyed. This fact of similarity of pursuits being the basis of fellow-ship is not alone true of the laboring class. It is also true of the cultured class. The coffee house in the days of Ben Johnson was the fellowship club of the literary lights of that age. Here they met and enjoyed each other's wit and humor as well as shared each other's troubles. THE MERCURY. 17 The fact that similarity of pursuits is the basis of fellowship is ; hewn in the manner in which those who are following the same line of work are banded together. We, to-day, have the great labor unions' as an outgrowth of this among the laboring class. In higher walks of life are found this association and that asso-ciation. Banded together for each other's protection and develop-ment, these unions and associations are quite a factor, working for the betterment of humanity's condition of life. The strong characters thus intimately associated with the weak possess a great opportunity for living a life according to their Master's com-mands. Granted these associations carry with them evils, never-theless the benefits outweigh them. Therefore, in time past as well as at the present time, indi- \iduals who have had the common ground of similarity of pur-suits have banded themselves together in order that they might enjoy each other's fellowship. In all walks of life this has been true. It is likewise true that the benefits to the individuals of these bonds of fellowship can hardly be estimated. THE INEXORABLE IN THE WORLD. HESSE, '09. JWENTY and one half centuries ago, there lived, in beau-tiful Greece, a childlike and simple hearted people, but endowed with intellects that shone as the stars in their own wonderful heavens. Of experimental science they had none, but their intuition and reason led them to experience the loftiest thought and the profoundest emotions that fill the imman breast. They attained the heights of intellect we must strive in vain •■ompletely to comprehend, and they laid the foundation for modern culture in its length and breadth. They reveled in meta-physical speculations, they looked through the stars and through the multitudinous phenomena of earth, and saw within the com-plexity of all a oneness which they called the universe. Nor is there a theory of modern science or philosophy which in its 18 THE MERCURY. broad outlines they had not conceived. In the sixtli century before Christ there was taught the doctrine of creation by evolu-tion, the nebular hypothesis, the indestructibility of matter and the conservation of energy, the sphericity of the earth, the fact of sex in plants, as well as in animals, and their theory of music has never been changed. They recognized order, plan, and design in this cosmos of theirs, and so affirmed mind as its author. As those old Greeks had grasped the fundamental conceptions which are necessary to understand natural law in the material universe, so, too, by a native insight they grasped the ethical principles of the world. They felt themselves to be free-willed personalities, but they saw with crystaline vision that man, in order to find safety and perfect freedom, must have a will sub-servient to the laws set in order by the Divine Creative Mind, and that a will out of harmony with these laws incurs peril, tem-poral and external. During those early days the laws in physics, optics, chemistry. ,«md biology were unknown, and will was recognized as the only force capable of initiating motion. Accordingly, those old 'Greeks created, by their vivid imagination, gods invested with power to rule over certain definite spheres of human activity. Nevertheless, they were conscious that back of even Father Zeus liimself, there was a mysterious, an inexorable something, to which, with their most vivid imagination, they could not assign a personal existence in the home of the gods on high Olympus. The Greek philosopher was struck with awe, as he contemplated this mystery underlying his fanciful explanation of the move-ments in nature. He realized the presence of a force which lie oould not attribute to the capricious gods. He felt the cold hand of stern necessity, of unbending compulsion, that inexorable Power, which is no respector of persons, and to which all crea-tion is obedient, the great cause of the perpetuity of the world. He saw it manifested in (lie composition of the elements and represented graphically by the starry heavens. To him it was Ihe soul of all natural phenomena and the absolute authority over the hearts of men. The Greeks, in their thought were striving to represent this inexorable Power, and to that end, created a word. They spoke of it as avayKrj and to it they resigned self. Sopocles, in THE MERCURY. 19 that magnificent tragedy, "Oedippus Bex," says, "Not even the gods fight against amy/c^. And Aeschylus, in the Promotheus Bound, tell how, in the beginning, poor pitiable mortals were crashed through their ignorance of natural laws and forces, hav-ing no power of development, and that at length rejected and given over to destruction by the Olymphic Zeus. He tells how, in their blindness to the means of development which avayK^ afforded, they suffered untold pain and woe. They failed to re-alize that existence is a struggle in which the victory is not to tiie strong but to those whose souls are atune with the eternal plan of progress. Mortals seemingly were helpless, but upon re-ceiving fire, "the teacher of every useful art," there was opened to them illimitable resources. Science was born, and by learning. dowly and painfully, the workings of the universe, man was raised to a higher plane of living. Centuries have rolled by, and man himself has become a god. AVe have advanced until we are conscious that all natural forces invite us to rise higher in material development by cdping with opposition. The idea of limitation and the laws of nature that stand seemingly in opposition to our physical, mental, and moral development may be considered as the dark avay/o? of the ancient Greeks, and yet in reality it is merely the necessary op-position by which action is made possible. There could be no flight of birds, if it were not for the change-less law of gravitation and the defiance of ethereal space. Our fouls could not soar to higher worlds, and, in our intellectual and • loral struggles we should fail, but for the very defiance we meet. 't is the order of things yet to some, it is so dark and fearful. But why should it be? It is but rational to accept the limita-tions which He who made the world has set as the boundaries of-human activity. Endowed with an immortal soul and placed in, a vast theatre of struggle, a man so often surrenders to the evils, that he meets. His confidence in the All Wise fails, he rebells,. and succumbs to fate. The purpose of the Infinite remains obscure, but the wisdom of' ihe plan which he has adopted is being revealed and its justice, •indicated, as age after age pushes back the horizon of knowl-edge. We are now standing in the morning twilight of a new era of thought, and, as we read the message of the past, we see 20 'J'KE MERCURY. the problems which perplexed the ancient mind, in a measure ceing solved. As solution follows solution, there opens to our view mysteries of wider scope. Human interests are essentially the same, but humanity drinks from a larger cup of bliss than ever before. As dark shadows disappear and the boundaries of Ignorance recede, we enlarge our horizon. The periphery of the universe expands, and in realms growing still more vast avoy/07 the inexorable, appears, as a legion of mysterious forces and influences, drawing out and showing human aspira-tions in an intricacy of thought and action. No longer do we. as did the children of Mars, march to certain death upon the field of battle and call it fate. But, while understanding so much of the mystery of existence from the starry heavens to the microscopic world, while recognizing the reign of law as inexora-ble, we know comparatively nothing of the problems that re-main. There are principles we can not fathom for they grow darker as we seek their significance. These are appalling fea-tures that bind and hold the race in their iron grasp. Society hems us in on every side. There are boundaries im-movable. The individual, born to act within his sphere, the physical, mental, and spiritual limitations of which there is ab-solutely no hope of crossing, is as really hound by the hand of fate, as was Promotheus of old. We are doomed to play our role in the drama of life within a certain narrow sphere. The law of heredity and our personal contact with the outer world bind and keep us closer than would the eye of a jealous Grecian deity. We are under the law, and violation of natural laws brings about unnatural conditions. Perpetration of deeds, unnatu-ral, breeds in humanity tendencies to repeat crime even to the fifth generation. This, indeed, is determinism. It is the avayKrj of the nncient Greeks. They whom such fate overtakes are of mortal ones most to be pitied. The old Grecian idea of avay/oj comprehends all such, yet the principle is that of eternal justice which is enthroned high above the limitations of man's understanding. Stern necessity, the inexorable bond which obtains in this uni-verse of law and order must be considered as the hand board di-recting man. It points out a perilous way, but it will lead, Rventually, to more perfect human relations. ITIJS MERCURY. The harmonious stream of existence follows inexorable law. .All is harmony, yet unintelligible to the passing multitudes, who-through selfishness and by acts of rebellious will toll a sad knelL and depart forever. But, the imperishable stream flows on. He who would be wise embarks and.acts according to the light he has. Outside of the light, or in realms unexplored, there is abso-hitely no mercy for him who seeks to break the limitations set by law. The ancient Greeks with their partial insight bowed in sub-mission before the inexorable; not only they, but their Olympian gods as well. Dim and hazy, felt rather than seen, and having no habitation as did Zeus, this illimitable power never became anthropomorphic. It was never a Father into whose face they amid look- and say, "Thy will be done." Rather they surren-dered to an unknown, impersonal necessity whose decree was in-evitable We recognize the same power manifesting itself in the physical world, and we call it natural law; and in the world of humanity, we call it, in the fine phrase of Matthew Arnold, "The power in history, not ourselves, which makes for righteous-ness." FEUDS IN OUR RURAL COMMUNITIES, bo|raa^!'*' [ GEfTYSBURG tc__ Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY - - 26 THE MERCURY. and the principal works dealing with the Confessions of the Church. In practical theology we have the complete works of Luther, devotional books, sermons and treatises, some in pamph-let form, others in the original manuscript. Some of the authors represented in Systematic Theology are, Dorner, Martensen, Miiller, Beck, Sprecher, Schleiermacher and JSTitzsch. Commentaries are by Meyer, Keil, Bretheau, Hengs-tenberg, Tholuck and others. Philosophy is also extensively represented both in histories and complete works on the subject. It contains the works of nearly all the great German philosophers, such as Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Shopenhauer, Lotze, V. Harman, Wundt, and others. Besides these comprehensive works thre are many German and Englisl treatises and dissertations on philosophical subjects. Another and doubtless the most exhaustive department is So-ciology. In this department the productions of Dr. Stucken-berg form an important and valuable feature. Along with his works are found all the most noted German contributions to the science as well as many other historical and systematic pro-ductions of authors of different nationalities. Some of the au- Ihors represented are Marx, Lange, Wagner, Schaffle and Blunt-schli. Among the many works on History are found the following: Macauley's, "History of England," Humes', "History of Eng-land," Tierre's, "History of the Consulate and Empire of Na-poleon," Gibbons' Complete AYorks, Fronde's, "History of Eng-land." Also a large number of works dealing especially with Church History, such as. Millman's, "Latin Christianity," His-tories of Protestant Theology and works dealing with the Ameri-can Church. Some of the authors represented are jNTeandet'. Jleppe, Bohringer, Schaff and Planck. Tn the collection of biographies are those of all the great re-ligious, intellectual and political leaders, such as St. Augustine, Melanchthon, Schleiermacher, Martensen, Henhofer, Humbold, Tholuck,Webster, Beecher, Burke, Scott, Garrison, Garrick, Mar-tineau and others. The encyclopaedias and dictionaries form an important fea-ture of the library, especially along the lines of Theology and Sociology. Although some of these works are not the latest and THE MERCURY. 27 most up-to-date editions, the majority of them are still recog-nized as authority in their particular departments. Such is Herzog's "Theologische Beal-Encyklopadie." Besides this partially classified material there is of course a large amount of miscellaneous material, such as works and trea-tise on Natural History and Geography. There is also some fic-tion and high class English and German literature. The works of Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, Heine, Jean Paul Bitter, Shakes-peare, Milton and others are found complete. AT SUNSET. BY ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER BENSON. How pure, how spare the hues that lie O'er these wide plains, from sky to sky! . As tho some brush, of airy skill, Had washed, had tinted, field and hill. Soon falls the change; the daylight dies; The dusk o'erbrims her boundaries; The sun flares westward, fiercely rolled 'Mid purple islets ridged with gold. Air me, ah me! alike they fade— Brief space of sun, swift lapse of shade; The wistful eye, that saw and loved, The heart so strangely, sweetly moved. Yet, tho the creeping dusk enfold My faint-hued hopes, my dreams of gold, At last, her patient journey trod. This trembling soul shall leap to God. —Prom the Daily Mail (London). I H E ERCURV Entered al the Posloffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XVI GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER, 1908 No. 5 Editor in-Chief P. F. BLOOMHARDT, '09 Exchange Editor H. REY WOLF, '09 Business Manager CHARLES L. KOPP, '09 Ass't Bus. Managers G. C. KNIPPLE, '10 PAULS. AIILLER, '10 Assistant Editor CHARLES F. V. HESSE, '09 Associate Editors SAMUEL FAUSOLD, '10 EDWARD N. FRYE, '10 Advisory Board PROF. C. F. SANDERS, A. M. PROF. P. M. BIKLE, PH.D. PROF. C. J. GRIMM, PH. D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance ; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contri-bute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. The words of welcome to the new students, as published in the Gettysburgian pleased us very much. We are pleased even more on account of the enthusiasm, which, if possible, is greater than that manifested during previous years. It is the spirit of "Greater Gettysburg" entering into every phase of college life. The vari-ous activities of our college have been well presented to the new men, and they, in turn, have re- THE MERCURY. 29 spondecl with that well known heartiness requisite to the well-being of a new man. A Gettysburg man will be impelled to branch, out, taking in all possible advantages, or elese he will be (ompelled to plod his more narrow path with ever increasing difficulty. This is as it should be. It is not merely a rule gov-erning college activities, but is a universal law. It seems, in-deed, needless to devote further discussion to this topic. We would rather compliment the new men as being able to see readily what we mean to suggest. We would therefore say to all new men, faithful class work joined with good faith, as shown by the way you take up the subsidary features of college life, will lead to the summum bonum. Literary attainment is the most valuable asset in a liberal education. By its means we learn of a man's physical, mental, and heart-life all at once. Each professor under whom you have literary work will take special interest in you, especially when you aim to produce something worthy of recognition in the MERCURY. And besides, all the professors and students will ; rd your trivial imperfections with increased charity, when you show by your effort that you mean to succeed. Let each man busy himself, not alone to gain these advantages, but let him go in for all there is in the performance of duty, and other things will come to him in due time. Join one of the literary societies and aim to have your work there be of a high stand-ard. The MERCURY is watching for the best from the best men. Number yourself with the best. If you are willing to do these Things, Gettysburg has great pleasures in store for you. Year after year, the importance of joining a literary society and of taking an active interest in such work has been much, dis-cussed. But in recent years this importance has not been real-ized as it should be. It is merely talked about. It has not been so very long ago that literary work occupied a high place in the sphere of college activities whilst our successes in athletics were not so marked. Of late, however, we are inclined to believe chat the reverse of this has been true. We would in no wise discourage the great interest in athletics which has meant so much to Gettysburg's teams, but we would also claim for liter- .30 THE MF.BCURY. ary work the proper attention and interest due to its real im-portance in college life. Few men who go through college are ignorant of this importance for it is a real necessity in the mak- :rjg of a cultured man, but the attention of most men is so en-grossed in other ways that the society work is neglected to their own disadvantage as well as to the injury of the respective so-cieties. In our opinion, everyone who enters college should strive to become as well-rounded a man as possible,—by this we mean that he should take advantage of as many varied lines of work as he can; for instance,—he is as much at fault who be-comes a grind in his regular work required by the faculty as the man whose attention is entirely held by other things to the detri-ment of his class standing. He whose interest is limited to ath-letics alone will fail of becoming a broadly cultured man just as easily as the literary "shark" who has no time for athletics. So. for this reason, we would urge every new man, not to fail to join one or the other of our literary societies, and, once having joined, not to let his interest wane. The result of his labors will surely be evident before his graduation. BOOR REVIEVS. \BE Social Secretary, David Graham Philips, Philo 11, 5. Among the many books of present day American life written by this author, this volume is the most captivating. We hear much of the struggles of the newly-rich to enter the social circles at Washington and the con-trast of the social life of America's capital with the customs of foreign courts. "The Social Secretary" presents such pictures of present-day Washington society life that all the best Ameri-can traits are revealed and compared favorably with the polished :nanners of foreigners. The book is written very attractively in the form of a diary. It is not a very large book nor is it dif-ficult reading. What would otherwise be but a dull description is enlivened by several real love incidents which are superin-tended by a natural, sensible American mother of the right sort. ■I'l-TB afERCURY. 31 It also shows to what extent the affairs of the nation are affected by the influence of the social circles at the capital. The Bar Sinister, Richard Harding Davis, Philo 11, 7. This bhort story of dog life is one that will appeal to all lovers of ani-mals. It belongs to that class of recent fiction in which dumb brutes are given the position usually accorded to the hero or heroine. In this book, a bull terrier named "Kid" is given the place of honor. It is a delightful story of how "Kid's" noble blood showed up in spite of the disadvantages which were met until at last he carries off all the prizes in the kennels. The: little book is written in a peculiarly tough dialect which suits I lie nature of the dog very well and shows a noble heart within the dumb breast. The tale is made more attractive by the fact (as stated by the author) that',it is founded on truth. There is a real original dog as well as the other character in the story. It makes pleasant reading for a half hour's recreation. The House of Fulfillment, by George Martin Madden, Philo 11, 7, is a book of much interest to the reader, who loves char-acter sketches. In it the two extremes of human nature are set forth, the romantic and the stern, the light and free-going nature of the Southerner, and cold rigid Presbyterian of the North. Alexina Blair, the product of these two extremes, is of special interest. She is to be admired for the stand which she takes in relation to her uncle, Austen Blair, and her care for her weak charactered mother. There is a thread of love story running "hrough the latter part. The reader will find the book very agreeable and will be very much inspired by the spirit displayed in some of the characters. The Blaclc Bag, by Louis Joseph Vance, Philo 11, S. This novel gives an account of some very exciting adventures of a voung man in London. Philip Kirkwood, while pursuing his studies in painting, receives the news that he is made penniless by the San Francisco disaster. Hence he prepares to return to-the United States and help his partner. Almost at the moment of his departure, his services are solicited by a man of doubtful appearance, to take charge of his daughter, a young lady of about eighteen. Upon doing this, he misses his steamer and has some very thrilling experiences. The author thoroughly under- 32 THE MERCURY. ttands the different phases of life in London and depicts his fharacters well. The reader's interest is aroused at once and never lags. He follows every detail, reading every part with the closest attention, even though it is drawn out in many places to the point of attenuation. This fact shows the author's skill as a writer Another fascinating point in the novel is, that one is in doubt as to how he feels toward the young man; sometimes he is ready to condemn, and again to admire him. The book is full of action from beginning to end and can be read with rapidity. The Orphan, by Clarence E. Mulford. Philo 11, 8. Clarence E. Mulford does not give his readers a story of "domestic inter-est" notwithstanding its title, The- Orphan. On the contrary the orphan of the story is a cowboy and something of a "bad man.'" The scenes are laid in the arid Southwest. Above all things this is a story of dramatic and exciting incidents. In the beginning the or-phan has become an outlaw. Under unexpected circumstances, the Sheriff and he come face to face. In the sequel the man of lavr learns that the orphan, whom he has been pursuing relentlessly. is probably not so black as he is painted. Further dramatic de-velopments ensue on the introduction of the Sheriff's sister. The orphan rescues her from Apaches. But why go on? Mr. Mul-ford has written an exceptionally good story of action, repro-ducing the atmosphere of the alkali country, ami portraying the characters with sufficient clearness and care to make them stand out. The Orphan is to be read for the thrills and excitement, of which there is an abundance. Need it be said that the Sheriff's sister pays back her debt to the orphan by converting him from the evil courses of his life ? Mr. Mulford has written a worthy successor to "Bar-20," and this is the same kind of a breezy, outdoor, vivid stoiy of incident and action. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. THE BEST PEN F03 GUIEGE ME There's no pen that gives such all-round satisfaction as Conklin's Self-Filling Fountain Pen. It's the best pen for College Men. When an ordinary fountain pen runs dry in the middle of a word, it means you've got to stop right there, hunt up a rubber squirt gun, fill your pen to overflowing, clean both pen and dropper, wash your hands, and then endeavor as best you can to collect your lost CrescentJI train of thought It's different with CONKLIN'S JSSh FOUNTAIN PEN "THE PEN WITH THE CRESCENT-FILLER" To fill, just dip it in any ink, press the Crescent-Filler, and the Conklin is filled and ready to write instantly. 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EMIL ZOTHE COLk^tEM3 ENGRAVER, DESIGNER, AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER 722 Chestnut St, Phila. SPECIALTIES : MASONIC MARKS, SOCIETY BADGES, COLLEGE BUTTONS, PINS', SCARF PINS, STICK PINS AMD ATHLETIC PRIZES Ail Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer, CHARLES S. MUMPER. HEAL,KB IJV FTT5?_^TT*TITT!R"S P,CTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS ** ™""N * * W •ATVJSfy REPAIR W0HK DONE PROMPTLY I WILL ALSO BUY OR EXCHANGE ANY SECOND-HAND FURNITURE NO. 4 CHAIYIBERSBURG STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA D. J. SWARTZ DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. SHOES REPAIRED —BY— j. \i. 8°Hep» 115 Baltimore St., near Court House GOOD WORK GUARANTEED. —IS— J. {. iVfUlfPE^ Your PhotograDher ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. 8EFT0N I FLEMMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg,'Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrange-ments by telegram or letter. Lock Box 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. W. T. BRUBAKER, Manager. Midway between Broad St. Station and Reading Terminal on Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place to stay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. ROOMS $1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputat.on and consequence in 3?±iila.cLelpIaJLa THE . Mode^steamuundry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special Low Prices. E. C. STOUFFER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TA3TT WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS, LETTER HFAOS, WINDOW POSTERS. ENVELOPFS, DANCE CARDS TICKETS, Programs of all kinds. Everything- the College Man wants in Paper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper,, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with, town and college life.