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The unmasking of apartheid and the unmasking of the state run together in an analysis of the legacy of social engineering. The integration of macro and micro levels of analysis offer a complex challenge to social theorists, and this in conjunction with the demands of analysing a racially divided society undergoing extreme forms of crisis and change, require a sophisticated· level of theorizing which is informed by the practical experiences which constitute the social relations of the society. The perspectives that can be offered in the fields of crime, crime control and the social consequences of economic and social interaction cannot be complete without considering the political framework within which the competing demands for power, influence and wealth are taking place. These structures have undergone radical ideological transformations in the recent past, which have been linked to the radical consequences of the end of the ·cold War' and the apparent era of demilitarising international relations between powerful states. The issues which will cloud the judgements made in the field of Criminology are linked to these broader matters of international relations, and gee-political issues, because the political struggle in South Africa has been utilized in terms of this debate, and the achievement of the democratic demands has become foreseeable and realistic because of changes taking place at international level.

This article shows how the social sciences, particularly human geography, rejected hard determinism by the mid-twentieth century partly on the deontological basis that it is irreconcilable with social justice, yet this rejection came just before a burst of creative development in consequentialist theories of social justice that problematize a facile rejection of determinism on moral grounds, a development that has seldom been recognized in the social sciences. Thus many current social science and human geography views on determinism and social justice are antiquated, ignoring numerous common and well-respected arguments within philosophy that hard determinism can be reconciled with a just society. We support this argument by briefly tracing the parallel development of stances on determinism in the social sciences and the deontological-consequentialist debate in philosophy. The purpose of the article is to resituate social science and human geography debates on determinism and social justice within a modern ethical framework.

Self-fulfillment of theories is argued to be a threat to social science in at least two ways. First, a realist might worry that self-fulfillment constitutes a threat to the idea that social science is a proper science consistent with a realist approach that develops true and successful statements about the world. Second, one might argue that the potential self-fulfilling nature of social science theories potentially undermines the ethical integrity of social scientists. We argue that if one accepts that social science theories are not based on laws akin to those that govern natural reality or acknowledges that if one can predict self-fulfillment via a meta-theory that explains the underlying regularities of the self-fulfilling change, the threat to realism is dismantled. Furthermore, on the basis of these arguments, we show that if one is unable to predict the (moral) consequences of a theory, it is difficult to ascribe moral responsibility at the individual level. It is, therefore, not the potential self-fulfillment of theories per se that poses an ethical challenge, in contrast to claims in the literature.

The review provides a characteristic of modern society as a global socio-technical system that represents a global environment for digital communication. It is stated that in the digital social environment there is a forced structural change in the social sciences associated with the actualization of their new objectivity. It is shown that in the global socio-technical system social dynamics as such, decision-making practice, and management of social conflicts are becoming topical research subjects.

1. Introduction -- 2. Treadmill of production for green criminology -- 3. Crimes of ecological withdrawals -- 4. Crimes of ecological additions -- 5. Ecological and social disorganization -- 6. The treadmill of animal abuse -- 7. Non-state actors and environmental enforcement -- 8. Conclusion.