Suchergebnisse

The article is dedicated to the modern vectors of French foreign policy since the beginning of Macron's presidency and the main directions of European political processes. The French Republic is exploring the basis for potential international alliances. During the presidency of Donald Trump, there were constant and quite significant differences between US policy and the policy of Emanuel Macron. This state of affairs has been advantageous for the Russian Federation in the context of the realization of its intentions to resume cooperation with France in full. The French president has boldly stated that NATO's expansion and the development of its military infrastructure near its borders with Russia should not be a priority for the Alliance, as this could lead to an escalation of the conflict. It should be noted that France's foreign policy is increasing tensions with European partners. Such differences are in Russia's favor, which is counting on the stagnation of European relations against the background of demonstrating its strength. NATO and the Kremlin's policies now have somewhat in common and are characterized by a desire to avoid large-scale armed conflict in the region. There are several common areas where Russia and France can find common interests, namely: ending the war in Ukraine, maintaining the agreement with Iran, finding ways to resolve the conflict in Syria, stabilizing the situation in Central Africa, bilateral investments, restoring collective security in Europe, restoration of bilateral relations between the countries, establishment of cooperation between Russia and NATO.

This assessment is split into two thematic parts. Part A focuses on waste incineration capacity in Europe, Part B on the trade in waste for energy recovery. The objective of Part A is to provide an overview of the current situation in the European Union (EU), Norway and Switzerland, in regard to existing incineration plants for mixed municipal waste and their waste incineration capacity. The focus is on plants that are technically and legally suitable for handling mixed municipal waste without pre-treatment. Due to data and information limitations, the assessment focuses on mixed municipal waste incinerators with and without energy recovery, but excludes co-incineration plants – such as cement kilns, not primarily designed for waste treatment; it also excludes commercial and industrial waste. The objective of Part B is to provide a statistical overview of waste trade flows for incineration in the EU, Norway and Switzerland. In addition, it examines shipments of waste classified as waste collected from households (Y-46) according to the Basel Convention, as well as mixed municipal waste and combustible waste as defined in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), based on Eurostat data on waste shipments. ; funded by the European Environment Agency, under the ETC/WMGE

he accountancy management inline with the IFRS provides quality and trustworthy information for financial statement users and provides the comparison with similar companies at international level. The importance of creating the closing financial statements inline with the IFRS grows with the development of cross-border trade, cooperation and competition within the business environment where the prevailing economical element are the small and medium sized enterprises (SME). The support of SME and their bussiness activities at the national and international market is the target of national politics and politics of the EU. To help the international comparison the IFRS for SME and many other programs were created to support the SME funding within the EU. The Czech Republic doesn't allow to assemble and public the closing financial statement inline with the IFRS. The access to the funds is therefore complicated, the economic indicators show different values when assembling the closing financial statement inline with the IFRS or inline with Czech accounting standards (CAS). The seven SMEs out of different bussiness sectors focusing on cross-border trade are illustrative of the current situation in the Czech Republic. ; peer-reviewed

The paper analyzes solutions used in the process of institutionalization of relations between UE, CIS member states and the states of Asia and Africa. It also analyzes influence of institutionalization of economic cooperation, particularly export and import, on the position of states involved. Different solutions, such as GSTP for least developed countries, are used. Attention is drawn to the asymmetry in trade relations with the less developed countries, which are given preferential access to EU markets. Those solutions are additionally strengthened by financial instruments. It seems that the results of these actions are positive: GNP increase of African states is higher than the GNP increase of EU-27, especially after 2009. The importance of European Commission and EBC is underlined as an important factor that stimulates growth in those countries. Similar cooperation but on different level is also observed in regard to other continents. The cooperation between Asia, Africa and CIS countries is not limited to transfer of funds. It also includes internationalization of contacts and liberalization of trade, services and capital flow as well as cooperation in research and support of economic transformation. The solutions applied are different for each country, however they are based on the same principles.

The paper analyzes solutions used in the process of institutionalization of relations between UE, CIS member states and the states of Asia and Africa. It also analyzes influence of institutionalization of economic cooperation, particularly export and import, on the position of states involved. Different solutions, such as GSTP for least developed countries, are used. Attention is drawn to the asymmetry in trade relations with the less developed countries, which are given preferential access to EU markets. Those solutions are additionally strengthened by financial instruments. It seems that the results of these actions are positive: GNP increase of African states is higher than the GNP increase of EU-27, especially after 2009. The importance of European Commission and EBC is underlined as an important factor that stimulates growth in those countries. Similar cooperation but on different level is also observed in regard to other continents. The cooperation between Asia, Africa and CIS countries is not limited to transfer of funds. It also includes internationalization of contacts and liberalization of trade, services and capital flow as well as cooperation in research and support of economic transformation. The solutions applied are different for each country, however they are based on the same principles.

Tax systems vary widely among countries, or in the cases of the US or Germany, among lower levels of government as well. There is some consensus that taxes among neighboring countries should be harmonized, or at least that the rates should be fairly close, to prevent distortions in trade. On the other hand, tax competition in the form of various tax concessions to attract new businesses is also common. In the US, a number of States have come to agreements to harmonize rates or otherwise cooperate, but more do not make any attempt to deal with the effects of differing rates. The EU is currently discussing harmonization of direct taxes while indirect tax rates still vary widely. Countries and lower levels of governments do not willingly give up their right to set tax rates, regardless of the possible effects on trade. This paper will briefly consider the recent history of tax harmonization and competition in the US and Europe. This will be followed by an examination of the current situation in Croatia and neighboring countries. The scope for competition and/or need for harmonization will be explored. Comparison tables of taxes and rates in the US, EU, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and BiH will be included.

Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Part I Principles for Sustainability -- Chapter 2 Role of Legislators in Creating and Sustaining Governance for a Sustainable Future -- Chapter 3 Another Boundary Problem: Democracy, Future Generations, and the All-affected Principle -- Chapter 4 Another Reason for Caring about Future Generations -- Chapter 5 Responding to Existential Risks: Grounds, Targets, and Strategies -- Chapter 6 Trade-off between Repugnant and Sadistic Conclusions under the Separability of People's Lives -- Chapter 7 Dealing with "Wickedness" in Long-term Problem-solving -- Chapter 8 Governing Long-term Structural Changes in Socio-technological Systems and Their Difficulties: What do Sustainability Transition Studies Have to Address? -- Chapter 9 The Politics of Eco-nomics: A Critical Investigation of 'the Governance for a Sustainable Future' from the Perspective of Heterodox Economics -- Part II Strategies for Futurity -- Chapter 10 Tokyo's Linked CO2 Cap-and-Trade Program: A Blueprint for Cooperative Market-based Megacity Climate Policy? -- Chapter 11 Multidimensional Policy Analysis of the Energy System Transition in Japan: Case Studies of Local Energy Systems and Lessons to Improve Sustainability -- Chapter 12 Climate Change Adaptation for Futurity: Public-Private Partnerships in the Japanese Insurance Sector -- Chapter 13 Keeping Your Fossil-fuel Cake While Eating It? Comparing the Decarbonization Approach of BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell -- Chapter 14 Decarbonization and Critical Raw Materials -- Chapter 15 The Politics of Evidence in Japan: Struggling between Efficiency and Effectiveness and Beyond -- Chapter 16 Governance under Uncertainties for the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Lessons Learned in Japan from Resilience Perspectives -- Chapter 17 The Challenges for Health Systems and Policies: Growing Medicalization and Global Risks.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Introduction -- 1 Contemporary challenges to the European social and economic policy -- Introduction -- 1.1 Determinants and causes of the crisis of 2007-2008 -- 1.2 EU political and institutional problems heightening as a result of the crises -- 1.3 Pandemic crisis as an impulse to strengthen European integration and joint action in the economic field -- 1.4 Government as an active participant of the free play of the market? Which path is the European Union following in response to the emerging crises? -- Conclusion -- 2 Macroeconomic coordination policy tools recommended and assessed at EU level -- Introduction -- 2.1 Economic integration and fiscal policy of EU Member States -- 2.2 Medium-term planning documents as reliable tools for assessing the financial situation of EU countries -- 2.3 Fiscal rules as an instrument to support fiscal discipline -- 2.4 Independent fiscal institutions -- Summary -- 3 Public finance management in EU regulations and its effectiveness -- Introduction -- 3.1 Analysis of the reliability of member states' forecasts submitted to the European Commission -- 3.2 The impact of medium-term planning on the economic growth rate and selected fiscal indicators -- 3.3 Impact of fiscal rules on the GDP growth rate and selected fiscal indicators -- 3.4 The impact of the functioning of independent fiscal institutions on the economic growth rate and selected fiscal indicators -- Conclusion -- 4 The evolution of the role, scale and directions of impact of EU funds -- Introduction -- 4.1 The scale and key aspects of the EU's financial impact in 1995-2020 -- 4.2 Analysis of the structure of the EU's financial impact - directions of 1995-1999 budget expenditure.

Abstract
Migration has been placed high on the agenda by the EU as being securitized related to policy changes as well as border security. Growing numbers of irregular migrants have paved the way for a systematic coordination and a consequent regional response in the region; therefore, dedicated security-based policies have been revised. This research analyzes the response that the EU put in action to the irregular migration due to the Arab Uprisings within the scope of collective securitization, and answers the question of why the EU has needed to respond to the demographic changes in the neighborhood as a supra-national securitizing actor. The empirical part of the research will be limited to the policy changes in the European Neighborhood Policy and the Schengen Agreement within the framework of institutional response between 2011 and 2015.

This article analyses European studies in Poland a quarter-century after the fall of communism. Based on the quantitative and qualitative examination of research articles and PhD dissertations, as well as the results of the latest Teaching, Research and International Policy survey, it concludes that ES in Poland is a multi-disciplinary field of research. There is a great variety of topics, the most popular being the EU political system, the EU external relations and member-state policy towards the EU. Most of the texts are descriptive or focused solely on policy analysis. This lack of explanatory ambitions is usually accompanied by an atheoretical approach to research. It must be noted, however, that there are valuable papers, often written by representatives of the younger generation of Polish researchers, that embrace clearly defined theoretical approaches and use advanced research methods.

International reference pricing (IRP) has become a popular policy instrument in Europe as government seeks to curb healthcare costs and notably reduce expenditure on medicines. IRP builds on systematic price comparisons with other countries and aims at fixing low reimbursement levels for drugs covered by the public health insurances. There are however serious concerns as to whether IRP is an adequate instrument in terms of reconciling the immediate need to reduce healthcare spending with the objective of fostering a dynamic and innovating atmosphere for future health technology improvements. Discussing the benefits and drawbacks of international reference pricing, this Policy Brief seeks to identify known effects and provide greater understanding of possible unintended consequences of IRP, particularly with respect to market distortions. Existing research shows that reference pricing may reduce drug prices and promote generic market entry in the short term. In the long run however, IRP risks causing negative dynamic effects. This is due to the fact that the operation of the price mechanism is set out of play. The IRP as an instrument is not designed to improve productivity and efficiency in the pharmaceutical market. Instead of basing prices on an assessment of the added therapeutic value of a new medicine, IRP focuses solely on cutting costs. As pharmaceutical companies react to policy incentives, launch delays have been observed as well as higher prices on branded drugs as firms try to compensate for foregone sales. Ultimately, by dampening the price competition and by discouraging incremental innovation, IRP may in the long run defeat its purpose and lead to increased medical expenses for the public healthcare sector.

This study deliberates on the main energy policies and their implications for Turkey in recent years. Turkey has been implementing some major policy changes in its energy strategy, including comprehensive liberalization and competitive market initiatives. There have been also same efforts to attract investors into energy sector. Energy efficiency is also attracting attention from the policy makers since it is an important element of the energy supply security. Diversification of the suppliers of natural gas and oil, and an increase in the use of alternative renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy, reduce energy costs and contribute to the energy supply security. There has been an ongoing effort to modify laws and regulations to confirm with European Union (EU) legislations for Turkey's advancement toward accession to EU. Turkey may also serve as a Transportation Corridor and an Energy Hub between the East and the West. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

AbstractWhile in Western Europe occupational plans dominate private pension provision, coverage of such plans is marginal in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Previous literature has shown the World Bank's instrumental role in persuading CEE countries to divert part of their social security contributions towards mandatory personal pensions. The dominance of the Bank's model of pension privatization from the mid‐1990s largely explains the marginalization of occupational plans. However, as this model has been challenged since the late 2000s, occupational pensions (OPs) have re‐appeared on the agenda. To shed light on the changing politics of OPs, this article focuses on the role of organized interests—namely employers' associations, trade unions, and financial groups—that are key players in Western Europe, but whose role has been understudied in CEE. The article follows these actors' activities in the last three decades of pension politics in Poland, i.e., one of the few CEE countries to have promoted occupational provision. It shows that, although organized interests had limited policy expertise and mainly mobilized social consent for—or opposition to—reform in the early phases of post‐communist pension reform, the growing organizational resources of business groups—in contrast with unions—make them increasingly influential actors in reshaping the contours of CEE private pension provision.