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Presents a unique study of Integrative Problem-Solving (IPS). The consideration of 'Decadence' is essential in the scientific study of environmental and other problems and their rigorous solution, because the broad context within which the problems emerge can affect their solution. Stochastic reasoning underlines the conceptual and methodological framework of IPS, and its formulation has a mathematical life of its own that accounts for the multidisciplinarity of real world problems, the multisourced uncertainties characterizing their solution, and the different thinking modes of the people involved. Only by interpolating between the full range of disciplines (including stochastic mathematics, physical science, neuropsychology, philosophy, and sociology) and the associated thinking modes can scientists arrive at a satisfactory account of problem-solving, and be able to distinguish between a technically complete problem-solution, and a solution that has social impact.

This book is a controversial exploration of the origin of religion in the neurology of the human brain. The author first describes how science developed within the cocoon of religion and then shows how the natural functioning of the human brain creates experiences that can lead to belief in a supernatural realm, beings, and interventions. Once people have these experiences, they formulate beliefs about them, and thus creeds are born. Forty thousand years ago, people were leaving traces in the archaeological record of activities that we can label religious, and the author discusses in detail the evidence preserved in the Volp Caves in France. He also shows that mental imagery produced by the functioning of the human brain can be detected in widely separated religious communities such as Hildegard of Bingen's in medieval Europe or the San hunters of southern Africa

Christian Political Ethics brings together leading Christian scholars of diverse theological and ethical perspectives--Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist--to address fundamental questions of state and civil society, international law and relations, the role of the nation, and issues of violence and its containment. Representing a unique fusion of faith-centered ethics and social science, the contributors bring into dialogue their own varying Christian understandings with a range of both secular ethical thought and other religious viewpoints from Judaism, Islam, and Confucianism. They explore divergent Christian views of state and society--and the limits of each. They grapple with the tensions that can arise within Christianity over questions of patriotism, civic duty, and loyalty to one's nation, and they examine Christian responses to pluralism and relativism, globalization, and war and peace. --From publisher's description

Christian Political Ethics brings together leading Christian scholars of diverse theological and ethical perspectives--Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist--to address fundamental questions of state and civil society, international law and relations, the role of the nation, and issues of violence and its containment. Representing a unique fusion of faith-centered ethics and social science, the contributors bring into dialogue their own varying Christian understandings with a range of both secular ethical thought and other religious viewpoints from Judaism, Islam, and Confucianism. They explore divergent Christian views of state and society--and the limits of each. They grapple with the tensions that can arise within Christianity over questions of patriotism, civic duty, and loyalty to one's nation, and they examine Christian responses to pluralism and relativism, globalization, and war and peace. --From publisher's description.

1.First meditation --The epoché and the transcendental reduction --The constitution of objects --Transcendental phenomenology and psychology --Evidenz and intuition --'TheCartesian way' --2.Second meditation --Intentionality --The concept of horizon --'Sensualism' and the sense-datum theory --Time-consciousness and Hylé --Intentional analysis --3.(Most of the) fourth meditation --Ego, person, monad --Static and genetic phenomenology --Active and passive synthesis --Eidetic phenomenology and the nature of thought --Founding --Transcendental instincts and 'drive-intentionality' --4.Third meditation and part of the fourth --Reality and reason --World --Reality as an 'idea' --Reality and objectivity --Husserl's idealism --A Husserlian proof of idealism --Theoretical science and the life-world --Husserl's metaphysics --5.Fifth meditation --The sphere of ownness --The body --Empathy --Intersubjectivity --Empathy : the wider picture --The status and scope of Husserl's account of empathy.

The beliefs of economists are not solely determined by empirical evidence in direct relation to the theories and models they hold. Economists hold 'ontological presuppositions', fundamental ideas about the nature of being which direct their thinking about economic behaviour. In this volume, leading philosophers and economists examine these hidden presuppositions, searching for a 'world view' of economics. What properties are attributed to human individuals in economic theories, and which are excluded? Does economic man exist? Do markets have an essence? Do macroeconomic aggregates exist? Is the economy a mechanism, the functioning of which is governed by a limited set of distinct causes? What are the methodological implications of different ontological starting points? This collection, which establishes economic ontology as a coordinated field of study, will be of great value to economists and philosophers of social sciences

"Monarchies 1000-2000 surveys a form of government whose legitimacy rests not on voluntary consensus but on age-old custom, heredity and/or religious sanction. Global in scope and comparative in approach, W.M. Spellman's survey establishes connections between monarchy as idea and practice in a variety of historical and cultural contexts across a millennium when the system was without serious rival. Spellman examines the intellectual assumptions behind different models of monarchy, tracing the ways in which each of these assumptions shifted in response to historical factors including expanding literacy, the development of modern science and the growth of rationalism, and the decline of institutional religion. While no human institution has retreated as rapidly as monarchy in the modern period, the system's remarkable longevity invites us to weigh the significance of hierarchy, subordination and dependence as constants of the human experience."--Jacket

The issue of global warming has become a major topic in the international environmental debate. Alternative climate policy measures can be evaluated with the help of a simulation model that integrates economic and natural science considerations. A fully integrated assessment of the two-way relationship between the world economy and the climate system requires the incorporation of the repercussions of climate change on economic processes into the analysis. This paper seeks to review the contributions of the economic literature dealing with the modelling of climate change impacts. We look at the structure, assumptions, and results of impact studies to illustrate how climate change impacts can be incorporated into Computable General Equilibrium Models (CGEs). As a point of reference a generic general equilibrium model is established and extended to incorporate climate change impacts on the economy.

What is it that troubles and preoccupies us about the anxieties and anguishes of social and private life? Have advances in the disciplines of psychoanalysis, psychology or the social sciences in general ministered to our needs in these areas? In this forcefully argued collection of essays, Frank Cioffi examines Wittgenstein's reflections on the comparative claims of clarification and empirical enquiry. Though writing out of admiration and indebtedness, he expresses reservations as to the limits Wittgenstein places on the relevance and desirability of empirical knowledge. His discusssions extend from Wittgenstein's reflections on human sacrifice and other ritual practices dealt with by Frazer to Freud's account of the sources of anxiety, depression, dreams and laughter. He asks both whether it is empirical investigation or more lucid reflection that these phenomena demand, and what kind of question this itself is

This is a book about the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859–1941) which shows how relevant Bergson is to much contemporary philosophy. The book takes as its point of departure Bergson's insistence on precision in philosophy. It then discusses a variety of topics including laughter, the nature of time as experienced, how intelligence and language should be construed as a pragmatic product of evolution, and the antinomies of reason represented by magic and religion. This is not just another exposition of Bergson's work. It offers an account of why Bergson commanded such a massive reading public in his own day and why he deserves to be read now. Written in a terse and clear style, this book will prove appealing to teachers and students of philosophy, cognitive science, psychology, religious studies and literature

While a large literature argues negative climate shocks can trigger conflicts, recent findings suggest moderate climatic conditions lead to war. This article proposes a conditional theory by incorporating political institution as a moderating variable. I argue that, under the impact of negative climate shocks, centralized societies can mobilize more resources for war, compared to decentralized societies. Thus, the former is more likely to resort to well-organized plundering to address the scarcity problem caused by detrimental climate shocks. Besides, centralized societies have little incentive to plunder when the climatic conditions are moderate, as they can collect taxes regularly through centralized institutions. A comparison between the more centralized Manchurian and the less centralized Mongols on their conflictual behavior serves as an empirical test. I find that temperature was negatively associated with the probability of Manchurian invasion after they embraced centralization but had a positive effect on the likelihood of Mongol invasion.

AbstractConsisting of multifaceted interactions between various human and non‐human actors, projects are prime illustrations of complex systems. Such complexity amplifies the negative effect of disruptive events—common in projects owing to their high level of uncertainty. Therefore, building project resilience to provide a quick recovery process with minimal adverse consequences is of critical importance. However, literature lacks an effective framework for such. This paper argues that methodological pluralism is necessary for solving complex practical problem situations, based on the view of Mike C. Jackson—a seminal figure in the field of systems thinking. Accordingly, this paper takes a critical systems practice (CSP) approach to develop a framework for building resilience in projects. The application of the proposed framework is illustrated through a case of supply shortages in the automotive industry. The results underscore the significance of portraying a comprehensive view of both human and non‐human contributors to projects, surpassing conventional project‐driven management methods, which rely on science and experimentation. Additionally, the study emphasises how CSP, as an ideal type of multimethodological practice, broadens our perspective by offering insights into the multidimensional characteristics of resilience.

Investigating lung cancer using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMS)
Daniel J. Murphy, Professor of Lung Cancer & Mesothelioma at the University of Glasgow, School of Cancer Sciences, discusses opportunities for improving cancer research and care through the use of genetically engineered mouse models. Despite changes in smoking habits, cancers of the lung remain the most lethal types of cancer in the UK and worldwide. In the UK, lung cancer accounts for over 20% of all deaths from cancer, claiming almost 35,000 victims annually (2017-2019 CRUK Lung Cancer Statistics). Until very recently, the vast majority of lung cancers were diagnosed at a late stage – meaning the cancers were very well established and at their most aggressive. Few of these cases respond effectively to treatment; when they do, responses are often short-lived.

The objective of this reserach is to propose a framework of elements for the analysis of the organizational performance of Geographical Indications in the light of international studies. To this end, based on an integrative review of the literature, supported by the content analysis, 1110 articles were selected from the Web of Science and Scopus databases and analyzed using cluster and categorical analyzes. Ten possible dimensions of performance elements were identified, namely: 1 Classification and authenticity; 2 Cultural aspects; 3 Quality attributes; 4 Sustainability; 5 Strategy and management; 6 Brand management; 7 Cultivars; 8 Certification; 9 Marketing; 10 Technology, knowledge and tradition. This information indicates a possible consolidation of GI studies in developed countries, which could justify the need for studies in developing countries. As a focus for potential future studies, could be conducted to examine the elements