Contemporary Arab Politics: A Concise History
In: International affairs, Volume 38, Issue 2, p. 267-267
ISSN: 1468-2346
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In: International affairs, Volume 38, Issue 2, p. 267-267
ISSN: 1468-2346
In: International journal / Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Volume 17, Issue 1, p. 80-82
ISSN: 2052-465X
In: Social studies: a periodical for teachers and administrators, Volume 53, Issue 2, p. 62-65
ISSN: 2152-405X
In: The Freeman: ideas on liberty, Volume 12, p. 20-28
ISSN: 0016-0652, 0445-2259
In: Pacific affairs, Volume 35, Issue 3, p. 294
ISSN: 0030-851X
In: Political studies: the journal of the Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom, Volume 9, Issue 3, p. 298-300
ISSN: 1467-9248
In: Social studies: a periodical for teachers and administrators, Volume 52, Issue 5, p. 170-173
ISSN: 2152-405X
In: African affairs: the journal of the Royal African Society, Volume 60, Issue 240, p. 452-453
ISSN: 1468-2621
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 335, Issue 1, p. 166-181
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: International affairs, Volume 37, Issue 2, p. 250-250
ISSN: 1468-2346
In: Journal of Inter-American Studies, Volume 3, Issue 1, p. 41-52
ISSN: 2326-4047
The Spanish consulado — or Catalan consolat de mar — emerged from the medieval economy of Mediterranean towns. From a simple maritime court, its prototype in thirteenth-century Valencia, the Consulado evolved into a permanent tribunal with appellate as well as original jurisdiction in mercantile disputes. Ultimately, the consular court constituted one of three divisions of the guild merchant. The matrícula, or guild membership, comprised resident merchants who met various qualifications of age, property, and vocation. In annual assemblies the guildsment elected the judges of their court, usually a prior and two consuls. The prior and consuls were at once judges, active merchants, and members ex-officio of an executive council or junta. This governing body represented the merchant class in negotiating with other groups, especially public officials. It administered customs and taxes, enforced trade regulations, carried out public works projects, and in many other ways intervened in the economic life of the community.
In: International affairs, Volume 36, Issue 4, p. 523-524
ISSN: 1468-2346
In: Journalism quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 3, p. 424-425
In: Journalism quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 2, p. 283-283
In: Social studies: a periodical for teachers and administrators, Volume 51, Issue 2, p. 47-48
ISSN: 2152-405X