Suchergebnisse

In 2014, Russia launched a "Hybrid War" against Ukraine that, according to some, ushered in a revolution in conflict. The term is notoriously vague, referring to all measures short of war states use to attain strategic aims. States, of course, have long used measures in the "gray zone" between war and peace. Yet they did not always have the Internet."--

After the fall of military and communist dictatorships at the end of the 1980s, Latin American and Eastern European countries had to reckon with atrocities perpetrated by these Cold War regimes. Judges, prosecutors, and human rights campaigners across the two regions constructed novel readings of international criminal law to fight impunity and realize justice for gross human rights violations. Justice and Memory after Dictatorship: Latin America, Central Eastern Europe and the Fragmentation of International Criminal Law provides a groundbreaking socio-historical account of the global transformation of international criminal law from these two semi-peripheries of the world system. Based on ethnographic observation and analyses of jurisprudence, Raluca Grosescu dissects the narratives that were fundamentally shaped by the relationship of law and politics. Using paradigmatic cases and personal interviews with lawyers and judicial officials from Latin America and Eastern Europe, Grosescu uncovers how legal actors and organizations were instrumental in questioning an international order that marginalized the political violence that had unfolded in the two regions during the Cold War.

What does AI mean for the role of humans in war? The AI Commander addresses the largely neglected question of how the fusion of machines into the war machine will affect the human condition of warfare. James Johnson emphasizes the "mind" - both human and machine - and the mechanisms of thought (intelligence, consciousness, emotion, memory, experience, etc.) to consider the effects of AI and autonomy on the human condition of war. Johnson investigates the vexing and misunderstood - and at times contradictory - ethical, moral, and normative implications, whether incremental, transformative, or revolutionary, of synthesizing man and machine in future algorithmic warfare - or AI-enabled centaur warfighting. At the heart of these vexing questions are whether we are inevitably moving toward a situation in which AI-enabled autonomous weapons will make strategic decisions in place of humans and thus become the owners of those decisions. Can AI-powered systems replace human commanders? And, more importantly, should they? The AI Commander argues that AI cannot be merely passive and neutral force multipliers of human cognition. Instead, they will likely become - either by conscious choice or inadvertently - strategic actors in war. AI will transform the role and nature of human warfare, but not necessarily in the ways most observers expect

The Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East. An Indigenous people from the Mesopotamian plains and highlands in what is now Southeast Turkey, Northeast Syria, Northern Iraq, northwest Iran and Southwest Armenia, they are the largest stateless people in the world. Denied a national identity, their culture and language have been banned or suppressed throughout the centuries and theirs is a story of resistance and survival. This book offers a contemporary overview and critical analysis of the Kurds quest for national identity and statehood from the end of the Ottoman Empire to the modern day. Kurdish nationalism has taken many forms and had to endure periods of rebellion, acceptance, oppression and ethnic cleansing. Mandana Hendessi outlines the contours of the political struggle and military conflict that continue to shape the lives of a people that occupy one of the most contested regions in the world.

This edited book is devoted to an analysis of how the multiple modernities approach might help strengthen the strategic autonomy of the European Union and foster cooperative EU-China relations at a time when some observers believe that a new global cold war may be on the horizon. An international, interdisciplinary team of eminent scholars analyzes both the forces causing dangerous tensions to escalate and those that might stabilize the situation. Whether from China or Europe, the authors largely converge in their diagnoses. To serve its own vital interests, the EU can and must play the role of a politically independent actor, a mediator committed to the preservation of a fair and peaceful rules-based order. To do that, it must first pinpoint the economic and political concerns that it shares with both China and the USA, using them as guidelines in developing its own global strategies. The chapters collected in this volume try to shed light on that endeavor. Additionally, several aim to clarify China's true intentions in international politics, beyond the rhetoric of conflict in which all parties presently engage. What role does Asia's leading power actually aspire to play in world politics?

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- Chapter 2 -- Early Human Migration -- 2.1. Climate Change -- 2.2. The Food Search -- 2.3. Expansion of the Human Population -- Chapter 3 -- Migration Out of Africa -- Chapter 4 -- The Peopling of the Americas -- Chapter 5 -- The Peopling of Australia -- Chapter 6 -- Ancient Civilizations -- 6.1. The Silk Road -- 6.2. Mesopotamia -- 6.2.1. Early Settlement -- 6.2.2. Agricultural Revolution -- 6.2.3. Cultural Advancements -- 6.2.4. Trade and Interaction -- 6.2.5. Conflict and Empires -- 6.2.6. Influence on Later Migration -- 6.2.7. Internal Migration -- 6.2.8. External Migration -- 6.3. Egypt -- 6.3.1. Ancient Migrations -- 6.3.2. Conquest and Empire -- 6.3.3. African Migration -- 6.3.4. Religious Migrations -- 6.3.5. Trade and Commerce -- 6.3.6. Colonial and Modern Migrations -- 6.3.7. Modern Global Migration -- 6.3.8. Internal Migration -- 6.3.9. External Migration -- 6.4. Greece -- 6.4.1. Silk Road -- 6.5. Roman Empire -- 6.6. Population Movements to Urban Centers -- 6.6.1. Roman Expansion and Citizenship -- 6.6.1.1. Roman Citizenship and Legal Framework -- 6.6.1.2. Urbanization -- 6.6.1.3. Cultural Exchange and Assimilation -- 6.6.1.4. Diverse Urban Population -- 6.7. Medieval Migrations -- 6.7.1. Norse Expansion -- 6.7.1.1. Norse Expansion into Europe -- 6.8. Arab Expansion -- 6.8.1. Arab Expansion across North Africa and Spain -- 6.9. Mongol Conquests -- 6.9.1. Mongol Conquests and Cultural Exchange -- 6.9.2. Mongol Conquests-Examples -- 6.9.3. Cultural Exchange - The Norse, Arabs, and Mongols -- 6.10. African and Trans-Saharan Slave Trade -- 6.10.1. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade -- 6.10.2. Key Examples and Figures - Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade -- 6.10.3. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade.

Contemporary Soviet Government (1975) is a leading study of the practice of Soviet government, examined against a background of Soviet Marxism. It presents an analysis of the Soviet political system since the death of Stalin, and places considerable emphasis on the role of state organisations.

Soviet Socialism (1987) is based on the author's specialized knowledge of many aspects of Soviet politics, including local government, the Communist Party and the Soviet intelligentsia and covers a selection of interrelated themes drawn from Soviet politics and society.