Suchergebnisse

Presumed competent, Asian Americans exhibit the highest level of education and median household income of all major US ethnoracial groups. On average, they outpace all groups in the domain of education, yet they do not maintain their advantage in the labor market. The question of bias against Asian Americans has taken center stage in the most recent SCOTUS ruling on affirmative action, but the attention has been on university admissions. We broaden the focus and rewrite the question to consider how Asian Americans seek to preempt bias in the labor market by strategically adapting to mitigate it. Strategic adaptation begins with precollege education, continues with college choice and major, and entails acquiring elite credentials that signal hard skills and merit. The strategy falls short of obviating bias altogether, however. We show how Asian Americans' labor market earnings and mobility vary by gender, nativity, national origin, and place of education. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 50 is July 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The main purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the structure and composition of labor relation's actors in the road transport sector (RT) in Argentina, after the post-convertibility regime (2003). As regards the actor, we study the structure of the main union that represents in Argentina the workers in this sector. It is called Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Camioneros, Obreros y Empleados del Transporte Automotor de Cargas, Logística y Servicios, and the unions joined to it. Therefore, and for simplicity matters, we have decided to call them "Truckers". On the other side, we describe the employers' organization into a macro level of the analysis. Then we display the structure of this actor and finally we reflect on the way employers behave in this sector. This paper is a descriptive, exploratory and preliminary study. In that way, we focus in three key issues of analysis intertwined with each other: the political and institutional frame, the economic context and finally labor relations' development during post-convertibility regime in Argentina. The method in which we based our analysis was a case study of the Argentinian trucking industry and the development of its federation. For this, we did some preliminary interviews to workers and sectorial's business men; we also collect more information through secondary sources like union's articles, official statistics, sectorials' academic papers, etc. ; Fil: Pontoni, Gabriela A. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina.

Metal-contaminated mining soils pose serious environmental and health risks if not properly managed, especially in mountainous areas, which are more susceptible to perturbation. Currently, climate change is leading to more frequent and intense rain events, which cause flooding episodes, thereby altering soil redox equilibria and contaminants stability. We evaluated the potential release of Zn and Cd (two of the most common inorganic contaminants) and the factors regulating their solubility and speciation in two heavily contaminated soils representative of a Zn-mining area. The soils were flooded under aerobic (for 24 h) and anaerobic (for 62 days) conditions using mesocosm experiments, sequential extractions, and geochemical modelling. Leaching trials under aerobic conditions showed a high release of Zn and Cd (10 times the legislative limits), with metals possibly migrating via water infiltration or runoff. Under anaerobic conditions Zn and Cd were initially released. Then, solution concentrations decreased gradually (Zn) or sharply (Cd) until the end of the experiment. Sequential extractions and multisurface modelling indicated that both metals precipitated mainly as carbonates. This was confirmed by a geochemical multisurface modelling, which also predicted the formation of sulphides after 60 days in one soil. The model calculated metals to be preferentially complexed by organic matter and well predicted the observed soil solution concentrations. The results showed that during flooding episodes contaminants could be promptly transferred to other environmental compartments. The use of multisurface modelling coupled with laboratory experiments provided useful indications on the potential release and speciation in case of anoxic conditions. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00244-020-00777-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Offizieller Standpunkt von Staaten/Staatengruppen

Building structures with integrated energy-active elements (BSIEAE) present a progressive alternative for building construction with multifunctional energy functions. The aim was to determine the energy potential of a building envelope with integrated energy-active elements in the function of direct-heating, semi-accumulation and accumulation of large-area radiant heating. The research methodology consists in an analysis of building structures with energy-active elements, creation of mathematical-physical models based on the simplified definition of heat and mass transfer in radiant large-area heating, and a parametric study of the energy potential of individual variants of technical solutions. The results indicate that the increase in heat loss due to the location of the tubes in the structure closer to the exterior is negligible for Variant II, semi-accumulation heating, and Variant III, accumulation heating, as compared to Variant I, direct heating, it is below 1 % of the total delivered heat flux. The direct heat flux to the heated room is 89.17 %, 73.36 %, and 58.46 % of the total heat flux for Variant I, Variant II and Variant III, respectively. For Variant II and Variant III, the heat storage accounts for 14.84 %, and 29.86 % of the total heat flux, respectively. Variants II and III appear to be promising in terms of heat/cool accumulation with an assumption of lower energy demand (at least 10 %) than for low inertia walls. We plan to extend these simplified parametric studies with dynamic computer simulations to optimise the design and composition of the panels with integrated energy-active elements.

The aim of this conceptual paper is to study the origin of the entrepreneur's function. We examine the construction of the entrepreneur's 'resource potential' (the set of knowledge, relations and financial resources gathered together by the entrepreneur) and the role of the socio-economic background in this matter. The 'organic square of entrepreneurship' (resource potential, market, economic organization and public policy) links the individual characteristics of the entrepreneur and the environmental factors to explain entrepreneurship. It is also a tool to study entrepreneurship in different social, economic and political context. We illustrate this role through the analysis of the French case, which reveals the assets and limits of the entrepreneurial context. We particularly show the importance of taking account of the structural characteristics of the productive system in the design of future entrepreneurship policies.

We examine the economic consequences of an 1886 reform in Massachusetts that mandated the weekly payment of wages. We derive conditions on key elasticities of labor supply that determine the qualitative effects of the reform on workers' effective wages and utility. We match census and administrative data on workers in a Lowell textile mill for a period encompassing the switch from monthly to weekly payment. Empirical estimates of a labor supply equation imply that the reform increased workers' effective wage rates and welfare. The reform also decreased the mill workers' average wage, as predicted by the theory of compensating differentials.

Description based on: Nov. 1967. ; Some v. accompanied by statistical reports. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. for 19 -1977 issued by: the United States Civil Service Commission, Office of Labor-Management Relations; 1978-1981 by: the Office of Personnel Management, Office of Labor-Management Relations; 1983 by: the Office of Personnel Management, Office of Agency and Labor-Management Relations; 1985 by: the Office of Personnel Management, Office of Employee, Labor, and Agency Relations; 1987- by: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Personnel Systems & Oversight Group, Office of Employee and Labor Relations; by: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Personnel Systems and Oversight Group, Office of Labor Relations and Workforce Performance.