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The paper concerns the syncretistic, evolutionary nature of political transformation in Po- land prior to the introduction of political plurality in mid-1989. The author refers to the studies published in his books: Wojciech Jaruzelski wobec wyzwañ swoich czasów [Wojciech Jaruzelski and the challenges of his time] (2003) and Los genera3a [The General's fate] (2008) where he confronts recorded facts with political propaganda. The evolution which eventually led to political plurality occurred in three stages. The first spanned the period ending when martial law was formally revoked after 586 days (on July 22, 1983), the second one was related to the office of Prime Minister that Wojciech Jaruzelski held (until September 25, 1985), and the third stage commenced when he gave up direct supervision of the government and assumed the office of Head of State (which continued to be combined with the actual power he held as 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (KC PZPR)). The last stage was to continue for nearly four years, excluding over 18 months of his presidency, held under completely different conditions. Yet these 18 months were significant for the evolutionary process of the handover of power. Jaruzelski took into consideration the international context, particularly the balance of power in the Kremlin. Real change took place there only after Mikhail Gorbachev assumed power on March 11, 1985. On May 29, 1985 the Polish parliament passed the law on the Constitutional Tribunal, announced three years earlier in an amendment to the Constitution of March 1982. On July 15, 1987 the parliament passed the law on the Defense of Human Rights. The State Tribunal began working at the same time. The first president of Poland after the transformation drew attention to these facts a few years later. The ex-President has become a skilful polemicist and political writer, documenting the peaceful political transformation in Poland after 1980.

This research is procedure of dealing with adverse ownership documents that research method is analytical and library and descriptive and has been collected by relying on the texts of laws and procedures and circulars, articles, researches, and books that have been published on this subject and as well as experimental observations of the author. Reference to adjust and register contracts and ownership documents are notary public offices in accordance with Article one of a law of notary public offices approved 25 July 1977. Registration offices as higher than the reference of notary public offices have had a major and fundamental role in issuing ownership documents in accordance with provisions of the law the Real Estate Registration approved in 1931, as in accordance with Article 22 of law of Real Estate Registration as soon as the land property was registered in a notary public office, the government will know only a person as an owner who the land property has been registered in his/her name or a person who mentioned land property has been transferred to him/her and this transfer has been registered in a notary public office or the mentioned land property is reached from formal owner for him/her by inheritance. With increasing population growth, the differences have been achieved and courts of Iran have been encountered for years with the problem of litigation arising from the way of transfer of immovable land property. Islamic law has allowed this transition only with the agreement of two people, but the text of the law of registration has created this suspicion that the transfer must be done by an official document. It has been tried in this research that we examine the conditions of meeting the conflict of land property and conflict detection in ownership documents and we explain the role of court in addressing the adverse estates and administrative penalties for offenders with the duties of the Supreme Council for Registration.

© 2017 The Author(s). Background: In many countries, access to general health and eye care is related to an individual's socioeconomic status (SES). We aimed to examine the prevalence of oculo-visual disorders in children in Istanbul Turkey, drawn from schools at SES extremes but geographically nearby. Methods: Three school-based vision screenings (presenting distance visual acuity, cover test, eye assessment history, colour vision, gross stereopsis and non-cycloplegic autorefraction) were conducted on 81% of a potential 1014 primary-school children aged 4-10 years from two private (high SES) schools and a nearby government (low SES) school in central Istanbul. Prevalence of refractive errors and school-based differences were analysed using parametric statistics (ANOVA). The remaining oculo-visual aspects were compared using non-parametric tests. Results: Of the 823 children with mean age 6.7 ± 2.2 years, approximately 10% were referred for a full eye examination (8.2% and 16.3% of private/government schools respectively). Vision had not been previously examined in nearly 22% of private school children and 65% of government school children. Of all children, 94.5% were able to accurately identify the 6/9.5 [LogMAR 0.2] line of letters/shapes with each eye and 86.6% the 6/6 line [LogMAR 0], while 7.9% presented wearing spectacles, 3.8% had impaired colour vision, 1.5% had grossly impaired stereo-vision, 1.5% exhibited strabismus, 1.8% were suspected to have amblyopia and 0.5% had reduced acuity of likely organic origin. Of the 804 without strabismus, amblyopia or organic conditions, 6.0% were myopic ≤ - 0.50DS, 0.6% hyperopic ≥ + 2.00DS, 7.7% astigmatic ≥1.00 DC and 6.2% anisometropic ≥1.00DS. Conclusions: The results highlight the need for general vision screenings for all children prior to school entry given the varied and different pattern of visual problems associated with lifestyle differences in two populations raised in the same urban locale but drawn from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Dementia is receiving increasing attention from governments and politicians. Epidemiological research based on western European populations done 20 years ago provided key initial evidence for dementia policy making, but these estimates are now out of date because of changes in life expectancy, living conditions, and health profiles. To assess whether dementia occurrence has changed during the past 20-30 years, investigators of five different studies done in western Europe (Sweden [Stockholm and Gothenburg], the Netherlands [Rotterdam], the UK [England], and Spain [Zaragoza]) have compared dementia occurrence using consistent research methods between two timepoints in well-defined geographical areas. Findings from four of the five studies showed non-significant changes in overall dementia occurrence. The only significant reduction in overall prevalence was found in the study done in the UK, powered and designed explicitly from its outset to detect change across generations (decrease in prevalence of 22%; p=0.003). Findings from the study done in Zaragoza (Spain) showed a significant reduction in dementia prevalence in men (43%; p=0.0002). The studies estimating incidence done in Stockholm and Rotterdam reported non-significant reductions. Such reductions could be the outcomes from earlier population-level investments such as improved education and living conditions, and better prevention and treatment of vascular and chronic conditions. This evidence suggests that attention to optimum health early in life might benefit cognitive health late in life. Policy planning and future research should be balanced across primary (policies reducing risk and increasing cognitive reserve), secondary (early detection and screening), and tertiary (once dementia is present) prevention. Each has their place, but upstream primary prevention has the largest effect on reduction of later dementia occurrence and disability. ; Yu-Tzu Wu received a PhD scholarship from the Cambridge Trust, University of Cambridge. Fiona E. Matthews was supported by the Medical Research Council [grant number U105292687]. ; This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00092-7

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. ; BACKGROUND: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs proven to be one of the most effective treatment options for respiratory diseases; yet, they are not well‑established in hospitals in Saudi Arabia. AIM: To determine the main barriers for setting up PR programs in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Health care providers involved in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were recruited from 22 general government hospitals. Data were collected using questionnaires: Full version if they had heard about PR before the study, and a short version if they had not heard about PR before. RESULTS: A total of 123 health care providers were recruited (physicians [n = 44], nurses [n = 49], and respiratory therapists/technicians [n = 30]). Only 3.2% of the recruited health care providers had heard about PR programs before. According to the health care providers, the main barriers for setting up PR programs were a lack of (1) hospital capacity (75.6%), (2) trained health care providers (72.4%), and (3) funds (48.0%). There were significant differences in barriers reported by the health care providers. Compared to physicians, nurses were more likely to nominate the PR costs as a barrier (18.0% vs. 38.8%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a worrisome lack of knowledge regarding content and benefits of PR programs among Saudi health care providers treating COPD patients. These findings imply that improving awareness and increasing education of the health care providers regarding PR will be required before PR can be more widely implemented as an integral treatment modality for patients with COPD in Saudi Arabia.

Under the Article 22 of the Slovenian Constitution the right to equal protection of rights guarantees the right to state the facts and submit evidence, the right to be present at the taking of evidence and to be informed on the results of the taking of evidence. The principle of free assessment is a fundamental principle in Slovenian civil procedure included in Article 8 of the CPA. In the system of free assessment the judge is the one to evaluate the evidence without being bound by any formal rules on probative value of certain evidence. Probative value depends only on individual belief or conviction of the trial judge in each matter separately. The free assessment of evidence is the right and duty of the court to assess each piece of evidence separately and collectively. In the evidence-taking stage the CPA includes the special rules for each type of evidence, meant as a minimum guarantee for the right free assessment of the taken evidence and the free assessment of evidence presupposes that the evidence were taken by this rules. Even though, court decides which evidence will be produced for determination of the ultimate facts, the court is bound by the parties' right to propose evidence – with their procedural burden of proof. If the court rejects the proposal of a certain piece of evidence this rejections must be explained. In the following book the author discusses the key principles of the law of evidence in Slovenian civil procedure. The book provides analysis of the law of evidence, while placing the subject within its theoretical context. The subject is presented in a logical structure following on from the introduction of the basic principles through the rules for burden of proof, types of evidence, costs of evidence, the question of unlawful evidence, and the cross-border taking of evidence.

In line with global trends in law and domestic realities the South African government has been one of the few "new" nations to make significant progress in including traditional health practice in the mainstream healthcare system by using the law as a tool for formal integration. The integration process gained momentum with the enactment of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act 22 of 2007, which provides a legal framework for traditional health practitioners (also known as traditional healers). The Act gives formal recognition to traditional practitioners and establishes an interim Traditional Health Practitioners' Council of South Africa with wide powers to ensure that health care services provided by traditional practitioners are efficient, safe and of a high quality. Logically the next step for the South African government, and also the main focus of this contribution, is the creation of a legal framework for traditional medicine. Currently traditional medicine is not regulated although it is used by traditional practitioners on a daily basis. This contribution deals with two themes, namely law and medicine, and more specifically the interaction between law and medicine in the circumstances where the law is used to provide for the formal regulation of traditional medicine. Three matters are dealt with in this context – and it is by no means implied that these are the only issues involved. Firstly, the meaning of the concept "African traditional medicine" in a South African context is discussed. Secondly, the reasons as to why the South African government is considering institutionalising African traditional medicine are dealt with and, lastly, a few comments regarding the government's plan of action for the effective integration of traditional medicine into the South African health care system receive attention. The contribution concludes with some thoughts on what the author perceives to be the symbolic link between law and medicine to be, a link which she calls the "healing powers of the law and medicine".

This is the final version. Available on open access from BMJ Publishing Group via the DOI in this record ; Data sharing: Technical appendix and statistical code available from the corresponding author (tim.doran@manchester.ac.uk). The dataset was derived from the General Practice Research Database and is not available from the authors, but it can be derived on application to GPRD. ; OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the incentive scheme for UK general practitioners led them to neglect activities not included in the scheme. DESIGN: Longitudinal analysis of achievement rates for 42 activities (23 included in incentive scheme, 19 not included) selected from 428 identified indicators of quality of care. SETTING: 148 general practices in England (653 500 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Achievement rates projected from trends in the pre-incentive period (2000-1 to 2002-3) and actual rates in the first three years of the scheme (2004-5 to 2006-7). RESULTS: Achievement rates improved for most indicators in the pre-incentive period. There were significant increases in the rate of improvement in the first year of the incentive scheme (2004-5) for 22 of the 23 incentivised indicators. Achievement for these indicators reached a plateau after 2004-5, but quality of care in 2006-7 remained higher than that predicted by pre-incentive trends for 14 incentivised indicators. There was no overall effect on the rate of improvement for non-incentivised indicators in the first year of the scheme, but by 2006-7 achievement rates were significantly below those predicted by pre-incentive trends. CONCLUSIONS: There were substantial improvements in quality for all indicators between 2001 and 2007. Improvements associated with financial incentives seem to have been achieved at the expense of small detrimental effects on aspects of care that were not incentivised. ; There was no direct funding for this study, but the National Primary Care Research and Development Centre receives core funding from the UK Department of Health.

154 p. : graph. il. ; 22 cm ; Libro Electrónico ; In this text, the author poses unique questions about the future and proposes scenarios that take into account such cultural changes as Wikipedia, blogspheres, and production-peer-production models.Tomado de [http://books.google.com/books/about/From_Exchange_to_Contributions.html?id=FcA6IAAACAAJ] ; 1 Introduction 2 Elements of Peer Production 2.1 Commons, Sharing, and Control over the Means of Production 2.2 Free Cooperation 2.3 From Status to Reputation 3 Problems to Solve for Generalization 3.1 How to Coordinate the Producer Side with the Consumer Side? 3.2 How to Allocate Limited Resources and Goods? 4 Organizing Shared Production 4.1 How to Find Others for Cooperation 4.2 How to Obtain Contributions 4.3 How to Ensure That Tasks Are Handled 4.4 How to Assign Results of a Project 5 Fitting It All Together: A Peer Economy 5.1 Society as a Big Project or a Multitude of Projects 5.2 Sharing Effort Between Projects: Distribution Pools 5.3 Organizing Infrastructure and Public Services: Local Associations 5.4 Coordinating Production: Prosumer Associations 5.5 Resource Allocation 5.6 Decision Making 6 Comparison with Other Modes of Production 6.1 Differences from a Market Economy 6.2 Differences from a Planned Economy 7 Aspects of Life in a Peer Economy 7.1 Forms of Democratic Decision Making in Local Associations 7.2 Stakeholder Involvement and Conflict Resolution 7.3 Education and Learning 7.4 Creative Works and Other Freely Sharable Goods 7.5 Styles of Production 8 Concerns 8.1 How to Handle Contributions? 8.2 How to Handle Effort? 8.3 What About Migration? 8.4 Won't There Be Need for Further Laws and Standards? 8.5 Won't Such a Society Revert to a Market Economy? 8.6 Aren't There Many Variants to the Proposed Model? 9. Conclusion: The Development of a Peer Economy Bibliography A Mathematical Details of the Auctioning Models A.1 Task Auctioning A.2 Product Auctioning A.3 esource Auctioning A.4 Virtual Effort ; Libro : English : Version 1.01

Salomon, J. J. (2005). Científicos en el campo de batalla: culturas y conflictos. Redes, 11(22), 51-74. ; Este trabajo analiza la modificación de las relaciones entre científicos y el arte de la guerra desde el inicio de la era moderna hasta nuestros tiempos, cuestionando los vínculos entre investigación y responsabilidad científica. El autor se propone mostrar como a medida que los científicos se han visto involucrados en la guerra han perdido la independencia y ganado "mala conciencia" por el resultado de sus acciones. Así, uno de los puntos más problemáticos que se presentan es la ambivalencia de los científicos frente a su objeto de investigación y los pocos escrúpulos que históricamente han mostrado para desarrollar armas que atentan contra la humanidad. La otra cara de este fenómeno es el compromiso activo de algunos científicos con la paz. Sin embargo, dado el cambio de escenario mundial y la emergencia de conflictos dominados por una "demonización del otro", su resolución no puede ser un asunto de la racionalidad científica, sino de la sociedad y de la política. ; This work analyzes the modifications in the relations between scientists and warfare from the beginnings of modernity until our days, by questioning the links between scientific research and scientific responsibility. The author attempts to show how, the more scientist have been involve in war, the more they have lost independence and gained "bad conscience" as result of their actions. Hence, one of the most problematic issues is the ambivalence of scientist over their research object and the few concerns showed when developing weapons against humanity. The other side of this issue is the active compromise of some scientists for peace and the resolution of conflicts. However, given the changes in world's scenario and the emergence of conflicts dominated by a "demonization of the other", its resolution cannot be a matter of scientific rationality but of society and politics.

On 8 December 1999, President Clinton announced that Syrian-Israeli negotiations were to resume "where they left off" and "on the basis of all previous negotiations between the United States and Syria-I mean between Syria and Israel, and with the United States" (see Doc. C). The president's statement did not, however, give any detail as to what the two sides had actually agreed to when the talks ended in March 1996, including Syria's contention that Prime Ministers Rabin and Peres had committed Israel to full withdrawal from the Golan to the 4 June 1967 frontier. It is for this reason that the following account of the negotiations, by Asad's biographer Patrick Seale, is so important. Based on American and Syrian sources, Seale's article is the most extensive and comprehensive account of the Israeli "commitment" ever published. First delivered as a lecture at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, on 23 November 1999, it was published in three installments in the pan-Arab daily al-Hayat on 21, 22, and 23 November and was immediately picked up in the Israeli press; Yedi'ot Aharonot published large extracts in its four-page spread on the report. It is noteworthy that neither Prime Minister Barak norformer prime minister Peres denied the veracity of Seale's account. Barak simply stated, "The Americans, the Syrians, and the Israelis are aware of what took place," while Peres limited himself to commenting, "I endorsed everything that Rabin committed himself to." Patrick Seale, a British writer and Middle East expert, is credited with having a role in restarting the process following Prime Minister Barak's. election, carrying a series of "messages" between Barak and Asad in June 1999. The text was slightly amended and shortened with the approval of the author.

Those seeking information on the United Nations' work in systematizing the rules of public international law may find it useful to examine the latest edition of The Work of the International Law Commission (4th ed., United Nations, 1988). According to this publication, (the primary source for this column), interest in the development and codification of the rules on international law may be traced back to the late 18th century and the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, author of Principles of International Law. From this time forward there were numerous attempts at the codification of international law, but intergovernmental regulation of general legal questions originated with the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). Thereafter, international legal rules on various subjects were developed by different diplomatic conferences. These included such subjects as the laws of war on land and sea, pacific settlement of international disputes and the regulation of postal services and telecommunications. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 stimulated the movement for codification. Efforts to promote the codification and development of international law were further advanced with the 1924 (September 22) resolution of the fifth session of the League of Nations Assembly which envisaged the establishment of a standing Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law. After having consulted member governments and the Council, the League Assembly decided in 1927 to convene a Codification Conference which took place at The Hague in the Spring of 1930. Unfortunately, the international instruments resulting from the work of the conference were only in the one field of nationality. One further step, however, was the adoption by the League Assembly on September 25, 1931 of a major resolution on codification of international law emphasizing the need to strengthen the influence of governments at each stage in the codification process.

Public school cafeterias are used by nearly 51 million children (ages 4-17) in the United States every day. With over 40% of the approximately 73 million children (ages 0-17) participating in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), public school lunches carry resounding nutritional, social, and educational significance for their consumers. This fact, coupled with frequent media attention to school lunch food, notwithstanding, a notable lack of social scientific engagement with both students' perspectives and NSLP operators persists. Divided into two studies, this research utilizes ethnographic methods to explore students' lunchtime experiences within a Central Florida public elementary school cafeteria. Both works are grounded in information collected from 22 semi-structured and unstructured interviews with students, parents, cafeteria workers, school faculty, and a county official while also participating in a one-month lunchtime observation period in Spring 2017. The first study utilizes ethnographic methods to investigate students' food selection, social practices, and mealtime behaviors within the cafeteria. In this work, I argue that student's preferences are most often informed by taste and familiarity, though both age and personal belief systems strongly outline students' experiences. In the second study, I focus on the top-down priorities of nutrition, food production, and student feedback that guide how institutions construct lunch menus for elementary students. Specifically, I investigate what role public institutions play in forming elementary school students' understandings of food and expectations for mealtimes. Synthesizing findings from both studies, I assess how social, economic, and industry pressures are tangible within local cafeteria and governmental contexts. This research contributes to academic scholarship and public policy regarding childhood nutrition in institutionalized settings and advocates for the inclusion of elementary-aged children as important social actors in their call for increased and dietarily-inclusive food options. ; 2017-12-01 ; M.A. ; Sciences, Anthropology ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Turkey is used as an example of the urbanization problem in a developing society. Few studies of accelerated urbanization & associated soc re-org have been conducted & few S's of att's have been associated with econ planning. Mechanization of agri must occur if the country is to compete successfully, & the individuals so displaced must develop new skills, subordinate themselves to a boss, cooperate with a group, & shift their residence out of the village. These changes also mean investment in adult educ & training, housing, & other Ur facilities. The author theoretically develops that $2.3 billion are needed to assimilate a farm machinery investment of $200 million. Unemployment, Ur slums, shortages, & inflation result when the required sums are unavailable. The actual size of the Ru/Ur shift in Turkey is shown from the % increase of city dwellers 1950-1955, & increase in rail & highway passenger traffic. As a result of this increase official figures show 22% of Ur families living in a single room & an increase in squatter's shacks. Figures showing expenditures for expansion of streets & property acquisition, an increase in the number of water & power customers, food prices which have increased 6-7% per yr also support the conclusions with regard to the effects of not supporting mechanization. Inflation is a function of rapid urbanization & the changing pattern of consumption implied by this process. The Turkish gov has located industry close to displaced workers, but they prefer the Ur risks. attitude res might also indicate how well the soc security system & labor code are working. A Minister of Reconstruction & Settlement is surveying community needs in housing & public services, but the emphasis is on demographic & econ rather than human factors. More attention given to urbanization as a function of accelerated econ development might prevent the pol'al instability which often follows the soc disintegration. J. D. Twight.