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The qualification of Hungary for the first round of entering in European Union is due to the performance reached by this country in the social, political and economic reforms. The preparation process for the membership with full powers has important tasks, First of all we have to determine our integration philosophy. In the field of economic diplomacy we have to make clear our national interests and on the basis of them go on the joining talks. But we must take into account that there are considerable differences regarding the question of the further development of European Union among the present member countries. This situation may slow down the joining process of the newcomers.

Roland Erne's view of transnational trade union networks challenges the assertion that no realistic prospect exists for remedying the European Union's democratic deficit--that is, its domination by corporate interests and lack of a cohesive European...

La elusión fiscal se define como la articulación de estrategias de minimización del pago de tributos que son conformes con la literalidad de la normativa pero no con una interpretación sistemática o teleológica, y ante las cuales el sistema tributario reacciona para, como mínimo, anular el beneficio fiscal obtenido. En el ámbito de la Unión Europea, el concepto de elusión – como todo lo tributario– se analiza desde la perspectiva de la promoción de un mercado interior en condiciones de libre competencia. La postura de las instituciones de la Unión ha variado, pasando de favorecer ante todo la libre circulación de bienes, capitales, servicios y trabajadores, permitiendo la aplicación de las medidas anti-elusión estatales sólo con carácter excepcional, a considerar que la elusión daña las condiciones de libre competencia empresarial y es necesaria una acción positiva y coordinada, cuyo exponente más elaborado es la Directiva (UE) 2016/1164, del Consejo, de 12 de julio de 2016, por la que se establecen normas contra las prácticas de elusión fiscal que inciden directamente en el funcionamiento del mercado interior. ; Tax avoidance is defined as the implementation of strategies of minimization of the tax burden that are in accordance with the literal wording of the regulations but not with their systematic or teleological interpretation. The tax system reacts to tax avoidance by, at least, supressing the benefit obtained by the taxpayer. Within the European Union, the concept of tax avoidance –like everything regarding tax matters– is analysed from the perspective of the promotion of an internal market under conditions of free competition. The stand taken by the Union institutions has shifted from promoting free movement of goods, capital, services, and labour while allowing the application of State anti-avoidance measures only on an exceptional basis, to consider that tax avoidance damages the conditions of free competition and positive and coordinated action is necessary. Here, a milestone has been the enaction of the Council Directive (EU) 2016/1164 of 12 July 2016 laying down rules against tax avoidance practices that directly affect the functioning of the internal market.

Since The Bretton Woods System, The EMU is a very important economic and political event. Eleven member countries will lock their exchange rates irrevocably ant the national central banks will leave their authority to the newly created ECB.Simply it implies the loss of national monetary autonomy.At the macroeconomic level decrease in deficits below 3% will create a room for fiscal stabilizers to offset cyclical turns. In addition to that some price and wage changes can be needed. The size of the member states, level of integration, their share in the world trade volume will effect the world economy without a doubt. Turkey that is in Customs Union and has strong economic and financial relations with EU will also be affected from EU.On balance, The Treaty has been ratified by all Member States and Convergence under the Maastricht criteria is also under way.In the lightment of these issues, in the first part the historical settings of European Union are mentioned. In the second part, Institutions of European Union such as European Council, Commission , Parliament are mentioned.A s a third part the historical settings of EMU, Convergence criteria, tasks and organizations of the ESCB and EMI are mentioned.In the fourth part ,Economics of Europe is analyzed. As a fifth part Structural Features and Trends of Banking in Euro Area mentioned.In the sixth part, Effects of EMU in the Euro Area on issues such as Banking profitability,capacity, structure, strategies and risks.A s a next part Turkish Economy is considered. In the eighth part The Turkish Banking Sector is analyzed. Lastly, Effects of EMU on Turkish Banking Sector are mentioned.

Volume I examines the history of the European Union from an outside-in perspective, asking the following questions: how does the European Union look from the outside, and which outside forces shaped and guided the process of European integration? Split into three parts, the first addresses the main external events that have steered the European integration process, with emphasis placed on critical junctures following the Second World War, such as the division and reunification of Germany and the Eastern enlargement. Part II considers the various international trends that have shaped European integration, with particular focus on globalisation and geopolitics. While the first two parts pay special attention to institutions, countries, international organisations and the main actors, Part III focuses on the role of ideas, networks, public opinion and memory that influenced the development of the European Union.

This paper is closed access until 1 April 2021. ; During the last 30 years, the financial sectors of the different European Union member states have gradually coalesced toward operating in a single, integrated, European financial space. This paper analyses financial integration by chronicling the process from Jacques Delors' single market project until the recent capital markets union. Drawing on geographical theories of space and scale, the paper collates the large interdisciplinary literature on financial integration with an emphasis on the work of financial geographers. The result is a distinctive geographical perspective on European financial integration intended to inform new rounds of empirical research.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The International Context -- 2 The Nature of European Union Foreign Policy -- 3 The Genesis of the European Community's Central America Policy: 1975-84 -- 4 The Implementation of Policy: 1984-90 -- 5 Member-State Policy towards Central America -- 6 Explaining the Policy -- Notes and References -- Bibliography -- Index.

Review of Gender Policies in the European Union, edited by Mariagrazia Rossilli

English
The majority of European scholars accept that the European Union (EU) operates at several different administrative levels and exhibits some features of 'governance'. However, they disagree, often fundamentally,about the precise relationships between activities at different levels. This article critically examines the popular claim that the EU has evolved into a system of multi-level governance as opposed to state-led government. The 'governance turn' that has swept through European studies in the last 10 years has opened up substantial new avenues of inquiry as analysts have begun comparing the policy dynamics within and between sectors and/or levels of the EU. However, it remains unclear whether multi-level governance is a general feature of the EU or a phenomenon confined to particular sectors and/or levels.

The European Union (EU) is widely considered as a formidable trade power. It represents about one fourth of worldwide trade flows and generally speaks with one voice in its common commercial policies. In addition, policy-makers and scholars often regard the Union as a distinctive, 'normative power' in the world. From this perspective, Europe tries to be at the forefront of promoting values such as human rights, democracy, sustainable development, and social justice, this with a clear preference for supporting international dialogue and cooperation in these areas, rather than for using trade sanctions. This special issue combines both aspects of the EU's international role. More specifically, it concerns the social dimension of the EU's trade policies. It raises the questions of how, why, and with what impact the EU has promoted social objectives through its common commercial policies. These three questions will be addressed in this introduction, followed by a brief summary of the way in which the different contributions of this special issue deal with them. Adapted from the source document.