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If one looks less at the normality of the crime than at the semantics of the term "normality," "normal" can stand for "not National Socialist," but also for "average" or "everyday." But what is gained with the insight that "normal organizations" made the murder of Jews possible and "normal men" carried it out? Couldn't one say with equal right that the anomalies of violent National Socialist organizations reflected the social normality of that time? That men who violently killed millions of civilians must be denied normality per se? Perhaps it would be time to break away from the normative category of normality and to allow the insight that under the conditions of a coercive political order, coercive organizations can be founded that will stop at nothing (p. 328).

The role of a free, open and critical press has always been central to democracy. In this chapter the changing structure of modern media industries are examined print, broadcast and digital to see how traditional functions of editing, story selection and reportorial investigation have been short-circuited in a new business environment devoted more to audience engagement than to citizen information. We also explore in detail how Trump in particular mastered the process of making himself newsworthy while simultaneously circumventing critical scrutiny of his actions. The chapter ends with an exploration of the ambiguous nature of new digital and independent social media outlets: susceptible both to conspiratorial alt-right community building and, at the same time, to a viable, critical community of independent investigative journalism. ; Accepted version ; Yes, full paper (Peer reviewed?)

National women's movements are increasingly practising transnational networking. By doing so, particular interests which were formally confined to be articulated in a national political arena, are now defined as shared interests of transnational concern. The article argues that transnational networking provides a window of opportunity for the formulation of strategies and the framing of a movement's goals. In the long run, political opportunity structures on the national level may change because of pressure arising from the international exposure of a country's stance towards women's rights. A crucial condition, however, is the ability of a movement to mobilize resources in order to sustain its activities in a national as well as transnational context. By and large, the rationale of social movement theories applies to national and transnational movements alike.

This report provides an overview of the numbers of armed forces children at national and local authority level, together with a review of how some authorities have responded to the needs of this part of the pupil population. It therefore marks a start point in explaining how Scotland as a whole and individual Councils are meeting the expectations of the Covenant and the associated responsibilities envisaged by statute. The rationale for this report is that over the years, much has been learned about the nature of the armed forces children's population in Scotland. The time is now right to bring that information together to identify where there are gaps in our knowledge, to create questions and to make recommendations to guide the next stages of development.

This paper presents the phenomenon of anticipation which is one of the manifestations of linguistic maturity and language user rationality. Anticipation, taking place essentially in implicit structures and based on evolutionary old intuition, improves speech comprehension and increases the efficiency of cognitive processes. The phenomenon in question is presented on the example of foreign language communication, because it is there that the mechanisms governing the formulation of accurate hypotheses about form and content are particularly evident.
The first part of the article discusses speech perception, and with it the categorization and selection of an appropriate cognitive schema conditioning accurate anticipation. The second part presents factors that facilitate and hinder the right hypothesis. Finally, conclusions and directions for future research on anticipation are formulated.

As an authoritarian 'gravity centre' in the interwar period, the Portuguese New State was not the product of strong propaganda or power capacity. Its force of attraction derived, essentially, from having an international means of diffusion: important segments of the Catholic Church's organizations, its associated intellectual politicians, and particularly from having led a corporatist and authoritarian political system model. How and why did Salazar's New State inspire some of the new political institutions proposed by radical right-wing elites or created by many of these regimes? This article tackles this issue by adopting a transnational and comparative research approach, paying particular attention to the primary mediators of its diffusion and analyzing institutional reform processes in selected processes of crises and transitions to authoritarianism in Latin America.

Extensive literature exists on the way tribal land has been acquired for industrial, irrigation, power and mining projects. However, there is limited research on the procurement of land in the context of urban development which has been spreading in tribal areas. This article explores the modalities and mechanisms through which land is being procured in the context of urban development, specifically with reference to the emerging capital townships of Greater Ranchi and the New Shillong Township which fall in the Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas of the Indian Constitution. Using a comparative perspective, this study examines the implications of such development on affected people especially in the context of their constitutional and legal rights, entitlements, their modes of governance and the way they have been articulating and addressing these issues.

The article presents the results of research carried out mainly on Mahatma Gandhi's written statements which the authors refer to both a historical and socio‑political background. It is the first part of the planned two‑part study on mutual relations between Mahatma Gandhi's satyagraha and South Africa, therefore it is focused on the interdependencies between the origin of the idea and the place where it was invented. The authors seek to answer two main questions: 1) whether Gandhi has entered into a dialogue with the native people of South Africa, and 2) whether Gandhi's idea of non‑violent fighting for social rights included the native population of South Africa. The study also presents an outline of the evolution of Gandhi's attitudes towards Africans and the Coloured People.

Urban informality is often discussed and debated by scholars of cities in the Global South, but the term is used with much less frequency in studies of US cities. Looking at the daily functions of American cities, however, it is clear informality plays just as central a role in the US as in other cities around theworld, whether in the housing sector, jobs, or land use. This article will discuss the longer historical arc leading to the present day with a focus on specific historical moments in Los Angeles history. I begin with the emergence of formalization and land titles in an era of colonization, continuing to a discussion of early-twentieth century land rights specifically in the communities of Chavez Ravine, and end with an exploration of urban informality in Skid Row.

AbstractAnalyses of embedded liberalism have focused overwhelmingly on trade in goods and capital, to the exclusion of migration. We argue that much as capital controls were essential components of the embedded liberal compromise, so too were restrictions on the democratic and social rights of labor migrants. Generous welfare programs in labor-receiving countries thrived alongside inclusionary immigration policies, but this balanced arrangement was only tenable if migrants were politically excluded in their destination countries. That is, embedded liberalism abroad rested on exclusionary political foundations at home. In bringing together the IPE literature on the "globalization trilemma" with the comparative politics of citizenship, we provide a novel account of how embedded liberalism worked politically, with implications for current debates about the fate of the liberal order in a time of populist resurgence.

This article will review the genesis of the reasonable expectation of privacy REP requirement, both to establish the governing legal framework and to demonstrate how changing technology has altered our conception of the privacy in the past аnd describes the limits and ability of government agents to search for and seize evidence without a warrant. It is difficult to consider these questions or to develop their significance in isolation from the specific doctrinal issues beneath which they lurk. With the reasonable expectation of privacy doctrine so limited, or even jettisoned altogether in favor of a dictionary definition of search, courts can properly turn their focus to what intrusions are reasonable. This Article concludes by examining four potential guideposts in this determination the right to privacy, principles of legality, proportionality and necessity.

Bumi Indonesia is an earth that has a lot of natural wealth buried in it, both renewable and non-renewable natural resources. One type of non-renewable natural wealth is natural resources of mining materials, the minerals include gold, silver, coal, copper, nickel, bauxite, petroleum and natural gas. In accordance with Article 33 paragraph 1 to paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution, all of these are controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people. State control rights contain the authority to regulate, administer and supervise the management or exploitation of minerals, then contain the obligation to use them as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. In controlling the country, it is certainly controlled by the government.

This paper aims to investigate the economic and institutional determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the world post-2000. To this end, I analyze the inwards stocks of FDIs using unilateral and bilateral data. Based on the UNCTAD database, I also study the impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on the inflow of FDIs. Main results provide evidence supporting the idea that treaties increase the inflows of FDIs in the years following their signature. However, regulations aimed at increasing the protection of property rights have a larger effect on the attractiveness for investors. This paper does not find robust evidence demonstrating that political stability and corruption level have significant effects. More, I demonstrate that an increase of tariffs in the host country results in an increase of FDIs, supposedly due to relocation processes.

Taxing multinationals is politically difficult because of the structural power of mobile firms within the global economy, and this structural power is expected to increase in the digital age. Recently however there has been a breakdown in the international corporate tax consensus that structured tax competition over the past century. A new norm of international taxation has emerged whereby states claim the right to tax corporate income based on presence in consumer markets. Our paper explains this unexpected reassertion of state power. Building on previous accounts of large-scale change in policy norms, we show how the emergence of digital business models led to a new tax consensus by setting in train a process of policy contestation that allowed countries to levy taxes on multinationals unilaterally, without fear of capital flight.

New financial technologies - including those underpinning cryptocurrencies - herald broader access to the financial system, quicker and more easily verifiable settlement of transactions and payments, and lower transaction costs. Domestic and cross-border payment systems are on the threshold of transformation, with significant gains in speed and lowering of transaction costs on the horizon. For emerging market and developing economies, the digitization of finance carries a number of potential benefits, including broadening of financial inclusion, quicker and cheaper cross-border remittances, and increased convenience of domestic payments. But some of these developments could also increase these countries' exposure to volatile capital flows. Governments, central banks, and regulatory agencies will face difficult challenges in striking the right balance between fostering innovations and mitigating risks arising from them.